Module 6.

Fault Current Calculation

By: Dr. Hamid Jaffari

Power system Review

 Fault Currents

Symmetrical Fault
Asymmetrical fault

Power System Review

 Fault Analysis
Analysis Type
Power Flow: normal operating conditions
Faults: abnormal operating conditions
Fault Types
Balanced or Symmetrical Fault
Three Phase Short Circuit
Unbalanced or Unsymmetrical Faults
Single line-to-ground
Double line-to-ground
Line-to-line
What are the results used for?
o Determining the circuit breaker rating
o Protective Relaying settings
 Various Types of Faults
a)Symmetrical Fault

a a
VF
b b ISymmetrical-fault(3 )
c c Z1 Zfault
b)Unsymmetrical Fault

line - to - line Fault double line - to - ground Fault line - to - ground Fault
a a a
b b b
c c c
j 3VF
Ifault(line - to - line)
Z1 Z2 Zfault 3VF
Ifault(Line - to - ground)
Z1 Z2 ( Z0 3Zn) 3Zfault
 Asymmetrical
Fault Calculation

Power System Review

 R-L Circuit Transients
R L

e(t ) 2 V sin( wt ) +
SW Closed @
-
t 0

di(t )
Equation : L Ri (t ) 2V sin(t ) t 0
dt t
V
Solution : i(t ) iac(t ) idc(t ) 2 [sin(t ) sin( )e T ]
Z
forced Solution natural Solution
Symmetrical Fault / Steady State Fault Current( forced ) : dc Offset Current(transient ) :
t
V
V idc(t ) 2 sin( )e
iac(t ) 2 sin(t ) amp
T

Z Z
Z R2 X 2 R 2 (l ) 2
X 1 wl
tg 1
tg
R R
L X X
T
R R 2fR
 Asymmetrical fault

t
V
i(t ) iac(t ) idc(t ) 2 [sin(t ) sin( )e T ]
Z
Dc offset Magnitude depends on angle :
V
( ) 0 dc offset 2 Iac where : Iac(rms ac fault current )
2 Z

In order to get the largest fault current:

Set : ( )
2

t
i (t ) i (t ) i (t ) 2 I [sin(t ) e T ]
ac dc ac
2
 Asymmetrical fault
Note: i(t) is not completely periodic. So, how do we
get the rms value of i(t) ?
t

Assume : e C (constant)
T

Now calculate the RMS Asymmetrical Fault Current:

t 2t

irms(t ) ( Iac) 2 ( Idc) 2 [ Iac]2 [ 2 Idce ] Iac 1 2e T 2 T
Amp
X
L X X
Note : T & t ; where is time in cycles
R R R 2fR f
2

X 4

2t f
2fR
irms(t ) Iac 1 2e T
Iac 1 2e Iac 1 2e ( X / R)
Amp

4

Irms( ) k ( ) Iac where : k ( ) asymmetrical factor 1 2e ( X / R)
Per Unit
 Asymmetrical Fault Calculation
Example: In the following Circuit, V=2.4kV, L=8mH,
R=0.4, and =260 rad/sec. Determine (a) the rms
symmetrical fault current; (b) the rms asymmetrical fault
current; (c) the rms asymmetrical fault current for .1 cycle
& 3 cycle after the switch closes, assuming the maximum
dc offset. R 4 L 20mH

+
e(t ) 2 2400 sin( wt )
- SW Closed @ t 0
 Asymmetrical Fault Calculation
Solution:
a) Z R jX R j (L) 0.4 j (2 60)(8 x10 3 ) 0.4 j 3.016 3.04282.4

V 2400volts
Z Z 3.04282.4 Iac 788.95A
Z 3.042

b) @ t 0; Irms(0) Iack (0) 788.95 1 2 1366.46 A R 4 L 20mH

X 3.016 e(t ) 2 2,400 sin( wt ) +

c) ( Ratio ) 7.54 -
SW Closed @
t 0
R 0.4
4 ( 0.1)
k ( 0.1cycle ) 1 2e 7.54
1 1.693 1.641
4 ( 3 )
k ( 3cycle ) 1 2e 7.54
1 6.739 x10 3 1.00

