09 pase. mir, cate Rireawivd Crops] Rober Pee ARH ‘The Tine (pedis by Sir Henry Camp ane, inh Weld, Wren ane exception, nef the entre pre in Inve teen poset have ince oral the Peri aer ty ba He has een ae prac: to Mina hehe! deepen ote beat a ‘Non td fr thi vento sete et pare ASK A Istock, THe Lheimt Traitinar E¢4e Fox 4 keyner L wins, 1986. THE LIBERAL ‘TRADITION INTRODUCTION fensonably deny the wine of "Liberal fo any ofthe men eprseted inthis buck, jel each of them and Dena Richard Caste and Lord Job Russel, Maca avd Acton, Herbert Spetcer and TH. Gree, Glne Bl Loyal Geogsy Mill and Keyneshel ioe Wiel Cieen some espe! om thse of heaters: Ard thee ‘erence re diereees moony of piy aid proganune thos are mor eal expsined but lof icp, caning onthe tole ofthe Sate the wesed question of Iara Ei ithe strongest argent i ating | ‘teeta hry. For nly when tiny are se pnt of 2 devlping, and there changing, hwo ‘Maio tat thecal place ant or thong ag re moa pop, Tc ewer be lninated, aod would be a distortion of the {tar tation bas degen many aifeen steam a | perience and thong owes mack tothe Disewrs i tee rong che i ron, the pl “Sce'in pats nd thee democrat tee fereroment but someting sk tothe Whig ih the Scere rai ce ail righ Wey and thle ‘ae abiearygovenment El ne nb nt tnd eta hse hs sory ep by estan and the Pilon Rada tvour fe | | Ice nf ity From the Cassel Economie aul the Manchester Schoo! devs the erhudony of fice trade tl aie, ota thee he gh cea esses(he here view of workings rico that someting ‘ugh to be don fo the poor “Ths eatolety of origins is rfid inthe dione of ‘opinion which have always chaactersed Engh Liberal, Bie hast compensation inthe richest of the Engle Atudton hy eamparan with the wore doceinsite views of antnea lira) English Liberalism was born out of the sth-centary sueugge fr Redon conncence and the tenance of Pallameat tothe abtary authority ofthe King By the fend of the sh sentry, the period at which fs book, Dregs, al dhe thing for which Continental Lisi had 16 ght inthe rth Cenrys mere well exalted England. The prinpls of il and tlgiou Ibert, the rule of aw and the edo ofthe pres hein ot Datlamentary government, limited moostchy ad an ie pendent joing had made the Engh Constitution the Eynaste of ibeentury Liber Uke Montexuicwaad Vata “The hereditary guardians of this Lira tation were ‘he Whigs an the Whig defence af Wiles and ehel ppos tion daring the Arsercan Wat of Tneponidnce showed hat “the priniples of 1688" od not x hi italy at a ‘beome In the han f the Whig, train of atte Cierntiam, a teedios to Ye aantine rate. tha xed, aod is tains sere shown by the equiva tute ofthe Whig leaders towards Peoparal for pare mentary rer, The ie ofthe Teneh Reva mate ven caver the extent to which the Whig bad become ‘ontenatlve* Edenund Burke the greatest Duhcontary Whig writer, dasnned the Revlon and ails works 2 majority ofthe Whigs lowed Doran Ia fiing Pi amd upporting the war with France Indeed ke andthe Powland Whigs appen to hove cet paiulanyseveely From the pani es wich fected the Engh ring clase she nev fn Pane a ef the ania of ig She Teme tito Foe Choy, kn, Shera Sess hat fms a el send te ier ott ce Te fc of al iecng ag the semen pu Gone cao wn aa ern wg next ‘Seger fon Frames sec er Nepal oop Sai opes te abd enery eget Sieh srn owt coral he sea aeons “ne rw ft won pty el he th cents ote he spe a sb lade veatatement by Fox iu a honk concer met et ‘the develop: trata Lbzalan afer ter sve tee perp Shabir he ony siren secon Eesti Sw sha on wh secs ack Mion ite nH ufertnsthe montster eic e Wheg sn wine sn esti ed te tend "the princpts oi 1600) re pt Fa a Burke ington te saringe ps er the Aeselopment whieh ean in the aco all he tgtscenary the cation of 4 Lea Pry a eo ‘Whig Prey ‘White the ea ih Fran ah igh fr absorb ‘he tention he pel won Inn 1994 Seal srt he Sf Binge i by stheentny pian ‘The. ash Bagh istry, ‘chick hoa it ai ng Be runing ton Lt sh the Manes Vay tn Oss pase wren to the Britt Chay woes tele ono Pivmighar- Mes “These ehanger prev heave aegis reser history Tings Taean, They ye ily , q i ,siotind tnd ent ii mn Cie Covroen en i a ‘ethers, Gillowed by Multiuas, Ricardo, Janes Mill, Hiei oem Se na}. 