“ Airplane dertyramies sdvantag akon of his manitsation, whe the ine nd fui for ‘study ae provided, rte ae aly to bo ery graying: experenss has around in th individu a kone intrest nd seepivencan than ‘mould havo been found some yes salar; snlghtanneat, proved ‘pil, socompnied by fen Gomey tht this proses hed et teen uderaken lng sion. "Such a ponsee sey not peer seonaiel ngica, Dut does qualify pb to meet th atonal ngage on common ground and v perform tlt @yng tien with gatiy spared Insight oad etree, ‘Tee Test Pot Traning Division of he Naval Air Test Center was tstabshed to povide »Shorough sotne of Intuation In keronsatcl acering sabes for expres slotted from Fst operational uns. This hook began as compltion of rate covered fates dsiveced dung the aoudomio pase of in coum Tt wes ue tae 50 oto of the svalablecextoats pomated the sabe! at te meds level and withthe spose ampbase dee in these Gcumstonce Ta ‘the instruction of pte who alwady have bad sone aancation with ‘eoent types of natal a miliary aire it aponeed desma ts ge nyo the fundanentals ff ass and dyed to lade in 9 single text ch abject a compres, modern controler quirement, hydzodgnamica and ssp problems, wl others of trent concen inthe tat rogan ‘Althongh the text nt orginal neoption, was intended to ceva ‘he methods of aeronautical engin nd was spocelly decor to plots who wore nt alendy soon roger, le erp o the ulations tween acudemi haory and igh expences red tore parla appropriate in any eteumetantre, It fcquensy he sup tat aeronautical engleere do nt have uleqate operant 10 susie the p's pont of wew nd tn syatheian « preoun owes ‘of design elmets into cle connge af the silane in aperaton Yet it cao! be id tnt an andoranding of why srplanes behave ac "ey do any Tes important engineers tha eo ote ‘This work wos undertaken in conaction mith te sntning ert to procure she ogupmert mst autaie fie naral avatn, ‘But te objectives ar generally wine i many services and agile, and all pilots and engines, egrde of thet auction, mt del with the Same pron nd the sume pheoena. Peshage, therfore, this book ll be weil to oter students whan interes i sotewbars betmeen the detting Your andthe “wari eeing™ FM Taarsacs, Reve Admin, US. Preface ‘Dex swocsss oF a individual doing workin ernst engineeing opens on his understanding chow and why en airlne Sie Withoet thi basic nowlge. ho on mlhar competed he own wel, note tara wih the tovks of hie lows. Tai book signed with the fundamental puryom of eeting an wndersanding ofthe "how" nd "why" of modern waryamion Tx designed fn sudensbaving ‘bscgzound in college physio, matheate, ell, achat aad “youn. Itirzota eatin on tint methods tors handhose Dut te mathematical appoach la and a2 emmy to ne proper demining, and suclens pedal data ‘re supplied inaae 6 [Btepatedpitare, ‘Boosie diult to erate an andesanding witht prctol roblems,nutoerou lluntetve examples and problema fr asiment ave bom peered. The anorers to many ofthe probes ae Even nthe texto tht he stant may cess work Tn te prepartion ofthis book, Hera ie Ka bt nde of pie ons af the Natisnal Advisory Coils for Aen deter reernees; however cntain portions of Un bak ar onal in spe is mer of pretetation In particular, material on tho Pia picts of eomprecbity, ad me of te work on speci pet nce problemy, menouver, and byddymamion han not prvioualy ‘ppeared in pelt. ‘Booure of the grat soe whch have really eon made inthe Selde of stability and contol, a reller complete scion of ths tpi x incon rms of euoet tet ad di actos. “Throughout the book, empbaas hee ben Based om igh ‘esd fight and on iodo developments; horever, endewtanding of fundamentals ‘be not" boon serind. Camcidenble spa itvat Airplane Aerodynamics Gevotod to the fundamental pebuiplen of uid methaias ond Ayame Because ofthe wide rope of the book, the stnal wtng was vied ‘song thre authors under the dzeton of the suit author Ae er inthe propuration of most tsk bool, alvable sistance was ‘roid hy many peopl, and the authors wish to espe lr peel Son to W.E Philips of te NAGA and Pro. gg of the Neve Post Graduate Sool for roving pasts of she mantzrigt ed cot menting theron; to Prof HLL. Kobe of the Navel Past Grate ‘Schoo fo hie reat asetanoe on the pe plants shaper; to F, W-8 Locke af the Nay Buna oferonnatin eh oct tied comments on the Ayrolnatnes haptr; to Admiral. Trapel for i soppart of ti books to iss Jena Dedere, ho typed the mae sd ed ‘im the oqulins with the eaieanse ofr 8, 3 Butter and to WJ Hows and A Fumo of the Tet Pilot Tasning Stl for tate ‘comments and asitance in ciching typographical sooner, ‘he id and altace of tho stadt notably Laet H.8. Packard) of the Tet Plot Tisning Dion in swcing typographical scomacy, ‘2 anggestg many improvement, and In poping nan ofthe olga ltecions, ave boot invaluable,” The empltesoperation of. A Bacidey in printing the seat Test Piet Tet eto Taner ook the Benet of peksiasy pabletion Finals, we graf acknovloige the wsstace uf the lke Dr Alesander Klemin in couraaing ue, noticing or wo, af ting cor took. Dare 0, Doswissen Svante § Seauae Taosus F Consors Contents onan 5 Dunne vi Dereon 3 (Chapter The Atmosphere 151, Waits, Deaton, and Stand Vane 1:2. Intrctory Remarks ‘ 1:8. Th Kins Thy of Gait Appi to Air : 4 The uation of State—Hluiity Eons 5 1: The Standard Atmompre ® 15 Braoute, Doty, and Temperate inde 8 1:1. Atmasphace Catt and Thr Die " fer 2. Fundamental Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Ale 1. Unit and Symbol Intodacd in Tis Chapter 2 Stady and Unsteady Flow--Strsnines and Steam Tuk 3. Ingeducton # Anathermodynanie oe {& Developaent ofthe Bemonll Eqetion 5 A Phyatal oar of Compete 7 6. The Vento » 1. The Pit nd Pitot Stats Heads a * 8. Meaning snd Deteraiaton of Equivalent Al Speed 8 The Relton of Sona Speo tesa Molar Vetoty 2:10, Teuperstare Change Prue! by Air Flow 6 2:11, Sealine in Sopenonio Few sAirplase Aeredyamica (Chapter 3. Types‘of Fad