Irms ( 0.1cycle ) Iac k (0.1cycle ) x1.641 1,294.69 A

Irms ( 3cycle ) Iac k (3cycle ) 788.95 A
 Asymmetrical Fault-Unloaded
Synchronous Machine
Three Stages: Subtransient, Transient, and Steady State
i (t ) iac(t ) idc(t ) Instantaneous Current

t t
1 1 T "d 1 1 ' 1
iac(t ) 2 Eg[( " ' )e ( ' )e T d ] sin(t )
X d Xd Xd X d Xd 2
d-axis
Eg
idc(t ) 2 " e t / TA 2 I "e t / TA M aximum dc offset Stator winding

X d N Uniform air-gap

Where : Stator

q-axis Rotor winding

" " "
X d direct axix Subtransient Reactance I Eg / X d
Rotor

X 'd direct axix Transient Reactance I ' Eg / X ' d S

d axis direct axis

X d direct axix Synchronous Reactance/SteadyStateReactance I Eg / Xd q axis quadrature axis
TA armature time constant
Note : M anufactureres provide :
M achine Reactances X "d , X ' d , X d &
Time Constants T"d , T ' d , T A
 Synchronous Machine
Asymmetrical Fault Envelopes
Asymmetry Sources: (1) Open Phase and (2) SLG Fault
iac(t )
"
AC current envelopes
Subtransient fault Current 2I
2 Eg TtA
t

Eg Transient fault Current 2I

'
idc - MAX(t) e 2 I "
e TA
I "
"

Xd
X "d
Eg
I' ' S.S fault Current
Xd
Eg 2I
I
Xd t
 2I " Stages of Asymmetrical Fault near Generator
Eg
I"
X "d
Subtransient

Eg 2I '
I'
X 'd
Transient
Eg
I
Xd Steady State

dc offset
"
2I

2I '
Asymmetrical Fault
Fault Current
Calculation

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis

Four methods to calculate the fault current:

1.Ohmic Method (not preferred)

2.Infinite Bus Method (Convenient & Easy)
3.Per Unit Method (Most Common)
4.MVA Method (Quick & Easy)

Note: This course will focus on PU & MVA Methods

Power System Review

Fault Current Analysis

Ohmic Method

Power System Review

 Ohmic Method
This Method Requires:
Transferring all impedances to high/low
voltage side of transformer using square
2 2

of XFMR turn ratio NN OR NN

1

2
2

Using your AC circuit theory knowledge

Voltage & Current dividers
Thevenin & Norton equivalents
Kramers Rule, etc

Power System Review

Fault Current Analysis

Infinite Bus method

Power System Review

 Infinite Bus Calculation
Infinite Bus calculation is a convenient way to
estimate the maximum 3 fault current flow on the sec
side of the transformer
The following steps are necessary to calculate the ISC
Note1: If Utility Short Circuit is Known
Step1: Calculate Ztotal( pu) Zutility Ztransformer
Ztotal( pu) Zutility Ztransformer
1.0 pu
Step2 : Calculate ISC where;
Zpu MVAbase Z%
KVA 3 Zutility & Ztransformer
Step3 : Calculate IBase Ztotal
MVASC 100
3 x kVLL Note2 : If Utility Short Circuit is Unknown
Step4 : ISC actual IBsae x ISC Ztotal Ztransformer
where;
Z%
Ztransformer pu & Zutility 0
100
 Infinite Bus Calculation
Unknown Utility SC Data
Example1: Calculate the maximum 3 fault current on 5000 KVA
Transformers secondary bus.
VS
Z% 7.5
Step1: Calculate Zpu 0.075 pu No Source Data 5000KVA
100 100 13.8kV/4.16kV