8M he [ae Mi Gi, Romy, Pr, Reng elaash tet jac Hane 2, roi indutey a twrnapocrion nil There was nothing ety orignal i thse eas. Mow of she ae te and inthe aBthseary, st ere What was ew wae the seteaerdinary sulhrty which they tow sega sl the way in wie they fied ke gle the eas the interes and the prejudices of tht new Indl cls hich wa ening HH no poe Wha weve the characteris se phase nf Fibecd on twas ile fdivkai, Te cxmmanty’, Heath wikia tts ey, composed of tenia pesens sta are eansdered au costiating abt wer, ts members = [it wat talon for grunt ths all sical progres duped tp the wlsmaperel iniaive indivi and 3 prdent *EFimerca wo egret the prottniat. ve I Coraniipate any vontrccom betwen the navies ‘Ssh pai of his oe ene and he iter of the com tmnt Hentburn tel tthe page Jot quoted. the Finheetatences "Te ftest of te tout he i, tithe sm of fnterne of the seer mre ee impose Twat plea has tre wasn problem, tobe ve or thor who alba dubs there am Smith's comnfitabe ssrance that te fl nvidia intend tal his gi, he ic iat many other ce, ine ove har wr poor an snd wich on no et hints he ennai was obvious 1 yar he eight of lyon fe pant af Governments fo aieape Kerr ith the evecare thier” ner Mhichy of He en, Shed preuce w spntanenis cea im weal ed {rch innpovement, he general eal Near wees, hat aking aug oben or atempe y everamne The oto watched government om hc en, Sake Sa, Ea Ui Ek a, The ce tt a 9 Rgyt be Be gut. «Theat (government) there fe ted in sal comp THe eat ‘in apltrey emnaactoessd omece pst 0 evens, ls nest and cemonable sv at whch Fingener mae Alecder: "Stand oof sushioe’ th omelet fone Hythe ober aryumest thay even (a Mab and can though) Ake pape human Shay were heir tha Aa Shite csr Hwa Hl woke far gwen tt ime o or tenn o complain, sins the work ir grered by conan male cto awe which are tf ascepabe to human egutian. "Tete ate miei fhe etl sunt, Rudo We, Waid gion cana foheve Hence the fity of pr relat af ate te ee wage by coming i rae unions.“ iy ght vw auempe, Cobden rated orga the as hy ieee cane Ihe cue of he ssn or suber 3 of the cierto arent wage fle depend Many oer operations of wate? aon inprtn fw os he Sete ding wih ew eg tra ome she handed Sav orcs poe dhe way np aera toveaah edo noe Qt wat Con Free Trae the AM ofthe abeat covet, fat Conn dectine to se Casa Haan and Po at ates ng etre the Asta Lave Heap ws Faas he Fen a tks Meneses fe th Napali Ware were meh wa apy pi the tact of thar demande bythe inerhaa ai ‘hating Mach these att mt nplib rectetwih the sony of Pe Trae, Some othe at on ga ‘Adam Seth deat with tbe cv of the OW Catal sem tie eng etre poe pics Henn et Towpath it Chea of Frei ry9.Shwing the esa el mines of Ginn dpa toon Bmp Sie, Hee the of Pree Tea, here i 2 fine of development which rane ‘Uvough Engh Taber thought fom Adam Sah 0 the ‘6 Government of Cammpal-Banneceian ad Beyond ‘An inveterate dts of the power of the Site wot caacenie oF 9th centry Tiberi up the ast ‘fender af te entry, fom Beni fo Acton. Ba there tiara diference between the Libera? atinde wards the Sate in economies nin pls. The pint ox saul idanity emer which nthe cooomie sphere, meant Ines, a not txten tothe pola spheres the ‘ABBE Morse wrote fo Lord Shelbrne: Since Mie ie ‘arate and een ato the contrary, the Sate I campulaon, by ving back ibery, everyting rexmes isc place anc everthing is in pace, rv oy hat tM nto cnt te eng" Governments ere tecenary, theses i oly to make sich proven; tt [pb weno provide the acne ef sccoiy within which the pcp ofthe nmtve len f interes ol then ev ite ploy The ental buen of goverment yt Nama Senor “sto alord defences to proce the com tomy agro foreign and domestic ieenee and Untatonatey However, overnmens have gently tp ped tbe incr ng mot merely to give sow, el or erly tena thelr abject podicé and ny in ety, bu to feck Shem wha fo pode Sd ho TERR ft to of reform, deren, was cud the pre earn of Govecoicnis and to onic eC that phere tiie, even on te sett lerefeevews, was eae Fer tem, The wcond wat to pave meurty aaa the hue af power in their private interest by thee who con Toll the Government "All the ifcntquextens ‘Ghvernmency Joes Al eres rate tothe means tesla nw has as lndged the oerneceaay forthe protection a ll, om aking ad we {Tit I pra ten i ant meses sgt es Sham's tom Sint Totten, the Monatciea) a he Atoecte. The Whige,coacous of the dangers fm the frat atte shongh nat fm the