low ols and Symbols Tate in This Chapter Viscosity and Vinous How ‘Tho Lamina Bouncy Layee ‘The Trbuiot Boundary Layer ow alng a Carved Path Vout Stesih ‘The Kata vlonkowshy Relation Soares ad Sine Chaper 4. Aico Thery 4451, Unto and Symbols Introd in This Chapter Air Geometey Development ofthe Lit, Dag and Moment Fyuaions Preston of Daca Variation of Cofient with Asch Neder ‘Vasiaton of Cofflnte with Reyeolos Noer Some Factors Tauenaing the Design of High Spal, Low: ‘Drag Ae Chapter 5. Wing Theory 1 Units an Symbols Intreced in This Chapter (zelation sad Down-Wae Planform Vaiston and the Espacinatat Determaton eroynmic Canter Sado Aeradynamia Ce Seep, Taper, Twat, and Stalls ‘The Wing a High Speeds igh Li8 Devices, Spots, Dive Boxks, ad Spin tape Chapter 6. Drag . Units nd SyatoleInroduse in The Chapter ‘Types of Drag lutPato Drag, Parse Are; Drog of Obj [Btses of Body Shape and Clenne f Deigh Ierrenoe Drag and Design fr Miitsom Drag Wave Dig rag and Terminal Velocity Drag sod Power fess aims sro OR Clg 1. Th Rpt 11 Ualtaed Symbol ntadaced in The Chapter TEX Memento Theory 3. Blade Element Conertions | 4 Vortex Thevey ‘Bde Shape, Ail Seaetion, and gh Spe Operon ‘The Varia Ptoh and Contant Spe Props: Proper Saoeion Chapter 8. Atratt Proplion 4451, Units and Symbol ates in Ti Chapter 452, Tnsedoetory Comseants $59 Main Propalion Engines 5:4 Reclpromating Piston Engin 85:6: Racipromting Engine Pefornance 5:6 he Gas Taine 8:7. Tarkio gine Peformance 8:8 Tho Ramjet. 854 The Publ S510, Rockets 5:11, Campari of Charatrts of Varo Typ f Pop on Unite. Chapter 9, The Baste Peformance Probie, {0°1, Unt and Symbols Introduced in Thi Cplar 9:2, Ineadaeory Comet 4:5, Power Requved for Lave Unscoeated Might 1054, The Eile of Weight and Alesade on Power Reged 8:5, Power Avia, 86, Climb Perfomance 9:7, Caling Deerintion and Tie ob 9:6, Pare Throttle Operation (Chaper 10. Specal Prformasce Preblems 10:1. Usite and Symbol Introdueed in Ths Chapter 10:2, Inteodutorg Commncte 10:5, Take OF 10:4, The Jovani Take 10:5, The Et of Wied on Take 68 10:6. The Landing Ren 193 We g 20 38a Airplane Academics 10:7. Appleton of Beskes afer Toweh-Down 10:8, Bet of Wind ot Landing Ban 10:4, Insodaciory Comments on Range and Badarsnce 10:10, Range sd Endaranee of Propels Driven Aint ‘regu’ Formula. 10:1, Range and Badan of et Airplanes 10:12, Summary of Information on Range end Bederanse ‘Chapter 11. Maneevers 1:1. Units and Symbol todd in This Chapter 11:2. Taroctory Comments 3. Spine and Stale nse Stal 5 Twenag Pgh ©. Oliing and Diving 4% The ¥y Diagram Chapter 12, Theory and Design of Control Surfaces 12:1. Consol Sureee Tminalegy—Symbol ‘Gena Coniterations Tepe of Controls Contel Eibervene luge Moments Awealrania Blane tae Power Boost aed Power Operated Sytem lotr Considerations 8. Sposa Controle 12210, Sumy Caper 13. fouodaction to St 12:1, General Considerations 18:2, Rquleiom 15:5, Stata Say 18:4 DrnamioStabtiy 15:5. Refrence Ane Chapter 14, Longltudial Stbilty and Control 14:1 Unita and Symbols Tntodaoed in This Chaper 14:2, General Considerations 14:3, State seabty 14:4, Down-sh Fo 0 nto 14:5, Trim Point, outa Point and Stati Margin 14:6, The Betts of Fuselage, Neco, and Uo of Power 14:1, Longton Conrl in Uaaoserted Fight 14:8 Maneasring Sabi 14:0, Couta-Pore Regulation 16:1, Dynamo Stbiey 14:1 Comprility Wee CChaptor 15. Latral aud Diectional Stability and! Castro 16:2, Unita and Symbols Teron in Ti Cheptor 16:2, Gana Coniertions and Baie Concept, 16:8, Dinetiona Bit 1:4 Dieta Conte 16:8, Lateral Bose 15:8, Contain Rall, 16:7, Crom ts 15:8, Dynamic Bios CChaper 16. Seaplane Problems 1. Chit and Symbol Intadaned in‘This Cheyer Ioan 3, Water Dag of Seaplane Hulls Motel Tete ond Tako-OF Compuratios 5. Poll Sele Perfomance abd Teng 5 Seaworthinse 1 Lang Inpact 8. Rough Water Operation 0. Hydrodynamic Longitudinal Seay and Cont 10, Hyerodyramie Lateral Stability snd Contel 1, Hydrodynamie Daal Stab and Conta. 16:12, Sof Aerodjmamie Charateita Suaplanes 16:18, Suphne Tred Appendixes 1. Characters of Raprcettive NACA Aol IL. Proprio the NACA Standart Atmephote LL Convention Fstne rn a “0| [ | Introduction twas uccnere. nsf mst pil of nomial and uty | dad tet twee age’ Nowa Shs eta esting Miu th lay sv omen Sie stote must emdegua # Tent baw osteo propain ps 3 Tent incorpo dng fuse ean it dante tabi Te must be povided with a sntuory mags for aly ling or entatng the grosnd or wats, Tr amu be enable of eomplting I nian as eonomieally sd ss cfely a posible; the term econoniellyhnlodes maintenance [nt Basten wm he te ei ‘An ailing desea n rapst to any ope of tho roquireents aon be Coniered sateactory, rps of ow well ort ll the |. Shee. "Hanan sarans may have nagnsost paroraanen character hic bet i usin or stray ok eos be operated trite any dere ofcfey. Similarly, at szpline that prety ects 1 the sequent fr stabi Dot wwe ltftude peformanos poor ‘Sorte if god lide pores i part of Jb. Tris dite in ove dng to toe perely all soven rquirenents for acne irgane. ‘The desgue nat bested with excellence ‘nat my chrastritioe as pomible aad with adoguey inthe resin. He ie conaally fod ith compeomiae ent st exerci his Dee Jtlgment in deciding what requremente may bo conidared of wnondary Bc ecccccvccccccccscccccscccesoosessLooe eee eee eS eeeeeeeenseeseesecessee Ingman wt fun the pes iy. A vi ii ona ys dg ns Sty Th algun See ca orm sinha te ae eg ra ‘eetaon i eaon eb a yet ae se agate oa Wa ae stan nnn va em ‘(or of how badly they tack understanding). ne te ctu mass at pt ot om alle Hat induene lg Soa of ie eee ‘alta asaya ihe eng gna" ee Sri oat iene ae ly ‘Stone malonate at eng at els non ane fn ancy ronment eee oe Sew te tt ma sean rnc at St foe faut iget ers ese neg tt 5 Gen conan on seep a ee felon al sn tine tates a nee ey if gc aoe aye ae Mis cone ire Thc tpl ak aon te waa baton yes ona a wet ss enn ee ge eee, iti na onde ng ons A i cuarter 1 The Aunosphere 