1.0 pu 1.0 Z 7.5%

Step2 : Calculate ISC 13.333
Zpu .075
KVA 3 5000
Step3 : Calculate IBase 693.95 A
3 x kVLL 3 x 4.16kV
Step4 : ISC actual IBsae x ISC 13.333 x 693.95 9252.4 A
 Infinite Bus Calculation
with Known Utility SC Data
Example2: Calculate the maximum 3 fault current on 5000 KVA
Transformers secondary bus.
VS
5000KVA
Calculate Ztoal Zutility Ztransformer
SC 150MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
M BAbase 150
Zutility 1 pu Z 7.5%
M VASC 150
Zutility
kVold SbaseNew Ztotal 0.075 0.033 0.108 pu
2 2
4.16 5
ZUtility New ZpuOld 1x .033 pu
kVnew SbaseOld 4.16 150
Z % 7.5
Ztransformer 0.075 pu
100 100

Calculatio n Steps : Step1: Calculate Ztotal Zutility Ztransformer 0.033 .075 0.108 pu
1.0 pu 1.0
Step2 : Calculate ISC 9.26
Ztotal( pu) 0.108
KVA 3 5000
Step3 : Calculate IBase 693.95 A
3 x kVLL 3 x 4.16kV
Step4 : ISC actual IBsae x ISC 9.26 x 693.95 6426 A
Fault Current Analysis

Per-Unit Method

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis:
Per-Unit Method
PU analysis is used for both symmetrical &
unsymmetrical fault calculations.
All components are defined in PU system.
Analysis is performed using equivalent per phase
circuit modeling.
Requires knowledge of symmetrical components
Requires selecting two system bases for
calculating all base & PU quantities:
kVBase & MVAbase

Power System Review

 Fault Current Analysis:
Per-Unit Method
This Method requires:
Knowledge of symmetrical components
Positive sequence (+ SEQ)
Negative sequence(-SEQ)
Zero sequence (0 SEQ)
Interconnecting positive, negative, and
zero networks for calculating the various
unsymmetrical faults(LG, LL/LLG, and 3)

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Components
Steps involved:

1. Draw a single-line diagram of the desired

power system(equivalent per phase)
2. Define zones using transformation point as
a point of demarcation
3. Select a common MVAbase for all zones
4. Select a kVBase for one zone & Calculate
a. kVBase for other zones
b. Zbase, and Ibase for all zones
Power System Review
Symmetrical Components..cont

6. Replace each component with its

equivalent reactance in per-unit
7. Draw sequence networks(+, -, 0)
8. Use (+)SEQ network for Symmetrical
Fault analysis
9. Combine appropriate networks for
calculating various Unsymmetrical
Fault analysis

Power System Review

 Symmetrical
Fault Calculation

Power System Review

 3 Symmetrical Fault Analysis
(PU Method)
Symmetrical Fault refers to a balanced 3
fault, in a balanced 3 system operating in
steady state, which is either :
Bolted fault: LLLG fault with Zfault=0
Non-Bolted fault: LLLG fault with Zfault0

Only the (+)SEQ network exists.

(0)SEQ & (-)SEQ currents are equal to Zero.

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Modeling
for a Bolted Fault (PU Method)
Z1 eq I1 Ia
SEQ
I0 0 Ib
+
+ +
VF V1=0 I2 0 Ic
_ +
_ Vf ( PU ) Va
() SEQ
I 1 fault( PU ) +
Vb
Z 1eq ( PU ) Vc
_ _ _
g
Z0 eq I0=0 Z2 eq I2=0
+ Phase
+
Ib = -Ia = Ic = ISC
Vo=0 _ V2=0
_ Vbg = Vag = Vcg =0
(0) SEQ () SEQ
Note: VF=Pre Fault Voltage
Practice Example (PU Method):
In the following power system Calculate(a)3 Symmetrical
fault current @ Bus3 and select an appropriate Breaker
Size @ Bus 3