ssn the ine ‘ature of de contain fo reevve w balance, Heaton nd nothing but enter for soch a view} Tak of bance: over wl do: lenve that to Mother Gore and Mother Blachsone” At he went on wo peat oat, did ot povie ined, in woe oot tenet to provide_any pusrantee ‘gsi a cana fate of the unformed poles, arpton and the abuse af power not by the Mena hish ‘bat by the Ariocatie Tore Fr thi the ony remy seas deste refem of te partionentry tes wl ol Fafguard the interes fall by the reecenaton of als “Thun economics (which was the busines of the mide ela) the pipe tty pointed le ae rt jn ne atl payors produce the ges happinst ofthe grate number. In ples, however (wich ae sll the busines ofthe srtceracy and not ofthe mile ea the principle of wily ponte fa" the opps dnection Minatecontdence’ Un sn iconolase ame of ind ‘wich wens totally fnifren to Durke's argument pe pion, the Phlorphiel Radial demand the tb Sion ofa naliticns—lega, consol cee to the rsianalat cielo af uit” Uy meant the festarhapne tegen nes, nepte e Individual at parsing cr own enlighten sl Steen Tasted mya, Bentham records low thio hat aes {Gon contributed tothe peste happiest —Dit It coat Ue? not, what Toston vad contibate 42" 1 tens tis fae of tind which made Heythaite hess the Inet bend the pester part ofthe eben actity for ‘itch the years ram fh to to averemaable Ye alt time de Liberal of these yer lke rei, ot the imposion af hlve-peit pon soil, But the Je, Grr aR, Cmte 70 revere of planing a8 the liberation of ats, spantanson Finca in ancy which would of tir om ard promote ‘cal improvement "hy adc he infuence of de Philosophical Reda and the: Gael Econo on gi erat thought tee eaefol qualification. "The Bentham. sid the eonomiss never unde a party ther owas tei angular ‘those were to rg fr English police, They exer thee intuence tough the permetin a Blk the exit pane wih their test In certain dicetione—a obvious examples commercial policy that influence we very grt, ti waa never, ven in ts hey day berween T6pe sed tp, tele uence shaping Lee ration, no fnconered considerable opeaton ise the Whig well or Macaaay ws ceiaily very much ified by the Hea ofthe woltcarians and the poldaleconami, but a Ties he ae oily exif them and quite capable of takingan independent ine of hisown athe didn i ence hte Ten Hours Ui tn the tech flues proc, ‘Chtorenver, nthe last quaver of the rae century the thority of thet ideas, eel it elation 10 sola iar ely tin ony tone | tia fntervenon bythe State ease to appear sum dex ion epping the atlemp to reve easly the sell nd economic mmption of Liberals] rom the pat af ‘eth nbuene of the eae dior the developmen of the gti abel teaitin, nfo Jo Staci Reyne the hitory of Engl Lira pinay cone feemed with the efit to abe fall ee Tom the pe qurepione of he early rath con ‘Eo ientiy the aera ean withthe views of the Uiitartans the Caueal Lenore athe Mnchister Sell i therfore to ore is hata developmen Tee uly unlisoriah, weve undress ‘line Unlence which hate ile bad upto 1870 aed | thee pentence long aterward, Poly mo oir tt“eas has ever enjoyes sch authori Englael Tn Keynes! [phroe, he was the re Church of Bnglad for a geet pat {Fhe igh centay and ater devant into heresy have aot Yet obliterated al res of the original ertosy. The pact atthe ens on both paties wat sui ‘The fo atempt to come to frm with them were the ‘Toren Inthe t's ie ae 8 group of Tory ministers ton Raion, Wace wh we ie hy ‘he Beano? arguments and toc the st alep te Fre Trae i wat aneher Tory, Robert Peel, who Began the elem of the ngs La hich Bena had Tong smandet (ho tiers Tory was crippled bys own tontadcio Any attempt tet, even partly, the iw of Riatdo and Bentham mst sooner or err tp again the demand for the repel othe Cor La and i te reform of Parent, No Tory minster, however Fiera hi ayes could entertain iter of thee demands witht sping the pasty: Libra Tory led hw bled sy Sethe end of hich wat wal too igh fay lender to et Ms prty over ioc} With Canin Stecenjon as Peine Miner in 7 the spit i the Tory any beame open! tee yeas tater the Tore? long ‘mmopay of fie nme to a en From the tion of 704 to he lection of yo the Whigs tat een comtinnonly Ovo power the Bet exepion fia shave the Miniry of A sh Talos. By 1810 They Wad ought hie tert up to 179 eats inte Comes th they lacked