1:1, Us Dao nd Standard Vas To lee dag th ogegy of nginrig on fam, sostand © daped ap tart dst tot ree eit nd’ ng oon f woe Forint, wan we ‘ow he ase ly th strep) we Sey oh Gok tar pw ia shows edna wlohe ‘thea "Tse den ate ‘Wie nett Trae tet smo tetas at thei be anyday tn apts he Uae Stee cegern somly ert nth Topo pian emmy ‘skeeltoe the span, ben nb ge ‘Senin massa he eee gh el ioe pot an tn ble sl he ser etn Govan tow ts fe aye so romans evil, fr ean ste dueung pote or san ory tl of res ea liek (pa oropounde per agar ne (iP). ‘Us otherwise spt al oo work il be in he Sot poand second stam. A st of standard syle, units, ood define per {sini tthe ctnephar follows A= wenn 64 = dierntl(omal) aan, og °F = fre Ib 17 grviational constant, not Aa tna, |, = pretreat only lutedBe o Airplane deredynamice or ag mor = mass 0 sci indeata a vel b= prema pa ot 8 empertane 5 spe voles, 85 te = spol weigh, > = tora wight 9 deny, sug? = wly lage the inension ancy = dani tie ~ pi ‘Wig ang (stg Sl baie ma unit of enneving work and I the diene Toa!) inmate weet, Reo Wye resproca fee spi vatame) 1:2, Invodatory Remarks ‘net og involves tho proper of sia ofthe toaphete, ‘ad therefor me mast know someting ofthe characteris of coc, Als, ave know i a ua lovel, n+ nto of mamber of use ‘sacgally oxygen and altoge, ation dose and water rar beng fo comtunts of secndaey importance. ‘The oman a als te the atmosphere, up to shout AR” mle, pnt comeant escape for wate vaor aad i as shown in bie 1. Tes beloved tae se very high aitedes the atmosphere ie compo lost ental of Iydzogen.. ‘Te varstionso he charset ft eatstmonpbere with alte ar shown ia chat asta to the cover af this book Cooney of the Dougie Aiea Company. the} Spleen ‘as Although slic composed of various guns ail mast be teeta as aiseare for eerain purpose, i i sonaerd uniform ges tn tos Axnami cleitone, aud the seredmamic ie soncrned et wi fe indiidel components, bat wih the proper nfav ae 3 whole, it isa id since exhib the Aid property of How and ano gas, slags dency ical raid, Tt wl be neecry to study snontee of ts proper, each as doy, kody, eoeey’ vel and sn fh onder the conditions eating fr ven protien, The dimogpho 1 As ears ineaginering work, tain siping assumption ase masa when dealing with ai Sow we on nego! sence vay ‘uote ‘Tho oie then eozidred to bea pat Hud: howeres, ome serodyaamle probams the elles of flon loses and ache ‘fete most be careuly evaluated. One auth problem coer incon eosin with the ow dieu adjacnt tos moving boy, im wich ese Herein « ourdaty layr of aro dso velo. “Beaher sandal assumption made in urodynamic wok a Unt ae isd, tat ino waar vapor pant. ‘This ssmption lds to a0 sppredab cor at low seedy, but tho prsnoy of ater vapor ca [odes change in he low shart in he ramonc and snp Fogimes. Tho oxot afte of water vapor on thes highspeed Bowe avo not ae jo bon fully eralote, 1:3. The Kine Theory of Gases Applied to Ale ‘The Kine tory stats than ga is ome very eal date re called solely which, for one porpste, wil orally be onsieredperfotiy elastic. The apace that tar makes oocpy i= Stall oomparnon withthe average or mean ditane bebwen thm. Tartar, the oleae ry moving show igh spendin random dive ‘neo tat they at sonstanty coding with oon enor and withthe ‘alle of any conte tat may auround te. Erorn «rata plat Sf vew, the numberof walouls th any iter space (povided tak the spe Enis), muy be conde almort infinite, terre the number ‘of oliionsexpeienet by any sien aril ia given tino, may be thought of as Infinite. The pressure produced by a gs is ao tote fentunousimpect of tho molsokea epaast » stice, and ane, In ¢ fait tine, the impacte are eomtialy init im mumbr, im wet © enlyprosare et “The Hina hove of ase gives the flloing apostate vlc ‘of mninle si, spasng and vlosty for aie a 32 end 20.02. Hg Average maovular data, 1.5% 10 ‘Mea fee path betwen olson, 23 10- ‘Average velo, 100 fs secular conten pr eae nah 85.2 108 Mean elisonfegeeney, 7.68% 1 persone, Jest so prota i pode by mola impact eginst sue, ieisabo tsnsuitied by molculariapct.- Assuming that molecule are el late, a pes wave one strtd wil cone indeataly For move purpose th avumptin of pret elasity proves ada however. th assumption not completly comet. Pr iatanoe sand reprents asics of weak pose ares propagated at «fagoaney to POceccccsccoecocccosccccoossceeesLETT) ‘mle ho ei aoatve, Fe nergy shat the sound sepetets wee not ot, ong tothe impereteastity of the molcle oan weld enti inden, avn though the ety i repeaented wate spoond ‘over lager nd large space wits Inetaing time Our esa ‘expelance ites tht thir dee not oor Sine the imperial of «moleole provides ve with « mich sion by wish energy my be oe dating given rose foe tal impart elatiiy mst in some way be seated with lon ‘cst, since the prance of vnwety ists x source of enay ese ‘Bxprened inal diferent fashion, wo may tate tha he onegoion of prot idles that tho roleosen in the fd ar perp hate ‘When aporing the kino theory to ae we consider ito be homo tense as snl we donot dal with the diftent types of kee ot Thich is composed. Fortantay, air coms ant ese ot atone moles (notes contig of to toms), an itn ‘molecule wabibit sie properties, bene the seston of bomogenely Intec no serio erin. On bo ass of he lets theory, pressure may be intased in two ways: st by inetsing to suber of motels ian given spnes tr fuoae ing constant; aad sncodly, hy ineteasng the sped ot the moles withat changing thir nuntar in a stapes, Sing the muster of molesls Ins given apace determines thn lesiy ot ps, the fit math involves an Ince nthe Welty of so ga Experimentally it has ben fund tat we moy incr toe pose aE 8 ahs by increasing the tempertir, sce the tampuatics encase rode an intent i he molar sen xyovinentalinestintions andor stil anaes of th Ito ‘heory lad us to one dette lation betwen he feertur, Pesan su density of «gas whan the gua in abjs to veo of tonons, “hie elation is