500MVA 750MVA

13.8kV / 115kV 115kV / 13.8 kV

Bus1 Bus 2
XT1" 0.15PU XT1 6 XT2 " 0.18PU
500MVA 750MVA
G1
13.8kV
XT13 2 XT23 4 G2
13.2kV
" "
X 0.15 PU Sbase 750MVA Sbase 750MVA
Bus3 Sbase 750MVA X 0.20 PU
Kvbase 13.8kV Kvbase 115kV Kvbase 13.8kV

Zbase .254 Zbase 17.63 Zbase .254

SBase 750 MVA

 Breaker Selection
Modern Circuit Breaker standards are designed based on
ISymmetrical. The following steps are required to determine an
appropriate breaker size:
1. Use E/X method to calculate the minimum ISymmetrical.
2. Calculate X/R ratio:
1. If X/R <15 Use ISymmetrical
2. If X/R>15 It means the dc offset has not decayed
to an acceptable level. Thus, calculate IAsymmetrical.
3. Calculate IAsymmetrical at calculated fault location.
4. Breaker Interrupting Capability should be 20% greater
than the calculated fault current.
 Breaker Selection Criterion
Generator/ Synchronous Motor/Large Induction motors
Breakers:
Use subtransient Reactance Xd to calculate ISymmetrical.
Use 2 cycle Breaker
Transmission Breakers:
Use 3 cycle Breakers if X/R>15
Use 5 cycle Breaker if X/R<15
Distribution Breakers:
Use 3 cycle or 5 cycle Breakers
If X/R ratio is unknown Use:

X ISymmetrical
Unknown IBreaker Interrupting Capability
R 0.8
Practice Example (PU Method):
500MVA 750MVA

13.8kV / 115kV 115kV / 13.8 kV

Bus1 Bus 2
XT1" 0.15PU XT1 6 XT2 " 0.18PU
500MVA 750MVA
G1 G2
13.8kV
XT13 2 XT23 4 13.2kV
" "
X 0.15 PU Sbase 750MVA Sbase 750MVA
Bus3 Sbase 750MVA X 0.20 PU
Kvbase 13.8kV Kvbase 115kV Kvbase 13.8kV

Zbase .254 Zbase 17.63 Zbase .254

Breaker Selection :
SBase 750 MVA

Breaker Voltage Class :115 kV

Breaker Cycle :3 cycle
ISymmetrical 13,291.2 A

13,291.2
IBreaker Interrupting Capability 16,614.2 A
0.8
Symmetrical Fault Current
AnalysisMVA-Method

MVA Method

Power System Review

Fault Current Calculation-MVA Method
This method follows a four steps process:
1. Calculate the Admittance of every component in its own
infinite bus. 100
Y (Admittance)
Z%
2. Multiply the calculated admittances in step(1) by the
MVA rating of each component to get MVASC.
MVAsc MVA x Y (Admittance)
3. Combine short-circuit MVAs & follow the Admittance
series & parallel rules:
a) Parallel M VAs : b) Series M VAs :
1 1 1 1
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 ........MVAn ........
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVAn
4. Convert MVAs to Symmetrical fault current
MVAsc (Total )
Isymmetrical
3 x kVll
Power System Review
 MVA Equivalent Network

Series M VAs :
1 1 1 1
1

1

1
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2
........
1
MVAn

MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVA3
MVA1 MVA2 MVA3 MVATotal

Parallel M VAs :
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 ........MVAn MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVA3

MVA1 MVA2 MVA3 MVATotal

 Why Use the MVA Method?

This method is internationally used and accepted by most

protection engineers.
The network set up is easier than Ohmic or PU method.
You can calculate Ifault in a shorter time period.
This method makes it easier to see the fault contributions
@ every point in the system.
Calculation accuracy is within 3% to 5% compared to PU &
Ohmic method.