latest were dived by ton. Never tte war somchin obave an Oppodten at some thing a have event Randi of ein Patiannt wo ‘roll dete hl Hoey in the Back yey a ite afer Ue wasan ox had dame thes Tor war Whig ecam of ti Goverment itl to hum ate andthe pan legion Bryan 89, ay tro tan Pov hd tren Sharp eid of the Viens Scent ant the messes taken by the renoted Gaverament iv Earope afr is, ey were ae to Maver Congres sysem and eutplen in she sym puily fr the atl Gnd Maral oven in Gece a Tiny inSpain snd Su Aes om sayy wi he it of Sp tt te word Lora party ine eae ito Engle poli neyo aie sg or thr va the age of Doon swell sf enthany the Moats no chan She Uae an Boa poets in prate of fecdo-even mere perhaps hr deh a Nitlonghi—played spor in basing One of the mot penitent tad of Engh Liat, rympay th feos sueting to te fee tin sympa whieh ae ‘ornedy dle headcl and dnpreiea,even ore en ting hope iweb olson yl vay gence viens and characte of Engle beso om She Fein War of Naples ine ote Span Co Warof on own The Whig however, wee at much eagle in come dict tie Vr thong hey spate wh Shon Lies and tan bn thay ere cers ft cpa to goto war otc Hae Ala they eLeltonl oe he comme ier ey wee tc swe han iT ade Pee Tadeo the acne Eamon ugh yh Bsn paying Th hele paramentry rum sce te 00 they ‘Tov datnated by every rene or the howarine i eens oftheir suppor Rael opinion mar wel Sued ip by Ponce Pte when he wrote “Tice no ral fence ttn the Whig ta Tory eon, except theileene wich aye ee amcly, that he on Mo serny an the pene wh the Wige wed Cran aoc Agcy otal onthe King rening cla tebe ren les wv costed IRINA concen They were suc the Tax tenet the sl change wich ed ake pe ie emer yb0-gs mde pial an eau Ms ot aFel iperaive, Vet in he ea, sete pt the tcking fri by spending mt of thane ity yeast foes, the Migs nate their id for an alin with pecs Tibet and pated the Reform Ac of vseFoty your Iter, the loge of Fox's apt fom Baste 1990 had Wrvked sats he Whig como aod the prices 11600" had een extend to inch the Iie ln, fu the unimpeachably mildleclast Macaulay join the Simpochaiyaritocraie- Rell to" delend the ist {chump he ew Whigs Teas an weary combination Wwidh much reesimination on bah sides)Roebockexpremed 3 view cumon enough mong middle caw Radicals when he wrote: The Whige awe fver been antacid sretcont fst Huge Unt emloing doce pn a pa beeame eachaive oligarch’ 1 yar the ark who had inated the esmamte serine othe ibis aid 2 Pie Minster, Pert io repented the Cem Lats in ‘Atta tine Gabon ged eel a comet al ad nee {Beal Pury" Yau reese thera of the ge, an hae “Alle carer he had ite oie ier Gorge Combe: sh Whig ene (ae et in hess of fovranle'» polar and bral nteyptetion af the Con Aiton Det hit sin ested forthe mastery ‘conical qutatons a he ataches a nr imporine torthom, He breathes the atmowphore of 4 prieget thane ti’ sympathies re aricraie He meet ‘Wining othe ote of Rae) wet Pel copied apo Manchester They ae fn fae pits Pel ont to be the ledera themida eass'» (Cli Prt declined Cobses advice and alah Pees tera Taryn contibyied Glastne tote irl Party, thon pariy when it wie nally how inthe Bie wae 3 ecomttted Whig Party. Another ty ear ater 1833, ei ‘he Whig ayy of Pox sd Grey at sell ad become the prt ol ills Liberal) hy the x's it wos Whig | Meo ie Duke of Argyll nd Tord Ularngton who were Asnding the pv othdouy of lase:fvenguina Radial lie Chambers wh weve sbandoning Catch she iat etectve pots exprenion of ide ‘Tias Liberaistn, before Gladstone created the Liberal Part Was the An Corn Law League ofthe 1040" Tetieve hi JJ High is "to be 3 ovement ofthe commer sod dunia saz agaist the Jrds and great proprietors of the ail and hi an Calan’ species ae clear ow oc bh snl the ie athe Carma tbe the Shinol t's deeper config Te was cnet between to Stef Wt diferent Siew of the ftare of England Thrthe one hand wat the Tanded cle, accustomed to 4 ‘onopey of poles power ad socal lace expecially REMI. fico nro ae a voles, they regarded Memplnoul of the Mancieutce “bagman’ milena ‘ei buying the cheapest market and sling i the dearest Sethe ght Ivana placa On the athe hand a alten sam, was crag the manslacares pride aan var the pet well ete nr of or, hat tro clase of men Bed in the value af the world of hiner aol the Chapel, the manulacnrers 18 thee un trove