known asthe equation of lates forma the joe Base of daca in the faring eeton, 14. The Equation of State—Humidty Ete Provided ths the tmperatare and pete gasarenoescetely sire fom the presree and tempersazesnoruly expend ho earth's ede, ope fds Hat tha folowing equation hl pom Rr, an here » = preae, pt; 2 spelievlome; [ita die tha i temperate nd pn uk at hg ‘coment gi, the ogee af Hale e's ga oun mo longer ba Furhrner te prea sbul fl oath ¢ de th net cf eae nu gen ata vs reed to the plat whe elo rence no org exe, thn al, the equton would be ea Tr pnt coastal won he Reem gh sed 4 sipeonl wid tina th could felon ot sigening ele South ow though the expanding mton ov Ve tf fo tat Secmasaced ia th expansion js of igang eit Th sed cxzome wer, ist be enone emptor prt Ofte siempre “enti 1: om mri fr regan tk ‘ei expt to nde thea dna “le ase hel fo fae wight by he ven fete : eek an arehormore the donty i deiaed ae o=e a3) 5 ent. aca) w nth basin of p14, Bg 1 1 bones aD; tla, as whee Kom gh. Fb she dimensions 9° for is, k= (982968) se ae ute By. 1:5 i Undapendent of fw conditions oof th type of pote Involed. Te merely ean that if ang two obs gascitie py and P| 4 dein, then the thin is alo daisd. oe aoe werk, normally ‘sme that toa contais no water vapor. Eater vapor x resat Ie podace he follwing ange 1, Water vapor weighs Inu than dry ir, Tharfre if emis vith dy by de reslig mista ha Tome speci wight oF dea.Bs 2 Condensation of water vapor or evapotion of water droplet ler ‘he nergy alee of high peed ow and tay three produc ured ‘hange inthe abaractu of euch dow 100% lative bunt, the penne of aes vapor may dorease te density by as much ax 325. Under averapsconltona (OP, 905, ‘oltre hum) the density cheye produced by te prone f water ori coment os hen of 15 ad maybe neglecta fo eta nike bighpeed flow conditions water vapor nay be fonder’, ‘owing to th lrg change in tomparaare involve, The sondanstiog rows less a quatly of boat of endenaton, which may be tan {lormed to How eng, producing aakeng in ie ney balance a ‘he natu of the shick-wave pats, partislacy im the temas teflon, Condensation of the typ le anenying In hleapct wind ness i proces a fog Unt poole eterno te tte Accordingly, cate aust be esas nthe design of uch tenets to inwue the erably of dey ai, or «moar must be proved ty dng sacepberi al 155. The Standard Atmosphere lo cuttin atsonere may bas be thong of ey snsting of fe ous lanes, he frst one, cet toto earl beat topeplons ‘he next ote, the strataspore; the th, thw lonely, wal the fourth apd outermost, the exospere, ‘The tcopeapbes I the region in whith most dos are fred sade ‘haractessod by the tetbalent oomiins tat gemnly prove The height of ve teoposphure varies fom about five mil at te ples to ‘pproximataly tana at tw equator, ‘The sxatospheceeatends fom ke upper limits of the troposphere, the teoponnin, to sprosimately fy to nventy mie above oot face Although high-velocity wins wil be fom in she eens this aya hart by texngal,notaren conto set soy winds encounared se study, not gusty. Lite is known conerning the ekarastltion of the donaipbete, leh soprated ftom tho atatopae by the atatopton,eacpt tat ‘many elotisal phenomena exist within it. ‘Tho invabie onation layers (D, 4, Byof tho chee) aod the vile lca! dang, each ‘the auons bias at known to exist, but ae ot yelp exglod Busclly, the fonomphere i charateind hy the presence of foe ha fee elections whow ecitonc there was St ostlated by Kove fd Heaviside in 1002. Sion that tine rsa han revealed tae ts degre of fonisationinsrencs Wh atta, with seco taint The monpiere a alts tthe D, B, 2 and, ayes. In the onophere the temperature Inernes om about JPY ab the lower Litto bust 4000 at the spe ia, "The exoepre ot Sige rogon exits above an aude of from 200 300 mie In this egin th stacepar eo eae tit Yry foe oles ooaupy & Bala voluoe aad the pats are ratvly tm Inmpered by alsin with one anotia. Tf we eazpate the psfrmane of an ilane of wo cust Might ce wind-tunnel tests fo deermine the peformanc, we need ‘free andar condition inert thst wo may compare our reas ‘ith th rele of other snae eomptations or tos. Tan consona [n thn taoepher vary ooatnaoely, and it getmally i ot pelo hain esclly the same tof nndtions on tw difernt day Asse. logy, we mut asbitsady at pa group of anda condos that we ‘may wie fr seferenc. ‘Th ot of standard eoadions pramtly ase the Unit States Is Known se the interationlatsndaed store o NACA standard tmoeyte and hasbeen adopted a standard By most of the principal astons of Ue word. A odiaton ofthis known {We TCAN" stmeephere and dies fom the internation Sanda lionpare only that tratnphari oadton ar cated ieee the stsupher base oma i — 505°C ‘The standard stmosphote approximates the average conditions siting alte 40° and le deen ote bs oft flowing snmptons 1. The ea devel standard conditions a0 ‘pe 160 mie Hy ~ 9.021 in. Bg fo = Oe lg Fo ove = olka R = 296K, th = S217 Bae 2 Tho equation of ut for dy ale Bois, uate, pp = EP i ah 8 Tho vivntion of temperate with alade & Homes wp tthe stetaephre and lagen by te falbwing equation 2h “000° that thn lagen rate ie 3.5° per 1000 fines alte 4 The tepospere extend up £900 aide of $5.32 Rab whi ‘nt the tompentoure cable at value of 67°. alng the sbovesseunpion and seaming tat the vale of 9 dns ot change with nltvde, the sandand stmorpbae shart ty ‘determined a fallow * Stina avg 18 pls eR) = we Bc cccccccccccccccccenncecoeesceeesbp COCOHREOOOSOHOO OOOO ROOEOLOLELOOEE ‘To obtain an expesion for prea a finstion of aad, conser he ult element ofthe atuospbere sows ia Fig Tht Sumtnng forces in the & direction ves lens PD d= pam "The equation of eat gives ws tatty oan p+ (seRRARIE A, — oomasT To And the presure pcoresponding to tho atte the sid i ‘etoraad between yaad, and he gn side buween 9 att when [P32 geal" [e-emf Phe Atmanpnere s B= ~ cconoonseay = aes) 107 aes opt tnd By tn a Role) oo ‘To detemine bow the