Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

V vn m bo an ton mng thng tin v

tuyn theo tip cn x l tn hiu nhiu chiu
ng V Sn, Nguyn Thanh Bnh, Nguyn Hu Trung
Tm tt Trong bi bo ny, chng ti gii nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra - MIMO) do kh nng
thiu cc c im ca mng thng tin v tuyn th tng hiu sut s dng ph, kh nng truyn d
h mi v vn bo mt trong mng thng tin v liu tc cao trong mi trng a ng (chng
tuyn. Cch xc nh tiu ch bo mt trong mng hn, trong mi trng indoor) v phn tp MIMO
thng tin v tuyn bao gm xc sut tch thp (low
a anten phn b cu hnh macro cell, hoc femto
probability of detection - LPD), xc sut chn thp
(low probability of intercept - LPI) v kh nng
cell (phc v h thng thng tin di ng 5G -
chng nhiu ph c trnh by trong ni dung bi massive MIMO). Vn mu cht ca h thng
bo. Cc tc gi cng gii thiu bi ton bo mt MIMO nu nm quy trnh tin m ha ti
theo cch tip cn x l tn hiu nhiu chiu v pha pht v b tch khi phc ti pha thu, vi k
xut thc hin kin trc bo mt nhiu chiu nh thut thng dng l s dng tuyn tnh cn ti u
ngha bng phn mm (Multi Dimesional Software cng bc v mc khng (zero forcing, ZF)
Defined Crypto-MD-SDC) c lp mng, ng [1]. c nhiu phng php tip cn n vn
thi ch ra cc hng nghin cu tip theo trong tuyn tnh cn ti u c xut, tuy nhin t
ch ny. kha cnh l thuyt, mi cch c cc thun li, kh
Abstract In this paper, we will demonstrate the khn khc nhau; nht l trong trng hp mi
specification of next generation network trng truyn thng a dch v phc tp c tnh
communications and encryption in the network phi tuyn thuc h th 3 (nhiu hin tng phi
communication systems. Determining the aspects of
tuyn xy ra ng thi, hoc c nhng im k
encryption in the radio network systems include low
probability of detection LDP, low probability of d). iu thng thng i hi mt quy trnh
intercept LPI and ability interference resist in tuyn tnh ha kh phc tp, trong m hnh
systems this paper present. The encryption methods ng hc c c tham s ln bc bin i theo thi
by multi-input and multi-output are also gian v i khi bin i c cu trc m hnh [2],
recommended and proposed with Multi- [3], [4].
Dimensional Software Defined Crypto (MD-SDC), V phng thc iu ch, cc h thng thng
and next simulations researching will be discussed
tin v tuyn hin ti v tng lai v ang p
in this paper.
dng k thut iu ch a sng mang (multicarrier
T kha MD; MD-SDC; LPD; LPI; MIMO; modulation) do kh nng t c hiu qu trong
SDR chng nhiu ph; tn hiu nhiu chiu.
vic s dng ph, tc truyn dn cao
I. GII THIU (IEEE802.11a/WiMax hoc LTE). H thng thng
tin di ng 4G (LTE - Advanced systems) ng
Cc vn v bo mt v an ton thng tin
dng k thut MIMO - OFDM h tr tc d
trong mng thng tin v tuyn th h mi ang
liu n 1Gb/s. So vi h thng 4G, h thng 5G
ngy cng t r tm quan trng, khi mng thng
phi t dung lng ln hn 1000 ln, gp 10 ln
tin v tuyn ang xm nhp su rng v tr thnh
hiu qu ph, hiu qu nng lng v tc d liu.
cc cng c c lc trong cc lnh vc ca i
sng kinh t - x hi v an ninh - quc phng. V kin trc mng, truyn thng hp tc v
Trc kia, bo mt ch c xem nh mt tnh truyn thng c hi (Cognitive Radio Networks),
nng m ha d liu c lp, c thc hin ti truyn thng a chng ng dng k thut v tuyn
lp vt l, cc giao thc mt m v c thit k, nh ngha bng phn mm (Software-Defined
thc thi vi iu kin kt ni vt l c thit Radio SDR) ang c nghin cu ng dng
lp khng li (error-free). Ngy nay, bi ton mt trong mng thng tin v tuyn th h mi. Cc nt
m tr nn phc tp v kh thc hin khi kin trc mng c hng li nh s hp tc v chuyn
mng tr nn ty bin, phn tn trong mi trng tip gi, nhng cng t ra thch thc v tnh ton
truyn thng hi t a dch v. vn ca thng tin c truyn qua cc nt khng
tin cy [5].
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic nghin cu
mng thng tin v tuyn tp trung vo h thng Bn cnh h thng thng tin di ng, cn tn
nhiu anten c bn pht v bn thu (h thng ti cc h thng truyn thng khc nh: h thng