cantemplanis the lndlrde a pare la, hey tree ale tn Inch the wistce nn the ves othe ain Tai ie, ntroweminded, aggreive, Bal. imenrey ‘efi that tha fue ofthe county ly wth them i he indy ofthe Noh and te Blinds {abe hnncver, wat n goed al wre than te een (Grtganie ota manufaccrers peste yebap. Onto the Teague geew the Manchester Seluelun Me atempt to ‘hal pon the pie of Free Trae wha ne jem A plgy appropriate tos country whore reainest at tound up ant her cnineces Cue wae alyssa tthe ited Sater and he peter the commercially \iva poi ofthe U.S.A, to he plicit ofthe bale ‘a powes ara Palmerstnin dipleney prased hy Ragland Tie Woked on trade a1 am sey whic dee pect together, which gave dem commen interest in overcoming {he bari of rae, language ted ipa pace theeare ‘eae the natural corollary of ade, What threatened fade tnt peace alte was the itervestion of Governments nl the governing chur which conrad the, ina, anne: Toni, aggresive, tinkag only terms of power and prestige meres in their plies ae mine a thir conamiybeving Dat ane waton could only gan a the ‘hyeme ot anothers Gallen od Might stacked can feley on the grounds that it conceived sf the elaine Eetwcen Independent anions ply im terme offence, shimatey of war, and of the relations between Eagan tn her colonies ‘purely in tens of supremacy and ex Colder naninterventon was the potey of lie sire applied to international ration, a eet on thes itn natural harmony of interes nly posers Would eerve enthan’s tai, fe que On the noe set Shows the same dsrase of goverment athe activity of the'Sute, on the other the same holly to the Engl ‘eng eshte nee cg py and Aiploraey eid sate noe Bight Ud he eae sympathy wide ‘he extension af tah rte over eter prope Bn they were inet on the obligations which an empite imposed Sn the metropaliien country. do oot tam eight sid 156, ‘male any comment pon the made in which this Eogrcy hs ben put into posteion of Tas. accept that fon ne fa, There ae we da not kaow how to Feavei and shettre fet usec we knowhow to gover ite Wa geablem such sm, paraps, ao ater maton a dt solve ct urate whether there enough of eligence and ‘inne England ool the ile. Bight spose ‘vio ae a atemsat wih Tt the Engl aerating bo ong bee Cason, pleted to the dngrace which the condition of Heland Feprsnted ta the god nam of Pitan and who, 3 quarter tifn century belore the Gomtrvative Party was seed ta Iandspurchse athe sation of the Th problem, ate nigel for the romoval of evclycbmtace tthe fe slo of Ein Irland (COntden and righ, however, commanded les and le ANpportia se go Nidhecas Libera England preferred Palmeston's viens on ticign policy. Tine and sgn he bat them on hr oun ground peal othe idle tla electorate inthe stingy Cen wae dead ft Tladerte ad ight in Manchester el Palmerston wis Palmerston. "Pell hi 2 Whig ven 2 Cannogite dhe a ton use that extesondinaey Fertonality.‘Fo cll hima Libera sounds ode alf)¥et in Iiteippert fe alin indepen, ins generous Tad “rcomngernent tothe Liberal cnute in Europe, his dike tigrannyy Palmerson dil repraet 3 sde of the Liberal tration, Ui Liberate wt oneycmate, 8 mater of tetpersnearailer Mam pcp, yet pet of the tr the Manche Ste “Fhe th wae thn the rile cases had “ative” and ln the paces were sedllng thee radealim. They were Becoming respectable. "The ret (Cobden wrote} hasbeen timate large eres inthe number of Toe, and to col ‘don ta genteel tame the pies of the, Whig until a feel fr di fate" Liberal waco develop farther, ‘iad to find wider support than in the midle-cle eector atc enfanchived bythe 0s Kelorm Act. (riat meant a futher extention of the franchise, and in ig Bright refering his eat trom Manchester tothe ‘hove detaate ieminghatn, opened the campriga whieh feat Bea atin yar later nthe sean Teor Act longtime Briel fad contac ths campaign sae Banded the oes Libual Paty atl ed by Paierton, lot power supine newy-converte Gladstone whoalin Manchester, ‘Alot ny fend asm come among tou, and Tam come among yo unwell Te wos a momentous conveon, Ia the sme year Palmemten ied and, fers be inert der Reset, Gludtonesocesce tothe lefesap othe Liberat Paty. Acthe fiat lection fought onthe extened traelise, Gtadtone wom a cleat nary aad frend caine wei {vith Jon Bright a he Hrd of Trade) ws repeeantve {eth fiat tine of all sections of Liver