Power System Review

 MVA Method Assumptions

Two Conditions must be satisfied:

X
1. 10
R
2. Steady StateOperation

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
Formulas:

Utility : MVAfault MVAsc 3x kVll x Isc( KA)

kVll 2
Cable : MVAfault
Z ()
100
Generator / Sycnhroonous Motor : MVAfault MVA x
Xd "Gen%
100
Transformer : MVAfault MVA x
Zxfmr %

Note: Impedances (Z) are steady state values

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
Motor :
100
Motor : MVAfault MVAmotor x
Xd "Gen%
Ilocked rotor
Induction Motor : MVAfault MVAmotor x
Ifull load amp

Where: Xd=direct-axis Subtransient Reactance

Xd= I Full-load amp/I Locked Rotor amp

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
Analysis...MVA-Method
Summary:

MVA parallel total MVA1 MVA2 MVAn

1
MVA series total
[(1/ MVA1) (1/ MVA2) (1/ MVAn)]

MVA total
I fault ( KA)
3 x kVLL
Power System Review
Example1:Fault Calculation(MVA method)
In the following Power System, Calculate the fault current @ Bus2 & fault current
contributions from both Gen & Motor?

Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus 1 13.8kV

Transformer
7MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
Z=9%

Generator
1.5MVA Y
4.16kV 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
Xd=0.15pu Z=0.2

Bus 2 4.16kV

Motor
2MVA Y
4.16kV M
Xd=0.25pu
 Step1:Network Modeling(MVA Method)
Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus1 13.8kV MVAsource 3 x (13.8kv) x(15kA) 358.5MVA 358.52

Transformer
7MVA
100 7 x100
13.8kV/4.16kV MVAtransformer MVA x 77.77 MVA 77.77
Z=9% Zxfmr % 9
Generator 1 1
MVAGenerator MVA x "
1.5 x 10MVA
Xd 0.15
3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
1.5MVA Y Z=0.2 10 86.53
4.16kV kV2 2
(4.16)
Xd=0.15 MVALine 86.53MVA
Zline 0.2

Bus2 4.16kV
1 1
Motor MVAMotor MVA x 2 x 8MVA 8
2MVA Y Xd " 0.25
4.16kV M
Xd=0.25
Step 2: Network Reduction(MVA Method)
Series M VAs :
358.52 1 1 1 1

MVAtotal 358.52 77.77 86.53
77.77 1
MVAtotal 36.76
1 1 1

358.52 77.77 86.53

10 86.53 10 36.76 Fault MVA

54.76

8 8

Parallel MVAs :
MVAtotal MVA1 MVA2 MVA3
MVAtotal 10 36.76 8 54.76
Step 3:Fault MVA Conversion to Ifault
Bus 2 Quantities :
MVAfault 54.76
kVll 4.16kV
Bus2 Fault Current:

MVAfault(3 ) 54.76
Ifault(kA) 7.6003
3x(4.16kVLL) 3x(4.16kVLL)

Ifault(Symmetrical ) 7,600.3 Amp

 Example1:Fault Analysis(PU Method)
In the following Power System, Calculate the fault current @ Bus2 & fault current
contributions from both Gen & Motor using PU Method?
Utility Source
13.8kV, 15KA fault current

Bus1 13.8kV

Transformer
7MVA
13.8kV/4.16kV
Zutility
Z=9%
Vf 1.0 pu
Generator
ZXfmr ZGen Zmotor
1.5MVA
Y 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
4.16kV Z=0.2
Xd=0.15 ZLine
Bus2 4.16kV
()SEQ Network for Bus 2
Motor
2MVA Y
4.16kV M
Xd=0.25
Example 1: Symmetrical Fault Current
Calculation Comparison between
PU & MVA Methods

MVA method calculatio n :

Ifault @ Bus2 Ifault( pu) xIbase 0.548x13,879 A 7,605.7 A

Per Unit Method calculatio n :

Ifault @ Bus 2 7,600.3 Amp

Ex1: Motor/Gen Fault Contribution
(MVA Method)
Utility Contributi on :
36.76MVA 36.76
Ifault 5,102 A
3 x 4.16kV 7.205

MVA(Utility Xfmr Line) MVAGen

36.76 10 Generator Contributi on :
10MVA
Ifault Gen 1,387.9 A
3 x 4.16kV
8 Motor Contributi on :
MVAMotor
8MVA
Ifault motor 1,110.3 A
Total Fault Current : 3x 4.16kV
Ifault If motor If utility If Gen 5,102 1,387.9 1,110.3 7,600.2 A
Ex1:Symmetrical Fault Current Analysis
PU & MVA Methods Comparison