deity vate, one agua cole te equation of tata at en Teel and ot aide, 0 fallow: Pa md a= alhy woe ne] Bag. 1:8 and 1:10 fr the proware and dost nition at alitade sappy up 1 the base of the sratoepbere whic, fr the eandard ‘imoepher, i taken ot 598 f, Above tis lite thermal cos Aitons ae assumed to exit (le anunpion hes bon oon to be oly ‘ail comers onthe bal of roe tot data). "To obtain expan for Ue prewar and desty ratios forthe sandal aimosphece above the tropopse we retin te the ditions fauation sting pros sede al tapertu aa ae Antegrasion mast now be pened in wo pits hut: rae pom ary —ocosstay [Sah ea whee 4 the astute lspentaze compendia 9 ~ OTEBe uw Airplone seradyramics esfornng the intron, we bin (ts) tea (Fea) ~ saan)! a ay ™ mae wen) “Sao ) ‘The expen “oxp (x) rel "eto the no “oxpoentil of 2” sod Ses convenient way of wag “whan xo tele ton { plmomial thes he base 2.718 of aul ogre Ths “ep fa)” br he sane mening “ante ‘eturnng tothe equation ef at, 2 ne ets (08 5) he aon ans lt ne he anda sts row be moral hI pon es Ton ae Boum, (valid in alt exons) (0:5) Lapeasate equations Fe “ST iecanaas) (1:0) rraw ree me assem) an weaane 5 a>aaem an t . © {4 wot i Re, = T 40} { ort ot tot Guin npn nnn Dany rae: 7 1 — o.000npesah)“**, (h< 35.028) (1:10) B > aaia ass couse By using th above equations, WaltnS, Dish, in 1986, computed a ‘goup of table fr the standard stoepiae which are peed in ‘SAcA ‘ns 215 (102, Parte of thse table eo coproduced ae at ‘ppenc fo this book forthe convenes ofthe seer * tet apo >* Airplone Aeroiyramics ‘To sandal stmeepbere may reedily be deeb by mean of the smaph shown in Fg. 1:2. Ta th Guim, alias le potted ar the bso end temperature a6 the oninate. inc to each alee nthe ‘Handaedaincapere thre coresponde& gnen peaue ad devs, i ‘snp matter to add two ssl one of which give te deny ta i ich we designate bya, athe ots giving she pres ‘We have sow sompet th disiton of the stained tnchere, nd remain to deo devitons rom i hat laen consis were, 1:6, Presse, Dewsiy, and Temperature Alitade ‘The abide hat i read onan sip ance to 2.929, Hg fs knowns the prove ale. The term peor ads aed, sinc an alinetr& merely special beotner ext tans ofthe sundae siscphers “Thus ifthe temperate at a give lads sequal to the snndard valve ay tat alitade and the le tte ed ‘eave conditions a alin stand altimeter il ru the sore liu, ‘Tader any otter cooditione the lteter twang sil bo inonrect, “At modem altimeter an be cvrecel foe ese wn ions, but oo way has yet been devin to acnunt fr atation in the Inge rate, 1t wil bo demonstretod later tat tbe freon an aepane tn High sp depertnt om the deny ofthe sand not om hn saute proc ‘Thos, he pwede by fui sft we pron ere, ‘The density of tho alr ic readiy determina, provided that th toes ture and presi are Known, heean the eation af tate peas als one denalty fora given precesd tmpertue, Sine the stand steephere age a given density to a given ide eloped to tlk of the deny aed hat i she ode corresponding 0 given densi in th tareand aur So far me ve introduced to alte defiitens (a a pore slit and (the deity ale. Cloay, nite ofthe etd il be the tae elite exept inthe one eve where enon Ih the stmosphete eeespoa to how of te standard emus The ice sittude tien reprebmts 2 shied typeof lita tint isthe alate ‘hat woul te mneaued y a tope tn avpped fon the plane perpen lal to th earth’ ue at sn level, ‘arudoxialy, the tre lltade le of Hil importance tothe er yams se it does nat daze the conition tat exit In te stioesplere, Foreman, tho te alta is mpertant to the gon ince he mast concern kimelf with dani eter his ent aed the ground, eater than the distance that he may be above ses ve, 4 ourts side occsonlly mentioned Ja uernoutcl fener ‘he operas ait, wih simply the ate cerspodng p 0 Phe Amonploe ® jes tener inthe standard atmowphore, dently tamerture Sluis has ne smanng fo the sintnphery de te tonyedtey B ‘ire constant thveghou hsm of he nose, 4157, Atmosphere Chars and Thee Use “Breauo stands eoudtons seldom prod isthe stmeapere aad sinc of he tre quantities (pear, epee, and deni roged ITT : EHH He TOT THA Ss tea el ae io ay ab eee ee doe hn ato song, lt to mayb dei ‘ene ur opp ang a Sty roy Swann oft tmp sod prom tf hyp may Stele inh floeing mame ‘Tesi ef ate maybe ton & Te vn hf ny ao ane a ho gee deat. "Now fe Ssurs of ect mc nh po tn {007 oat sn i ig 13a ta pm woe era ‘anno Bg 111% wl pm ttt fo rr, sl Chains sti af Soy seme pest fr shen ose Hees, irov oun lose arr peat, ther ove a, odo ota al of er aon i 3 aay‘may be fund and wil expos th intoelitiontatvenn oper ‘ese, ond day “re nets Ja, sedge ote str to peat aide od deny sheet & pn oles in ay rato ¢~ pp tn aque rt of, Ve ape equ ‘nthe equations with which we dat, ant avon ot Fe, 1:5 the terme of posal, dont alte sd yon stoo fs TM Bs ea58 vet be Day adh 160 en a ete Ser wot af dey re, v5 * 1 vempert iin a ef th sain nw ad {entre of day atu, th ssn rete tes doen 4a Fig. 1-3 wi alphas town ng 2 ee ome atte 4d dni hte eles te sad ange the te tn ‘ita the sane vate, pose! tat the feng ns heed “atu fr th ato boat. The, fanaa euros Plt guint dant alu, the eng Ene Wil hate tn ‘Snot yemurate ne ty where te ety ea te ‘alttudea have equal values. This is shown graphisally in Fig. 1: 4 Tuarertsme Esse Tsunoda other shiv opt of rclng high stacey te rnd By te one iting enpnt.darming tnt sah supment tse as {sees radngs of cscest rte and Tempe, nine es red ao ker rn hte end ea sett o 95000 © a ¢ tpt f= TOET We specific volume? EE Whee he Souerion. An alinetr epable of eedng at 180,00 wosld be callyated in erm of Bt! 11,08 55 7 oo (a S88 Siam = 8 po RS a noon Ba. 1:5 gir 200 Fo ari ~ ooo 0 ep FBGA see "The speci voume pg = ORT IO 0 Rb. PROBLEMS 1 1 the deosity of sir at = given lltads i 0009 lagi, what the apeeite weight ala this attudet Wat volume wil a pond of oops? Laos w= 0.0612 yf; 2 = 163 7) 2.0m the basi of By. 1:5, determi the air demtity wien the tovpheio prt a $f and the ampere le 20°F, Check your el gin! te sled char, Anewr” p= 0.00041 sugit2) ‘Determine the tnperstare of aici dese entire, provided ‘he penuo 10 pad he dary is 0.0012 sug. Coder the ame ypessce (Oph, what ampere wow exit Uf te dant ree Donaugltet News PC (OPO). CAnewe? Fm MEO: a= 1s0C) 4 Assuming standard atmosphere conditions what ete dest ato stan altitude 0 ras above the eet’ surat” What ithe deny? [dames o = 001073; p= 0.000255) 5 Under the coins of Probl 4, wis raluns wil the prsare nd iempesice have? [Anaver? Pn OTR, p= 122 pet] 6. If a iplave abimeter,conowd for instrument and poston a, ris 12609 and the outa alr compete AOR, what is {he despa? [Anawer? 