onion the Cntroveral fue ofthe franchise tuned the confit ‘Semeants nthe Libera ean were brought fate tempore Sry eiptte and fund in Cladatone » lender expable of Uing then inthe most elective Liberal minisry a the Ty exemte an effective Libesal Party i was weeny, 98 Egan pans brner hse hom that of ml ‘las which, once ig inerns had boon recog, ws easing to be radial) A sila devrogeien wt aig ‘ce fe Lara ew ‘dag Liberati resin what i was at the begining f the 1g, reflection of Peacock “seam intlect mind the eve Une rent Ealbion, wml hve been wore comiten bul much pontr ad fee Intreing view of pie than it enn, fo the fs phate “tisdevelopmeat, up ode 8g Liberate had expres the neds, the nts, the prjuies sn the ele the rmanufctving nd comment miele chats wih had een, Citas io 1892 snd made te pee flim the repeal ‘he Corn Lain 1846. Inthe sco phone oe develop ‘nent, haweve, Liberals les ged eal he naman Character and toms ito a soil patsy in ks owa right, set of eae nn longer dependent fs their ait oF fecptance upon the extent to wih hey elt the teste fangs clan {Ca Tew month afer John Bight pan hi canpsin or an ‘ition of the anche, Jon Start Mil published ie ‘Siny On Eder. Nl ad ion omy ps he chil ma Hiro Benthamite Libera. He repaid the db by pro cng in hit Citron a hit rine of Pale ‘Eomly the man fel expion ofthe system of ess Aerie Gon ha tac, Hay vena that early tage of is ithe wer sey tw eel aot the navownes of ication is compet turn from James MMs essay On Caennen tit sod Ov Lay wo ener 9 iret ac ‘ Tr in De ao (lo) a in hi Reeaaie German (0061) Mil peso argent which are desig {eshow tht boyy, fn pear Hberty of thought and Siresggs x nccsory for the development harman Soy Progrens br arfuen, depends upon the Geedom of Iai tn nate einen fry el thiypreduse sagan This the atau bans of his eeutent gent tly gel demon hat ely tatedace¢iyrnny of tie wuety wc wil 0 th In ee ntact whi ve ie ml ening For James Mil dessa ad bata a weapon to deste the power of tht "sniter terest fr his as Penal veto ibe sv iver, the mal ving human pect Tht the heat Al's Segurent forthe ease of aber wanes he witaran, ogee whieh are the easel ‘pesion af agli Labs ah he args the case for Fry and for teprecnntve ian onthe ground that thee ave ental ta tha fll and rch development Sf touman inedeaity which be obs valves at an cali tre wh apne in Hes femary It cealy ra tmporadee not only what men Teale wot sstoer often they are that do, or sates thai alimankind minis ove were of one opinion, and ly one perwn were of the onary spn mankind Stoll be more tied sleneng that one per than Bera he a the pes, wl be jodi encing tno, Mil inte faint, arguing Te theory {eleaition and nthe acond, tying that redo of thang haa ae fh whch sero o Bena oni the pen Hod o he peste! numer. CetCiti thin bei, in hit demon fr “a sca ‘Spr fit apa for nde ream he ang powess'8 protection, 2 rallying pit fr opine and Inteets which the ascendant plc pain views with dfs" thal ed Mi told back fom ay scheme hich lected leisure except wader spell cenions designed ‘Acton ced he sume problem sien stand Yor him, ao Tabery ft 8 means higher peal tnd iil the highest pola eet he concerted Hisanack on the dang inert te dour of uy wich he regarded a ttl Incompatible with ety, Forced an historian toate eo el eet hic en pang say, Aston col ot eg on fa ‘Nance cowards dematary with anything at dro. Tm his eay Oe Caf (14) ohn Morty, the most ‘niin ofthe young iba ttle inte Clanton fra, alempted to provide 2 practi pia! answer to thes fear’ On Canon eve an expen ofthe tec iq of graduation, Small vets afte Rey to ordered Pula progres, mining at ll ines hedges whieh fest pt pets met or pt, May there, able to age dat aight ene of ole imehad «eas te wise comeralvets seep the smal ‘ange wose hing Def him, a the wine iva tose te chane ofa shal ipeovemen, wile neon Working inthe ditection of grent on Iso one sea ‘Merle ody, he owed rest ong i pining othe pth whic Bei poles have flowed drt be age af emacracy, Ta this dale period of Liberian, thn, not ony fie argument fr iberty taken dient frm rm the trash abd aggresive tiara theory of Denton nd James Mil thus Becomes dfnce a intlesval and ural Tedom, valued for is own snk, ops the danger inherent in demeracy. Ties sing fe that see danger Should have been