Steel Structures

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 - Strain +
Steel
Types:
Light gauge steel
Compression Tension

Heavy steel

Advantages:
Can be recycled
Ductile (absorbs seismic energy)
Lighter than concrete and masonry
(small seismic forces)
No limitation of height or floor area
Challenges:
Hysteresis loop Requires much energy to produce
(test stress-strain curve) Higher cost than other material
E = Energy absorbed by Requires fire proofing
ductility Requires accurate workmanship
Limited availability in some countries

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 Light-gauge steel (cold-rolled)
Channel stud (2 6)
1. C-stud (2 6)
2. I-stud (3 5/8 8)
3. C-joist (6 12)
4. I-joist (6 12)

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 Light-gauge steel curtain wall
Attached to steel frame

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 http://www.dietrichmetalframing.com/ultrasteel/menu.asp

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 Steel production

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 19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)
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 19th century hinge support

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 Pin joint
Flanges
USC steel frame building not welded
Moment joint
Beam flanges welded
Dog-bone reduces joint stress

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 Dog-bone moment frame Classic moment frame

Steel structures
Dog-bone joints reduced size reduces joint stress

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 Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)

30 m

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 by Gustav Eiffel

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 Heavy steel shapes
Profiles: typical labels
1. W-shape, light (W14x22)
2. W-shape, heavy (W14x730)
3. S-shape, Standard (S12x50)
4. W-shape, wide flange (W16x40)
5. C-shape, Channel (C10x30)
6. T-shape
Cut from S-shape (ST6x25)
Cut from W-shape (WT8x20)
7. Angle, unequal legs (L6x4x)
Double angle (DL6x4x)
8. Angle, equal legs (L4x4x)
Double angle (DL3x3x)
9. Pipe
Standard (P4)
Extra strong (XP4)
Double extra strong (DXP4)
10. Structural Tubing
Square (ST6x6x)
Rectangular (ST8x4x)
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Floor / roof framing
A Concrete slab on steel deck
B Steel Q-deck
C Truss joist
D Support bracket
E Alternate prefab concrete slab
F Wide-flange steel beam

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 Steel joints
1 Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column
2 Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment
3 Dog-bone moment joint, reduces seismic joint stress
4 Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back
5 Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back

A Column
B Beam
C Connector angles, usually shop welded, field bolted
D Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam
E Welded connection of beam flanges to column
F Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges
G Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

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 Steel moment frames
(wood structure ocean front)

Beam / column moment joints

provide lateral resistance for
wide ocean view

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 Truss floors
X-braced towers
provide lateral resistance

Joist / beam roof

Optimal spacing:
Joists ~ 10
Beams ~ 30
Posts ~ 30x30

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 Expressed steel

Hillside house
Architect: Helmut Schulitz

Braced frame

Imos factory
Architect: Richard Rogers
Engineer: Anthony Hunt

Stayed roof

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 Currigan exhibit hall, Denver
Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson
The space truss is expressed inside and along
the roof edge outside. Inverted truss pyramids
support define the organization.
The space truss has four modules of 240x680
combined length.
The truss is two layers deep to reduce buckling
length of web bars.
Top and bottom grids, 10x10. are offset by half
a module and joined by pyramidal web bars.
Truss bars consist of twin-Ls, joined by gussets.
The span/depth ratio is 6.5, DL = 13 psf.

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 Festival Plaza, Expo 70, Osaka
Architect: Kenzo Tange
Engineer: Yoshitomi Suga

Six towers support the 108x292 m space truss

providing about equal span both ways
Equal spans assure equal deflection
(both spans equally efficient)

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 Larkspur Ferry Terminal, San Francisco
Architect: Jacques De Brer
Engineer: Kaiser Engineers

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 Olympic Arena Barcelona
Architect: Arata Isozaki
Engineer: Mamoru Kawaguchi

The 1992 106x128 m Olympic Pentadome

space truss consists of 5 units assembled at
ground and lifted to final position.

Assembly at ground Erection

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 Airport terminal Stuttgart
Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg
Engineer: Weidleplan
Features:
12 trees, each 80 x 80
Four pipe stems, 48 branches
Skylights separate units
Tree structure

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 Airport Terminal Stansted, UK
Architect: Norman Foster Associates
Engineer: Ove Arup and Partners

Steel lattice domes are supported by 36x36 m

trees that integrate mechanical services.
Four strands secure each dome to trunks for
lateral stability.

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 Airport Terminal Hamburg
Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg
Engineer: Kockjoy, Schwarz, Weber
Prismatic truss

Airport Terminal, Chicago

Architect: Helmut Jahn
Folded truss

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 IBM sports hall, UK
Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw

Prismatic truss frame

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Sainsbury Center, UK
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Anthony Hunt

Prismatic truss frame

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 Javits Convention Center New York
Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: Weidlinger
SPACE TRUSS

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 Currigan Exhibit Hall, Denver
Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson

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 Centre Pompidou, Paris
Architect: Piano and Rodgers
Engineer: Ove Arup
The Centre Pompidou features six levels exhibit space 60 x 166 m
Warren Trusses span the 60 m width

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 CDG metro station 2 Paris
Architect / Engineer: Paul Andrew

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 Braced frame

Office Building
Architect: David Gray
Engineer: Dimitry Vergun

Location:
Santa Monica, N/W of
Colorado Blvd/ 7th street

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 Grid shell
Aluminum

HPR dome, Walla Walla, USA

Architect: Environmental Concern, Inc.
Engineer / builder: Temcor

Geodesic aluminum dome

206 diameter
42 depth
Span / depth ratio 4.9
Weighs less than 3 psf

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 Exhibit Hall Leipzig
Architect: Von Gerkan Marg

Point supported glass

Engineer: IPP, Ian Ritchie glass support
Point-supported glass with silicon joints

Central access

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 New Exhibit Hall Leipzig
244 x 79 x 28 m high vault - truss arches spaced 25 m

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 Steel is strong, durable , and recyclable
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