135008.) "2 Wat isthe deny alte ian aint reads Of and tho ale tecerstite n= 40"FY [Annee — 7302.) Be coo ecccccccncccccenececoecscosee00009000000 0000 00008000 COREOREERD [REFERENCES gk DSSSW.S, “Standart steps, Te sd Da” NACA TE 2, ok Rit Ho "eA dma. Be Oe cuarrer 2 Fundamental Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Air 2:4, Units and Symbols Iaoluced la Ths Ciayer = mn tow V, = indleatd raped shown on compa elena i spel meter aaraen is ped toni peed ely of wave oslation 2:2, Steady and Unsteady Flow—Stramlines and Sueam Tubes ‘The motion oft Sud asad on steady, povided at at on int inthe scat the Yel, pest, tl Gest roma rant ‘ith te,” ‘Tin cae ths the sondionsproraling st given SzedAirplane Auctynanicy Wm are—F aa Soba Ba. 2:9 In Bq 2:88 gts ala 4 alm Bote F-4 (Bi) dann. ssn om 18 Nm ad eo a ly expres ba na 4s sue “nek te bry pots gn Sine Ora ing eens methane opin iy za Peeetonry een er hated foe REFERENCE Son Mato of Apying the Cocpeeiitty sens tthe Deeriaton of re spa ow dno Se O00, 18, vl 1B op,cHarrer 3. ‘Types of Fluid Flow 3:4, Units and Symbols Introduced ia This Chapter 7 sae ste, nfs ofabaoltevsoiy, Inset = Kianatie veo, ue ‘Ry = Reynold nusbet ~ je (menses) j= ooatent ofan fon 3 thicket of boundary layer P= vores songth Lalit Dy a siosition deg (o= angular velo 3:2, Viscosy and Vincous Flow Atehoagh iis eanvenant co igoice the eet of vosity whenever rl, eS thas wo are uot sla omapltely to dargaré le cones fu ail explain cereainplanomenn. Por tant, the sletence of it parle to the suis of aay body mang theagh the ie rn ‘the formation of w toundaey layer und. gen amount of drag oes te ein rion deny. "Do be able to oder vsany in # quaive mans, we mint sino exactly what the term rats, Por this pry cor the fat plato ain ig. 3:1, which ie spate fom the sutra hy lager of id having thickness. ‘Under standand stadeveleondtion » as the val 0.001387 ne for air Sino the air density Ie ievolved in the defi of 6 a Numeral value vais with pressure at well with tenperstice, "The ‘ation of wid altade chown in ig | | reer 23:9. The Laminar Boundary Layer Because aes vison, any objet moving ehrough it clot «group of i parish whic tpl along. A partie aslyaljnes o he obj’ sua wil, hetuie of isoor achedon, be pallad sony at ‘spproinataly th spa ofthe objet. A patil sgaty futher ‘om the sine wil aloe pled along; ows, a web wil be ighly less than the objec’ lacy. ewe move fate nd ter say fc the eure, the paves se afotelas andl, en 2 ‘eit is reached whore the strane ofthe object do ot tare aap ‘tll motion of parties whatever. ‘he Iyer of alr extending fom the ge of the object to dhs pat here no dragging lft i acral snow a he Powndary nto ‘Toe nate of th boundary layer le» controling acorn he Sete. ination ofsinsieton dra. Noro important shan thn the neure of te boundary layer determines wasitns it sefcen.saling share {wie of swing, magitue of te fetion and prewar drag. ant ‘ome extnt the highapaed characteris of any objec, The pays 3908000; a = 0114 for By = 2000000) By alouatin, detemine the masinam li enfin fr the NACA 2012 rat s¢ Reynolds numberof 7.00090. Chek your rovlt by ning Hig. 21 Fer, 168) ea 4:7. Some Factors Influencing the Design of High-Speed, Low-Deag "hile ‘The shape of «partionlar al x dad hy the shape of he mean ane Ese the dtbuton of tisk lg te shard te leading fg rede, an the sage of Ur ang ge deterinins the see terest popetn. In practi, dition rom oni or aes Tonghoss may sun shanger in charters, parinacly the kevin le aha af the ini prmire pine o 0 nthe igh toad of tho tallg eg. Normally, at low angst talon fom laminar teil to ost te ois of mmm pes Iewever, rough fac ayefaee some entation the stcompanying hange In sexodyuanle properties. “The shines tition capo ef a syrumetil aii) and the Saye of he meaner ie ont ental ts leon fi hry Haye tration sod seprtion points poate datbuton, alin shavactraticy ¢, vloen, minimamdeag cirri, valves, of ‘tol sod fornliverence Mach number, cof viiaon with the Hoyle and Mach sores, nad iog rst" The came ne age i mainly rrponile fr she vale of the angle of stack a eo [ise the vale tn owen oes ‘The typeof tlckno dstbution costes the vas of it loge, swcadyname center latin, and etteraenee cain. Th ehape ff the leading edge (ndingage adie) hae « povnaned fics om ‘talng characteris apd eves. ‘Tho lending oe shape ao Inportant in sapersons aici desig, sno lant as iors wae Ag (dag de to shckeare formation, whereas pated leading Agoit Prony wi ge minions wave dag: plate adling ee, bower, rates the ‘hiabl ovale a low peda, ‘A goat di of efor has bron expended by many investigator 0 the protons of ll design but spec dow 204 prait mae than the ‘owe summary of sn ofthe more imporant ftom that hare bo Gincrard. oe Ste information she ited ender rf 80 1h is pale to compute fl characteris ty mathematical rethods when the eatcciee tine relced hy te cedatoa ‘haractavstss of «group of ovale boosd ore, ad the home ‘Satbation ereplend by «sro of soon sod il ‘The neat ‘ofthis prwodze we online a Couper 9, were the deta pe becca ae tayo she scope of thi book‘The drape ofthe tare ‘ees afal sola rs role ofan initial shoei neti, ebougoently verified by wind tue! hate ‘Consdmed fom « puay phy! standpoint