recognised ats tine when Libera wre Eaming to ceep the weceity of urher advance wards Alemoeracy im the second Relrm Act That Ia ey sri f option tat wth clear undertanding fd sks involved hat men ke Gladstone sod Mil accepted such a dep ae nccewary aol righ) ST a eet Ee ehFic trae comercial eaty wilh Frag he sation the pape dan the eduction of expe and ta tinge diatblhinent of the rit Chchy the Eaton ‘Act ryo, the Bala At, the opting of the Univers { Noocontaemte and ofthe Gi Sere to cmspetive ‘tamivation, Cardwell Army ech, the Alabama {tation ae eta in he Fran Psa Wart a a imprenive recor, bat well win the anon of expt Liberal ese. fre Clade made bison intial eonbation Shal enlarged the Liberal taion wat ine wo ena ‘wich beoaght hm back sno pole afer 1844: frega flcy andthe Ith question, On th tes eae Fave copra fo th vd conceptnn ofthe pace of the Moral aw inthe relation tween mations whi: made hin {he neat coors gore of hs gee) Gladstone's es on Toceighpaioy were not hse of Cobden an Brigit. Far rom adboeatog non ere, hein Cr exapl, inthe Faster cri 1875-8) on England's ty fo intervene ad to pursue an ative py. ‘Where be dif orm Palmerston nd Dich wae on he grounds of Incrvenion andthe objectives of an active fin pty Tough Taste are many antipsins of his vews on cxseroczsony, they fad thr laren expesion tn the Sunned snack which he ade on Bras fri pley Inge team which echelon he Ma impale of 1079-80, ‘Slaton took his sning-poin the principle shat foci poy coght to be conde In acerdone with te demande func, otf expeieney a power com ‘eve a ior, ha 9,4 mato, rene, ster ingand setnerng ign poly ° appealing tothe telhiove and pate the commnnity” and tig up nations Imre hl conesived ema bate ary) a itil ojo “Capea oan eabithed ation ser ric, nobler ara raion no wich regaed Ritsh intereieelnjingthe dtc of onan of fatce™ een tb A policy tase upon ah principles, Glan belived, wonld alse fod suppart ihe general sentiment ofthe iid word” to whch the sistesman mast appen for these morlnpprt wich the general ad Bue eanwctions ff mantind aller’ at even if ict a plley wa backed bythe moral ore of pale open, how wat ito be pat into eee? Cladsone hnsweret by the Concert af Europe, bythe Ensopean Powers engaging i jon intervention to Xe that juste was ane |comton ation aloe, he segue, ‘wool ye he Gren Perfor the common gad and athe ‘etic wovld nettle andlttertheselichaimset ech’ ‘iadvone lieved that there had been goad prospect sicko inerventon by the Power fa the Halas i ‘tye ad tha hs hen destroyed by israel determin {Nn to purse m uittral policy sd Breskp the Concert SF Powere wih the set that Ria too brake away and ceeded co intervene on her ve Is puts of her national, Ei not the common, interes Dirac’ ston angered Gide vhe more beaut he halved tat it atthe special role of Hela, 5 the one Ainnereted Great Power on the European scene, 1 cake the lead in organising the Concert of Europe, ‘This wat tet minon, orp or common action i the terest of jftiee and the coreoon go, but wat prt which sbe Ell nly pay ifthe mined fe rom ll a of secking Inne fein, pton desoyed inthis eave by the Rncraion of Cypten "iu he lan 0» peo npahy for peopteesempsing. to achieve atonal independence ‘This provides seer (oundation his views on foreign policy the powers ellgonernment ths was his answer Fite othe rable af toe alas thre of Teland ‘Give thoes people fcedom and the benehis of feed", eid of Turkeys Cian subjects in 100, “dhat tthe wy tomate m bier agin despots, Friese may be Tevet othe go eatin aye render Tot thetve bari apse epetian the hom heart and theta ad om thie sympathy H flowed fr Gladstone that alt sto sho coy equity a ight To lain anycingsore than equity frig inthe maal and political iter. curse ofthe wor snot the way to rake Haglan grea truco make ic ft rally and ately Hale From hs Inara sprang hi condernaton of impertaln which pr chimed supremacy, not equity, aul eagerness For fggroniemest bashed ase the rights of her naion to Bring them under sen rae Teck in oe ater 180, Cladsione filed to pa these [ncipls into practice, ‘The acepaton of Egypt ecorded [twit the api ofthe Milian campnign ab i ews fon Yeeign policy proved le and le applicable to he ‘alr ofthe Great Powers a the igh cenny drew to itch, Ht the Meno hich he gave curveney, tr fern