Energy Balance Tables

The energy sector in any country can be represented

by

Energy resources
Energy Supply including conversion/production and
distribution
Energy Demand
End Use

This flow diagram explains that, owing to various end uses

of energy, a demand exists in the market, which is fulfilled
by the energy supply using the available resources.
 ,
,
.

This follows the basic demand supply economic model valid

for any scarce resource.

Energy Resources
Energy Supply
Biomass
Petroleum
Coal
Electricity

Indigenous Resources
Biomass
Hydro power
Solar
Wind
Global Resources
Petroleum
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
 Primary Energy
Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not
been subjected to any conversion or transformation process.

It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received

as input to a system.

Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable.

(PE)
.

,
.

Sources of Primary Energy

Source (ktoe) 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015

Biomass 4,668.3 4,954.0 4,861.7 4,814.3 4,911.2 4,830.5
Petroleum 4,289.7 4,420.5 5,219.6 4,102.5 4,556.8 4,840.0
Coal 64.9 59.9 455.9 479.7 920.7 1,239.0
Major hydro 773.4 1,197.2 654.4 1,442.4 875.9 1,177.1
New Renewable Energy 71.0 179.7 180.6 286.7 301.2 365.9
Total 9,867.3 10,811.4 11,372.2 11,125.7 11,565.8 12,452.4
Share (%)
Biomass 47.3 45.8 42.8 43.3 42.5 39
Petroleum 43.5 40.9 45.9 36.9 39.4 39
Coal 0.7 0.6 4.0 4.3 8.0 10
Major hydro 7.8 11.1 5.8 13.0 7.6 9
New Renewable Energy 0.7 1.7 1.6 2.6 2.6 3
 Evolution of Primary Energy Forms

Present Shares of Primary Energy

Secondary Energy
Secondary energy refers to the more convenient forms of
energy which are transformed from other, primary
energy sources through energy conversion processes.

The most common energy carrier is electricity

 ,

.

Sources of Secondary Energy

Source (ktoe) 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015
Biomass 4,584.12 4,932.65 4,847.15 4,797.02 4,884.03 4,792.88
Petroleum 2,786.31 3,008.46 3,320.28 3,148.21 3,246.69 4,092.94
Coal 64.92 59.93 62.24 52.79 61.59 54.54
Electricity 623.74 791.93 895.04 907.68 944.12 1,009.72
Total 8,059.1 8,793.0 9,124.7 8,905.7 9,136.4 9,950.1
Share (%)
Biomass 56.88 56.10 53.12 53.86 53.46 48.17
Petroleum 34.57 34.21 36.39 35.35 35.54 41.13
Coal 0.81 0.68 0.68 0.59 0.67 0.55
Electricity 7.74 9.01 9.81 10.19 10.33 10.15

Evolution of Secondary Energy Forms

Present Shares of Primary Energy

 End Users

The true consumer of a product or service.

Three main end use sectors

Industry
Transport
Domestic, commercial and other

Other sectors
Agriculture

End use by Energy Forms

Total Use (ktoe) 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015
Biomass 4,584.1 4,932.7 4,847.1 4,797.0 4,884.0 4,792.9
Petroleum 2,786.3 3,008.5 3,320.3 3,148.2 3,246.7 4,092.9
Coal 64.9 59.9 62.2 52.8 61.6 54.5
Electricity 623.7 791.9 895.0 907.7 944.1 1,009.7
Total 8,059.1 8,793.0 9,124.7 8,905.7 9,136.4 9,950.1
Total Use (%) 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015
Biomass 56.9 56.1 53.1 53.9 53.5 48.2
Petroleum 34.6 34.2 36.4 35.4 35.5 41.1
Coal 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5
Electricity 7.7 9.0 9.8 10.2 10.3 10.1

End use by Energy Forms


Present End use by Energy Forms - 2015

End use by Sector

Sectoral consumption (ktoe) 2005 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015
Industry 2,011.1 2,072.0 2,272.7 2,261.3 2,362.8 3,044.6
Transport 2,115.8 2,397.9 2,670.2 2,565.7 2,686.1 2,861.5
Household, Commercial &
Others 3,918.2 4,312.9 4,179.2 4,075.5 4,084.5 4,043.6
Total 8,045.0 8,782.8 9,122.2 8,902.5 9,133.5 9,949.8
Share (%)
Industry 25.0 23.6 24.9 25.4 25.9 30.6
Transport 26.3 27.3 29.3 28.8 29.4 28.8
Household, Commercial &
Others 48.7 49.1 45.8 45.8 44.7 40.6

Evolution of Energy Consumption - Sectoral

 Present Sectoral Energy Consumption - 2015

Energy Consumption Profile in PJ 2015

Energy Balances History

Who made it??