the Ioeton of die ‘maxintimeumber foi deine the Inston ofthe peak minim [esi pot onthe sil the farther af se asimem nearer otf oad, tho feat af the rninupenete pot en THe Feete-ounber line by il dows ot, of sore, domizate the tue, ‘st i found thatthe lotion ofthe nanan theknew fe r Irak niga desninng where chek nares pint ‘on he ina i th isha nf the mom this Tae he ‘eter af th minimum poate pak fund. Noo, an si ction is dasgned with enna tn and 8 hk det, nth of which give the ainimam prewure pois well ff mayo epeted tht he fil aio wil ave this character. "Ta obtain lnminar Bow ovr the agestpoible postin ofthe it face the vot moat be kop! ax aw as pole Thi reqs isa by designing am sr ao that both the mean camber Ene an the thine ditibation posts risimun pre pants nated vel at, Under thee sirutanee, the Reynolds name the unary yee lw (oving elow velo), ah a8 avers proms ‘din oot encounter unl «point ce to the telling eg rescind Te fae of om aii ough, parla ea he oing og, tachulone &crasd in the bandaey layer, which foro « tanlion from liner t trbulantfow at 2 mech lover Reyne number tan fee's smooth suace If the souphons ie autcentiy grat, eo tnergy ny be let toate pentare psa ofthe Dear ger Sod eh ary etl the rougher done ot rol in t0 mach energy tes and provides a tual jer, the alg character may Be Improv codes. Tn any one, ab te treaton plat, tae © PCC OTOOHOOEES OLEH OECESSOOOOOEOOEPOOOHHCAHHHOOOHO COO OOHOHOO OOOO EOS tos Alrpowe Sertgnanics ore Airoit Pho 0 Siablabe, : "The eifelioseoooantae in manuacorng smooth ali and the diiaies of maitinng a smooth sas In vee end to leat "hee af ninco sia tn, ot very ele ple to obtain amin Bow over anjeere nea the short fal extent of {he herd Ib ornate, bowers, that ap ail dag fo ania ovis la oot highapoed profs, nce te maximum wlis ever the eae te lve then thew of eoneatioeal te fa and somoquently the ‘steal Dac nanbee ie =E—— Ngher Thedei fbigh ‘elie Mscenumber ak {ol innpowes ene ain requement, nacely that pombe there be no ol of ty ages F— broth chord. "The CAPA, S10 epg of ean ne ately teary, ano t — thoes anlage ee mone alas aoe ward nthe PE: 4°04 Po en st yn Seg rans i en Stet: err, 0k sain yet erp nae of firing enor vit dation The tghepet, osng mlas ae hcl Wy ton the degen cares sodrsl ononof gsatait "ibe Heyer nie a hora in Bp 1 “ured with he ode bs, wh ornate age a tte at wes Sw sp over these love pon of NAcc! Mach eminem tn Pp, "he rasan th the pmo Hah nie od rg hari acs svadblonly ov saa ge toons (deg ag) ‘anata nF 416 hue te hangin pene non wih angio att shows ough» ore pum deb Tonmey be obtained show sage fats nae pose itn 1 igher ange of atc pa eng sce er fhe oe ‘ism pre ad Mh tby sve freed owed te ing ‘lg grodsng mn sy trnaton tor soy eget “loop the HR ad dog shat of fo ae lied shay by ig tng he tras eg, th at eonay Aleane seobyaice ‘stalisid as entire serie al «soul ater af book waver Us fiemed, on finds a eevery of lift ad a eaton of dg coo ‘Thee phvonena pcm the wo of highauuoie spect nr so st tansone and eaperoni apts if nasi ec ent eget ‘To cian minimum drag high spent sneer) herp he a shina possible an tse an aisha wth» sh lending ge ‘esgn of ths sont rade wave ing de to shock, web i dened ln Chaps 6 ap 8, but lao prodooe por saling hasten, ‘Bacau the fw abou a wings whole determines he wing's highspeed ‘taractriats, ter dtson a eign for hgh een ig mdefoed | Au Chagte 4:8. The NACA Aloe hough fv manufrs sl design tiie own sl scion, sno them ater wo NACA pro or agtlymodised NACA profi, “Thess sgl eno fi hie fr thy NACA hae de atsonons mow of ifottraearch snd bs developed any extents shape, alta shoei methade fr ging sls have ented for ‘mest the pat nf enter, the aie developed by the NACA wp ll the fe Io's nes lnc salt of tale real Feeforne n'a mtnatic mansee. Yor itn, the NACA font ‘vestiges ais ate mie Clr ¥ or tigen 38 esi, ‘hal poe the ana tas otaton atin ste wo car ‘Sess the major diferees being a the shape of tho meer ne ‘The bs ofthe NACA for gsi ae the sane omen) scion ad the sets with mann cer lctad ot aon 10%, ‘ft sora fom the ang eg. Th digits woo esrb he fut Aig vr of ial ve the faring mecting: he fat ilvexeenes| the camber in pe eat chord, the second the lsat ofthe matin aie poi in tants ord an the at to th thse or cnt Shor. tm SCA 4419 al, fo inane, ha sina snr 4% ofthe chord lated 4% of tte shor back fom toe lang eg tie 12; thik, tle an ODE al ea symetla eton st, ‘eke. "Espeeed tn number, bein tie fori ‘eco ae the GNX, 24K, and KX ston, All the sos “pny ood allound baraceris with smooth stall eka "The KACA fe-dgt aa, of whieh th 203% soto ae the most” {amaus, ls eharacend by having the Meaxintin sami hcated wel forward. Th thie ae he Sit ig cps te agente eater ‘npr ent coe, te cond notes i th onion of he maser, ‘nie intent hod, the tied iter «roo ne) tnguihe te ‘of menmcmaber ine, ad th ast Sw pe tothe pr ee Slo ‘Thien 2912 sil har a masinuin camber af abou 5 of it Phony uu seco ned at 18% ofthe sor fom the aig ge ade ti. "The fai ae al have lightly negative vl of moment ‘oeten abe the ated cate, ad iw drag value at they ee por sling shares and lw ete! lack amber cee sf the rarely poor prame dstebatonsreing from the frou Inasinim amine poi, "The ntr NACA profiles of sgncans at the sx, seve, and eight sti” Tn all cus the las bw gh give the tiskne fa ps sent ‘Sor; however, the signfcano of the romaising amerr of ites ‘i from rl to aio, gowalyGotelng ame aeredymanin cara. tert. Boao of te wile dvegece In the sanings ofthe er ‘sw! number dnignains of the lfll th reer boul it to el for the masnings in sak speifo oun, This patlar gr of sifosi nownas the bw-drag aeran and etrasteied by ie low tog bucke: shown in Fig. $4. ‘Thus sri ay alo harried 1 slihty sonave ataneatin, comeriat seeing on slongaed zap eed. ‘Tho beter groupe of thar sole exit exelent Nighspeed caravan high ex Mach mbt, The NACA I lo done work os aupeon set, Moet fata om ther tons 2, Abou 1 on DotA. a sn Le 8 Se "Samar of AD” SAC Hear 2,1 (gly anda AG. L208. 