losing tele old upon dhe eral iaginatin, have gine Imatengh since vprq Uw the hopes pace in the Leap ot [Nalion and the United Naina nthe mpl to sronive ‘live aeuy and the diappoted. bat comma renewed peat {ower opinion aginst injustice si ggreson inthe demand ofthe peoples ofA, Alen ae the Mie Hato el goverment, Glo’ belts have fond a frsted bt pasinate con fimation, it wasn hscampuigh orth Heme Rate that Clastone bel teed most tenaciously to etry oat i ene He ame tose the Trish question, voto domestic problem of tea‘ te 770% but ov the han of 2 maton to sl gerne, mth ding of yay he eis Setermiaton to say this cli deeply aflected the Tee tunes of Liberal for yest come] apt the Taber Paty, put back the ease of oc eid fr generation, neceitateds dangero alliance wis the Wish Natoma, nd, beesae aft unpopulsity in England, we lctorally ‘Tuaavoue(ln spite of al thi Gladstone ad is flowers TMinang woot of the Libra ton. Tela re th Touchstone ofthat sympathy whic Tiber fag ‘own so genetuly Inthe eae ere i ee coun empire? Selegovernment hl atvendy len granted to Camas andl | the ther clones wi the mitt flores, No more we being aka for clad where, by corte fs onion of ithe re cate of a, the ery of ‘rey individual in the uence every tealight, te ‘Snfdeneo the people nthe law and te syimpaty th theta were enely absent was only in Team ha th toverdgn Liberal ery of iclom fad tot Been tied Thewbere fh never ited ad the seesent of Tran, thetbernet qoeion Hts potty wou ri aaa Siento. ‘Gladstone had enunet dhe eadeship ofthe Taberl Pasty flee his reement in yg withthe lined bic, int allen Dir’ cg policy and ler ving 3 settlement ith Ireland. On the wer ise hows See eet pay so gee past in the pies ofthe est Tn entry stil veferm ad he condition othe wk dhacy he fled na lead ll is prcaecpation Wi Insland heavily handicapped eel of tte yy were Incoming alee the nl o uation nol Yo uth ibralan's appronch oan problem he Laat othe Mavcheses Sel had asad sh wih te cesaction of he "snr trea” wth 5 Ihe way of the bee devehpment of ocala cenme Fee, a naira harmny a inerets woul! emerge ai tou second, ie drain ou seecgulating sity dc to's minima the tle of the State All th State Bd ed ts to ld the ing tn ensure the contitns in whith ‘canon and polital ileress cold have free ay (Di ted with ts view, Jon Stusre MEI atempred to ‘ie tne erkerio fr the intervention the Sate by {Eat whch comnoe ofthe part whic merely ne tans hia his tulepeicnce i,t righty ales ifs eicla did go far exaghe}vc tin tm vic he sought le fis sl pop pra uteabe and wat rep bythe ext get af tera ‘tit Fete ern as pra Si plot aber ant he pone 9 “Theil poses lt aro the vi aa he ines le fen it yh cates ierbel by Hebert Seno in he eh pet ne Pty rbot Sr he pts wot fedtance tes much pete, Er whe ee tty, he enon af hese ty a int haga. cine wc tn oe he eo isan thingy oi Gee, Gt Se foal ies ‘ani spac th ibe egy weihe New Daa Keys the Ur Yet fn “Te mum lek ci Mi ta net coe nthe Rida tebe the a ‘tnd cy iat ibe ut he renege tt cenry J phe the New Ete wae ul shat ie i ingens und peewee Mace panel meyer ok mex eal ory wc aes Wes pone spe Uist af arg incapyt see Srna afi ease op es ee the ion ta iu ta ie Meh ea be qc te he outro voit ht eae ys lato ny en fet st saroundings: but part Wom all sess he et nee Smtonn bal gh» meopyse pee New long il he eine se at ew fh etal Se pr Sates dof ekg wi a an Spyadeg omen tte a Thain sed san Pesci Sono Caen ‘Wah cist Ue serv he wy wt open to ‘Mec tna “che ve emma pan he thre ening man to tno hr ke Wm we peak Ue fechom er vs igh men testo pera cpa of rg eying something vest geen ato, someting tt The Wa ar ne wae in pie the cnt a sh sn ton col br pass ad hy he IMiuing lie sn sonnyt nd eto ommompce eet nar hfs sequal a po asye te was chan yr in the feo Sony omc caterer ao eloped capita se etn, "the pesos of apectniy eld hye ps Pad ed rnd onerpon, una hth ive he neta Ses Gc aan ssi tat ati cml elf ‘Aitece cami whe enn eee ey tet itt onl fn esting 8d he ee ‘Cth empha fn Taeral dng cain Servs dons upon ih vi bt he sein le eo pouty eae hee hin rhe gh toy at ewe ning Mester ents ytd Wey rae Tvs Sse ithe pee eign rh gotcold ihe nore y Sot nurses nervy net ir wield for some alc ep 8 Cnepndng See tad ng ie sce abs rl at tore Serpent ef ion oe it had $ Lawes, a8 Spencer and