Ceylon Electricity Board

Energy Conservation Fund
Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority

1976 1988

1989
 1995

Present

Refer your copy

Sri Lanka Energy Balance 2015

How do we make it?

Data collection from several institutes

Ceylon Electricity Board

Lanka Electricity Company Pvt. Ltd.
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Lanka Indian Oil Company
Railway Department
 Central Bank of Sri Lanka
State Timber Corporation
Sugar industries
Sri Lanka Customs

What do we collect?
Electricity data
Ceylon Electricity Board
Lanka Electricity Company Pvt. Ltd.
Independent Power Producers
Generation
Use
Information about power plants
Information of small power producers
Fuel consumption in power plants

What do we collect?
Petroleum data
Ceylon Petroleum Corporation
Lanka Indian Oil Company
 Imports
Exports
Refinery operations
Uses
Pricing information

What do we collect?
Biomass data
Informal sector
Assumptions
Domestic / commercial
Industrial
Fuelwod sheet

Energy Units
Original units
Please refer page 1 of the Tutorial

EB Tables
 Energy Units
Basic units
Joules (J) this is the basic energy unit of the
metric system and also the SI Unit.
It is ultimately defined in terms of the meter,
kilogram, and second.

Calorie (cal) one calorie is the amount of heat

required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water by 1C, from 14.5 C to 15.5 C.

Energy Units
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
The kilowatt-hour is a standard unit of electricity
production and consumption.
1 kWh = 3.6 x 10 6 J

British thermal unit (Btu) This is the English

system analog of the calorie.
1 Btu = 251.9958 cal.
 Source based conversion factors and units

Actual energy content and nominal equivalents

For the production and use of energy it is often
convenient to speak in terms of the bulk amount
of fuel.
a barrel of oil or a tonne of coal

These terms, not only to denote a volume or

mass, but also represent an amount of energy.

Source based conversion factors and units

"oil" and "coal" embrace a variety of products,

with different energy contents per unit mass.
The differences can be large.
 Given the wide variations in the actual heat
content of fuels, especially oil and coal, it is
common to introduce a nominal energy
equivalent that reflects a typical energy content
of the given fuel, but is decoupled from the
variations that occur in actual fuels .
The energy equivalent can be considered to be
an alternate energy unit, precisely related to
units such as the joule, calorie.

Conversion Factors for Oil

The heat content of crude oil from different

countries varies from about 5.6 million Btu
(MBtu) per barrel to about 6.3 MBtu.
The heat content of typical petroleum products
varies even more.
A nominal conversion factor is sometimes used
for a barrel of crude oil, which is close to its
actual average energy content:
1 barrel of oil equivalent = 5.80 MBtu
 Conversion Factors for Oil

An energy equivalence for oil can also be

specified in terms of energy per metric ton
(tonne).

For oil and coal, mass is commonly specified in

tonnes.

The number of barrels of crude oil per tonne

varies widely, depending upon the source.

Conversion Factors for Oil

 For 1993, the EIA has reported values varying
from well under 7 barrels/tonne for some
countries of origin to over 8 barrels/tonne for
others.

For the United States, the average was 7.33

barrels/tonne.

This average, together with the nominal

equivalence of 5.8 MBtu/bbl, corresponds to a
heat content for crude oil of 42.5 MBtu/tonne.

toe

toe tonne of oil equivalent

There are differing definitions in literature

In OECD/IEA publications it is set equal to 10.0

kcal
 1 toe = 1.00 x 1010cal = 41.868 GJ = 39.68 MBtu

In our energy balance, we use thousand toe or

ktoe

Other Conversion Factors

Units used elsewhere

Tonne of coal equivalent

1 tonne of coal (equiv) = 29.3 GJ = 27.8 Mbtu

Tea Break!

Concept of energy balances

 The energy balance is an accounting framework.

For compilation and reconciliation of data on all

energy products.