MVA method calculatio n :

If motor 1,110.3 Amp

Per Unit Method calculatio n :

If-motor 1,110 A
 Symmetrical Fault Current Calculation
MVA Method
Example2: Calculate the Symmetrical fault current @ Bus2 using the MVA Method
MVAfault 3 x 22.86 kVLLx15kA 593.903
Utility Source
kV 2 (22.86kV ) 2 Generator
MVAfault 2,903.22 22.86kV, 15KA fault current
Zline 0.18
MVAXfmr 20 3-500McM cables, 2000 ft
MVAfault 222.222
Z % 0.09 Z=.18

100 Transformer
MVAXfmr 3.5
MVAfault 50 20MVA Delta-Yn
Z % 0.07 22.86/4.16kV
Generator

100 Z=9% Y 5MVA
MVA 5 4.16kV
MVAfault(G1) 41.667 MVA
Z % 0.12 Z=12%

100 BUS 1
MVA 2
MVAfault(G 2) 14.286 MVA
Z % 0.14 Transformer

100 3.5MVA Delta-Yn Motor

MVAfault( M 1)
MVA

2
13.333 MVA
4.16kV/480V Y M
2MVA Y
Z % 0.15 Z=7% 4.16kV

100 Z=15%
MVA 1.5
MVAfault(G 2) 9.375 MVA
Z % 0.16

100
BUS 2
Generator
2MVA Motor
480 V M 1.5MVA Y
Z=14% 480V
Bolted Fault Z=16%
Solution to Example2 (MVA method):
22.86 kV Utility Source:

MVAfault 3 x 22.86 kVLLx15kA 593.903

Line:
kV 2 (22.86kV ) 2
MVAfault 2,903.22
Zline 0.18

Transformers:
MVAXfmr 20
MVAfault 222.222
Z % 0.09

100
MVAXfmr 3.5
MVAfault 50
Z % 0.07

100
Power System Review
Solution to Example2 (MVA method):
Generators:
MVA 5
MVAfault(G1) 41.667 MVA
Z % 0.12

100
MVA 2
MVAfault(G 2) 14.286 MVA
Z % 0.14

100
Motors: MVA 2
MVAfault( M 1) 13.333 MVA
Z % 0.15

100
MVA 1.5
MVAfault(G 2) 9.375 MVA
Z % 0.16

100
Power System Review
 Example 2:Symmetrical Fault Current
Calculation (MVA-method)
Step1: Network Modeling 593.903
MVA

2903.220
MVA

41.667
222.222 MVA
MVA
BUS 1

50 MVA 13.333
MVA
BUS 2

9.375
14.286
MVA MVA

Power System Review

 Symmetrical Fault Current
AnalysisMVA-Method
Step2 : Network MVA Reduction

Series MVAs:

1
MVA series total
[(1/ MVA1) (1/ MVA2) (1/ MVAn)]
Parallel MVAs:

MVA parallel total MVA1 MVA2 MVAn

Power System Review

 Example2: Symmetrical Fault Current
AnalysisMVA-Method
Step2 : Network MVA Reduction
MVA series:
MVA=1/[(1/593.903)+(1/2,903.220)+(1/222.222)]
MVA=1/[(.0017)+(.0003)+(.0045)]=153.846
Bus1 (parallel)=153.846+41.667+13.333=208.846
208.846MVA

MVA series @Bus2: 50 MVA

MVA=1/[(1/208.846)+(1/50)] BUS 2
MVA=1/[(.0048)+(.0200)]=40.323
14.286 9.375
MVA
MVA

Power System Review

Ex2: Short Circuit MVA Calculation
@ Bus 2(MVA method)
Step3 : Fault MVA Calculatio n
1
MVA series total 153.846
[(1 / 593.903) (1 / 2,903.22) (1 / 222.22)]