12 Ouro, FB. "The Appnton of Ar Stain to Hp Rotor Dea NAGA TS U2 4 Nib, Band Canal , A Sty th Foe Chg ee sual nth At Sesion Drag Ri st Speci Sta” SCA ES 8, 4 cos, #3, sa Sherman, A, “AW Seton Chri Ay he Vaition of he es Nene” NACA TSA, Sek Linky, W. Pa Lite, BT Omori Barbe ne est of Conroy oa Presse and Ras Atego Sa eve POOOERHTHOHOOOROOOOOODOOOOOOESP OOOHHTAOHHOOODOOEOCOOHOD OOO ELODD bs Airptore erotyaics Aleit Theory 1 ei mtn of hy bi ta ow ay oo Ti Sekirei in minting» sha nd as fy smth er te meotnnn tw sts tstne artes ter has Sov ner aye hese a at Sth irs ahve ne ges tying phe ol, on i ms ‘Sc re #3 thon af can a : ‘ad one a Spa Mele aes Si se Eien in fence atari tnt 'f pombe "these be no Be eas of veloty anywhere Be ver the chord. The NACA Py 2° 10 type of mean ine Sosa the requiem eceily n thor, seit — sgh eng fat ci nonemes Protoss petty Hat inns pot Restated he Met um an by me exon range of I snl | Senta: "howere, no hides dieation yet developed i eapale of Fring norm rloty dtbuten, ‘The highspeed, low og melons are characte by a bt on he dag enfin erro pl onside vanaton o cost i the Reynolds somber, ar stow fa gd “Aosiatd wih he lw-drg bucks, wich ccespands to the axle of tac ot which dow sen oer tho surfs se lamest region igh tial Mack number at wpe in Fg 4-13 Tho son that the optima Mach nite ad dog harcteriice | sre aval only over a walang of i tet the dig ange) #2 tanteated in Fig 14, whut the shoge in press dion vith aglo of attack ahown. Altbough «farorable pee date tion may be otaind at ow arleof tac, sot pot atl, Wat higher angle of atlas, punt being rested wine pot of hisimem promare and igh wlty moves feral towad to dng 0, proding an ely rnin tar an ety mpi ‘altbough the Bit and drag characte of dear altered sadly by fight through he tanenie ein, one He flo hss bon©0000 0000000000 COO80H0000 000000008 carrer 5 Wing Theory S51, Units and Symbols Ttodaced in Ths Chapter Dim indood dog 0p, stan finde drag — Dy) ~ Ged induced sal of stack = Om) (= span efiieney fetor hci drag onlent ‘enya eter UC = ean geome chord 0,2 et 435 tier ection to or indeed dng ‘Aa oweep angle 5:2, Caan and DowaWash Chapter «roe mally concn ith Unset fon sri ndee o-tinveinal dow conan wich won prval be ng of ‘site spa,” "To apy ss tformedion Yo srl wing we muse ke corotion thal sere fr the dienes ttre io dered "ll be eas fo Chape tat she on & wing wean sidered a eu f the wings desing asia of covert the ‘ir ye he wing the rt fre on the ing gel fo the ing Theory us Inset of vely of he air ave in the sation of it; homer, nite eng can inaanos ony + fit mass of a nd there finns in veocay. Her, thon, ina ase difrnon between the fow abose an ine ands real wing There wing mst poo 2 seypeiacmca eaatsayntrt oan fa lt fin tn, woah ste clon ea tn nh veo Ss" Ta Gap to Knee oan bap st dvs, Ht etn Ti etn na inant ie gna ponstare prea we (aly he enn te pe etha Alrpave Aerignanica the appr sufgesround the nang edge. ‘The stg fis wie ‘nessnel in term of ssn, For tn innit wing the updow in font of te wing esas Blanes th dows atte ee the ing 4 that no et dovnrand movement of wr pat the wing sel om tous. “his not tue for Bate wing, fr elton or fee sorter fy cannot ead sbrptly ina sel fd ant Be every Soe ‘omer onde wy heft of ip votes shown in taker ‘et phoegrph, Tig $1 “Th at flow past he wing tends the vortex lament or ote af, 20 ‘hat se tip vote ar sen flow ask fom the wingtip. "too the wing ip vores mont ested att ity and must setully'be pets oft sale wort Samat thd start aint fat behind the wing, estende aeons th wing. ad then exonde back sgl | Ss + TH ® to Init. (The term vortex lament a al eels othe cota Two th verter) Aste ofthe tort! vv lent sn infig 80300 ‘Bess the it dlstibutlon aca the span eo sitar for mast wing, te eelation not uniform. Sse the sulaton of ree {Ge constant quay, the nea that the otal torte ayer ie omgored of many vores Alanents ofa general hese shape, wi famine emsnasing from tw trallg eof te wing The aoop ie Mhstrted a Pig = () ‘Althogh th ting tip orto an the ln cning thm (wh ster from wing tip Yong tip) a all oe vortex astm, tay ae liequnsiy aed to ae aeprate eto, he fort extending in he anv dleion being deena ae = bound wotex sd te ling Norte an emiiofnte wore. When dealing with two-diensonal flow such ag would be fund around a wing of inne ape to nl the Bound vex exrts an ieuner onthe How ane nt i saa on ty be elle eet from the KuwaJookovay equation For ¢ wing af fit span thw proedine i not tia tml ough Imuthomatia! methods re avalabe that do peat caleltion af the et citslaton by means of the KutaToukowahy matin in tre of {up of vores lament et psn the wing. Wing Phery us Because the vane of tution of the ip ores th ne a shat cof te band vertex fom which they emanate, then ait of tho ip ects to podate«dowafow pst hn wing. Phi hw hana Dy whic devintow blnduoe.” Now the proton et tis downto (ich ache wou of the peaion of 8) ree the exper of ‘eran amount ofenrgy nun in, that I, si eg fa Ue ‘woduetion of Ut. Wo sball demonatins thatthe power metic to Idee down-vach maybe exremed ia. tei of a akon drag fous, know a dnd dap ‘To obtain an equation for Induced drag, cone Pig. $:3, whch shows the dietation of ined velo past an ari Tate gare the tse repent th datettin of vrs veloly dae eee Sound vortex alone, a tho contin of How part an ine wing. Tin ine b repos the downvard velo indand by tho presence ip voc, and the line «the et Sow ort oun of and. om Fig 5:4, wo oo that the ow put the it wing patna mo net dows omponent, snc the uplow frmand ofthe sl penne for Che Aowatow afta the sf. "This oot the eat or he Ente mins fe ip ortne crate net dowmward meen af st tha is not ‘mpenated for In any way ‘coring to our diiniton of Kin Capt 4 the it vsiar act rcpt to the ale fow pst «wing Foran iis wing the lca POOKOHCEEHOOOHSSCOTOHOHOOCOCEEEOOOEE