Which enter, exit and is used within a country or

area during a reference period
Refer your tutorial

Purpose of energy balances

A multipurpose tool
Enhance the relevance of energy statistics by
providing comprehensive and reconciled data
on the energy situation on a national territory
basis;
Provide comprehensive information on the
energy supply and demand on the national
territory in order to understand the energy
security situation, the effective functioning of
energy markets and other relevant policy
goals, as well as to formulate energy policies;
Serve as a quality tool to ensure
completeness, consistency and comparability
of basic statistics;
 Ensure comparability between different
reference periods and between different
countries;

Purpose of energy balances cont.

Provide the basis for indicators of the role each

energy product in the economy of the country ;
Calculate efficiencies of transformation
processes occurring in the country (e.g., refining,
electricity supply by combustion of fuels)
Calculate the relative shares of the
supply/consumption of various products
(including renewable, non-renewable) of the
total supply/consumption of the country;
Provide an input for modeling and forecasting.
Provide data for the estimation of CO2 emissions
with respect to the national territory;
 Nature of the EB Table

Compiled with respect to a clearly defined

reference period.
A matrix represented by rows and columns
Columns represent groups of energy products
that are available for use in the national territory
or equivalent area
The column Total contains cells which provide
the sum of the data entries in the corresponding
row.
Rows represent energy flows.
A separate row is reserved for statistical
difference, calculated as the numerical difference
between the total supply of a fuel, electricity or
heat and the total use of it;
Rows and columns should contain homogeneous
information (refer to the same products and
flows as defined in their headers)

Nature of the EB Table cont..

The detailed energy balance should contain

sufficient rows and columns to show clearly the
relationship between the inputs to and outputs
 from transformation processes (production of
secondary energy products)
All entries should be expressed in one energy
unit (here, Terajoules are used)
Production of primary and secondary energy as
well as external trade in energy products, stock
changes, final energy consumption and non-
energy use should be clearly separated to better
reflect the structure and relationships between
energy flows and to avoid double-counting.
Nature of the EB Table cont..

To give a primary energy equivalent to electricity

produced from non-combustible energy sources
the physical energy content method should be
used. According to this method the normal
physical energy value of the primary energy form
is used for the production figure. This is in
contrast to the partial substitution method
which requires assigning to such electricity a
primary energy value equal to the hypothetical
amount of fuel required to generate an identical
amount of electricity in a thermal power station
using combustible fuels.
In our EB we have this as 0.24 x 10-6 toe per kWh.
This is the heat content required by a
 hypothetical oil fired power plant to produce the
same amount of energy contained in the Hydro
/Nuclear power plant but the heat content of 1
kWh used in the EBT is 0.086 x 10-6 toe per kWh

Rows and columns

Top block Energy Supply

Energy supply is intended to show flows

representing energy entering the national
territory for the first time, energy removed from
the national territory and stock changes.

The entering flows consist of production of

primary energy products and imports of both
primary and secondary energy products.

Energy Supply cont

The flows removing energy from the national

territory are exports of primary and secondary
 energy products and international bunkers and
are given a negative number.

The balance item of the flows described above

and the changes in stock represents (+ for
reduction and - for increase in the stock position
in the year) the amount of energy which is
available in the national territory during the
reference period.

This aggregate is named Total energy supply.

Structure of the EB Table

Primary production: refers to production of

primary energy defined as the capture or
extraction of fuels or energy from natural energy
flows, the biosphere and natural reserves of
fossil fuels within the national territory in a form
suitable for use.

Production of Biomass and wastes, as well as

Peat, includes only that portion used for energy
purposes.
 Imports: of energy products comprise all fuel
and other energy products entering the national
territory.(+)

Exports: of energy products comprise all fuel

and other energy products leaving the national
territory. (-)

Structure of the EB Table cont

Foreign bunkers: are quantities of fuels

delivered to merchant (including passenger)
ships, of any nationality, for consumption during
international voyages transporting goods or
passengers.
International aviation bunkers: are quantities
of fuels delivered to civil aircraft, of any
nationality, for consumption during international
flights transporting goods or passengers.

Stock changes: are defined as the increase

(stock build) or decrease (stock draw) in the
quantity of stock over the reporting period and
are thus calculated as the difference between
the closing and opening stocks.