41.667 MVA parallel 153.846 41.667 13.333 208.846MVA

153.846 MVA
MVA
BUS 1 208.846
MVA

50 13.333 50
MVA MVA MVA
BUS 2

BUS 2
9.375 9.375
14.286 14.286
MVA MVA
MVA MVA
Ex2: Short Circuit MVA Calculation
@ Bus 2(MVA method)
1
MVA series 40.323
[(1 / 208.846) (1 / 50)]

40.323
MVA

BUS 2

9.375
14.286
MVA
MVA

MVA @ Bus 2 40.323 14.286 9.375 63.984 MVA

MVA fault @ Bus 2 63.984 MVA
 Example2: Symmetrical Fault
Current AnalysisMVA-Method

Bus2 (total) = 40.323+14.286+9.375=63.984 MVA

Available Fault Current @Bus 2:

Ifault=63.984 MVA/[ 3 x 0.48kV]=76,963 A

Now, Calculate the Short Circuit MVA @Bus1?

Power System Review

Ex2:Calculate Short Circuit MVA@ Bus1
(MVA method)
MVA parallel 153.846 41.667 195.531MVA
41.667
153.864 MVA 195.531
MVA MVA
BUS 1 BUS 1

50 MVA 13.333 13.333
MVA 50
MVA
MVA
BUS 2

9.375+14.286=23.661
MVA
9.375
14.286
MVA
MVA

208.864= 195.531+13.333 208.864+16.051=224.915 MVA

MVA

BUS 1
BUS 1
1/[(1/50)+(1/23.661)]=1/.0623=16.051
MVA
MVA fault @ Bus1 224.915 MVA
Power System Review
Ex2: Calculate Short Circuit MVA
@ Bus 1 (MVA method)
S.C or Fault MVA @ Bus1:
S.C or Fault MVA= 224.915
I fault @Bus1= 224.915 MVA/( 3x4.16kV)

Available Fault Current at Bus 1:

I fault @Bus1=31,216 A

Power System Review

Example 3: Symmetrical Fault Analysis
Calculate the symmetrical fault current at the secondary terminals of a 10 MVA XFMR
using both the PU-Method & the MVA Method. Use 15 MVA & 69 kV base values for
the transmission line.

1500 MVA 10 MVA

69 kV 69kV /-n 13.8kV 5 MVA -n
Fault
X=2.8 X=8.5% 13.2 kV
Source M X=0.2

VlL-Base1 69 kV VlL-Base2 13.8 kV

13.82
Z Base2 12.7
kV 2 Base1 692 15
Z Base1 317.4 S Base
SBase1 15 IBase2 627.57 A
3 x kVBase1
SBase 15 MVA
Zone 1 Zone 2 SBase 15 MVA

Power System Review

 Example3: Symmetrical Fault
Analysis(MVA-method)
1500 1 1 1 1
Source
MVA MVA 1500 1700.36 117.65

1700.36 102.52
Line MVA MVA

MVA Fault= 102.52+27.32

117.65
= 129.84
Transformer
MVA 27.32
MVA Ifault= 129.84/(1.732x13.8)
= 5,432.3 Amps

Motor 27.32
MVA
5 MVA_____ =27.32
(13.2/13.8)x0.2

Power System Review

Example 3:
Symmetrical Fault Calculation
Comparison Between PU & MVA
Methods
PU method : I fault= 5,410.3 Amp

MVA method : I fault = 5,432.3 Amp

Power System Review

 References
1. J.D. Golver, M.S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and design,
4th ed., (Thomson Crop, 2008).
2. M.S. Sarma, Electric Machines, 2nd ed., (West Publishing Company,
1985).
3. A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, and S. Umans, Electric
Machinery, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983).
4. P.M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power systems(Ames, IA: Iowa
Satate university Press, 1973).
5.W.D. Stevenson, Jr., Elements of Power System Analysis, 4th
ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).
Break Time !!!!!
Solution

Answer: 37.5 KVA