Total energy supply: The total supply of energy

on the national territory is shown under the
column Total.

Statistical difference: is the numerical

difference between the total supply of the group
of energy products described by the respective
column and the total use of it. It is calculated by
subtracting latter from the former, as follows:
Statistical difference = total energy supply +
transfers + transformation + energy industries
own use + losses final consumption. The
statistical difference is a discrepancy that arises
from various practical limitations and problems
 related to the collection of the data which make
up supply and demand.

Structure of the EB Table

The middle block is to show transfers, energy
transformation, energy industries own use and
losses.
Transfers: are essentially statistical devices to
overcome practical classification and
presentation issues resulting from changes in use
or identity of a product. Transfers comprise
products transferred and inter-product transfers.
Products transferred refer to the reclassification
(renaming) of products which is necessary when
finished oil products are used as feedstock in
refineries
Transformation: describes the processes that
convert an energy product into another energy
product which, in general, is more suitable for
specific uses. It occurs when part or all of the
 energy content of a product entering a process
moves from this product to one or more
different products leaving the process (crude oil
to oil products, and fuel oil to electricity).
These rows include Electricity Generation, either
from primary sources or secondary sources, Oil
Refineries, Charcoal plants, Energy Industries
own use or Transmission, Transport and
distribution losses.

Manufacturing, construction and mining - refers

to final energy consumption by manufacturing,
construction and non-fuel mining industries
Iron and steel

Chemical and petrochemical

Non-ferrous metals

Non-metallic minerals

Transport equipment

Machinery

Mining and quarrying

Food and tobacco

Paper, pulp and print

 Wood and wood products (other than pulp
and paper)
Textile and leather
Construction
Industries, not elsewhere specified

Transport
Road
Rail
Domestic aviation
Domestic navigation
Transport non elsewhere specified
Other
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing
Commerce and public services
Households
Not elsewhere specified
Non-Energy Use
consists of the use of energy
products as raw materials for the manufacture of
other products

Columns
Primary coal and peat includes Hard coal,

Brown coal, Peat and Oil shale.

Coal and peat products includes Coal coke,

Patent fuel, Brown coal briquettes (BKB), Coal

tar, Coke oven gas, Gas works gas, Recovered
gases, Other coal products and Peat products.
Primary oil includes Conventional crude oil,

Natural gas liquids (NGL), Additives and

oxygenates, and Other hydrocarbons.
Oil products includes Feedstocks, Refinery gas,

Ethane, Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG),

Naphtha, Aviation gasoline, Motor gasoline,
Gasoline-type jet fuel, Kerosene-type jet fuel,
Other kerosene, Gas oil/diesel oil, Fuel oil, White
spirit and SBP industrial spirits, Lubricants,
Paraffin waxes, Petroleum coke, Bitumen, and
Other oil products
Natural gas includes Natural gas. Other gases

(e.g., Biogas, LPG or Manufactured gas)are

included only when blended with Natural gas,
their quantities appearing as outputs of the
respective transformation process (or in the
transfers row in some cases).

Columns cont
Biofuels and waste includes Fuelwood, wood

residues and by-products, Bagasse, Animal

waste, Black liquor, Other vegetal material and
residues, Charcoal, Biogasoline, Biodiesels, Bio
jet kerosene, Other liquid biofuels, Biogases,
Industrial waste, and Municipal waste.
Nuclear includes Heat from nuclear sources as

well as the primary heat equivalent of electricity

production from nuclear sources.
Electricity includes Electricity.

Heat includes Heat produced for sale and the

primary heat equivalent of electricity production

from geothermal and solar thermal sources. It
also includes direct use of solar thermal heat and
geothermal heat.

Sankey Diagrams
Sankey diagrams summarise all the energy
transfers taking place in a process. The thicker
the line or arrow, the greater the amount of
energy involved.
Sample diagram
 Sankey Diagrams
A more complicated one

Our Sankey Diagram

Create the Sankey diagram for 2015

Exercise Refer tutorial 1 and 2 together.

Our EB Website
www.info.energy.gov.lk

Basic structure
Navigation
Data importation
 Downloading pdf
Information on prices of petroleum products

International Energy Agency

https://www.iea.org/

Energy Balances of other countries

Sankey diagrams
Energy Atlas

Unit converter
https://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitcon
verter/