S 1.CS (01) 2015 35

Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

thng tin v tuyn nh WiFi, truyn thng bng Tc l m bo kh nng thu chn tn hiu ca i
thng siu rng (UWB) [6], truyn thng bc tng do thm l thp nht.
sng mm (3300 GHz), truyn thng nh sng M hnh SISO (single input - single output)
nhn thy (visible light communications - VLC) nh sau: B pht v b thu hp php trao i kha
(400-490 THz) [7]. m trc khi truyn dn. B pht m ha thng tin
Cc thch thc truyn thng k trn i hi thnh tp cc k hiu thc = { } v pht
phi c hng tip cn l thuyt ph hp lm c trn knh AWGN (Additive white Gaussian
s l lun thit k cc thut ton bo mt m noise). Thm m c gng phn loi vector quan
bo an ton mng thng tin v tuyn, m bo tnh st c trn knh l vector nhiu AWGN
n nh v ton vn d liu khi trao i trn mi ( ) ( )
= hoc vector + tn
trng mng phc tp hin nay. Bi bo ny gm
bn mc: Sau Mc I gii thiu, Mc II phn tch hiu pht b nhiu.
v cc tiu ch bo mt, yu cu bo mt; Mc III Khi khng xc nh c knh, bin php tn
trnh by hng tip cn x l tn hiu nhiu chiu cng do thm l o mc nng lng trong bng
cho bo mt v ton vn d liu; Mc cui l kt tn B trong khong thi gian quan st Ts. Tn hiu
lun v ch ra mt s hng nghin cu trong ch nhn c cho qua BPF (Band-pass filter), mch
ny. bnh phng v mch tch phn. Sau so snh
ngng pht hin s tn ti ca tn hiu. M
II. CC TIU CH BO MT MNG THNG hnh thng dng l m hnh nhiu AWGN. Gi
TIN V TUYN thit khng c tn hiu hoc c tn hiu ln lt l
Nhim v quan trng ca bo mt trong mng H0 v H1 xc nh nh sau:
thng tin v tuyn l bo v ni dung thng tin ( )
chng li cc tn cng bin i d liu ngun. ( ) (1)
Tng ng vi ba mc tiu quan trng trong mt
( )
m bao gm: m bo tnh bo mt (secrecy), tnh
ton vn (integrity) v tnh xc thc ( ) (2)
(authentication), ba tnh nng trong bo mt mng Trong , tr trung bnh v phng sai l
thng tin v tuyn l: m bo xc sut tch thp =2 , =4 , =2 + 2,
(low probability of detection - LPD), xc sut
=4 + 4 v = / l t s S/N.
chn thp (low probability of intercept - LPI) v
kh nng chng nhiu ph (anti-jamming xc nh cc gii hn, ta c nh thi gian
protection) [8]. quan st v gi thit s ln quan st Ns bng v
cng, hm m sai lch Chernoff c nh ngha
A. m bo xc sut tch thp (LPD) l tc gim hm m ca xc sut li tch
Pdet_err[9]:
= lim inf _ (3)

= inf lim inf ( , )

[ , ]
( , ) ,
= min (1 ) + [(1
[ , ]
2+ 21 ( )22(1 2+
(4) 2)
Hnh 1. M hnh h thng LPD SISO Tng qut, kh c th biu din tng minh
Thng thng, d liu pht i trong mng theo (4). Nhng i vi thng tin mt m, ta c
thng tin v tuyn c m ha v trao i kha th gi thit , t v vi
c thc hin bng mt s giao thc tiu chun. = 1/2 th:
Nhng bo mt ca phng thc m ha tiu (5)
chun cha m bo, hoc thm ch m mt Trong thng tin mt m, cn trnh kh nng tn
c s dng l bn vng nht v mt l thuyt
cng chn hoc tch tn hiu; c ngha l m bo
song vn c th b tn cng bng cc bin php cng sut pht ti thiu; nhng i ph vi kh
nghip v (tn cng knh k). Do vy, u tin nng chng nhiu ph th cng sut tn hiu cn
cn phi m bo truyn thng xc sut tch thp.

36 S 1.CS (01) 2015

 Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

phi ln. Nh vy cn c s tha hip gia kh k hiu th i. Cch tnh dung lng mt theo (9)
nng tch/chn tn hiu v kh nng chng nhiu ph. trn c s dung lng mt c xc nh bng:
B. m bo xc sut chn thp (LPI) log I + H ( ) QH ( )
log I + G ( ) QG ( )
min ,
Kh nng chn bt tn hiu c xc nh
thng qua dung lng mt (secrecy capacity). (10)
Dung lng mt l tng c nh ngha l tc Thc vy, i vi knh khng nh, vi xc
cc i sao cho thng tin c th c gii m sut dch chuyn trng thi c iu kin
tin cy ty trong khi tn cng thm m v hiu. Y ( ) , Z( ) X , dung lng mt c xc nh bng:
Ta xt dung lng mt (secrecy capacity) ca
= ( , ) ; () ; ( ) (11)
knh MIMO.
Vi U l bin ngu nhin ty tha mn quan
Xt m hnh knh bo mt MIMO, trong b
pht s dng Nt anten pht, b thu s dng Nr h Markov X Y ( ) , Z( ) . Phn sai lch c
anten thu v b thm m s dng Ne anten. Tn th cc i ha biu thc tnh trn c trin
hiu thu c ti b thu v b thm m ln lt l: khai theo tnh cht c lp ca tnh phn ng
trn ng trong bt k tp kt ni m vi
Y ( ) = H ( ) X + W ( ) vi i = 1,, I (6) gradient l lin tc:
( ) ( ) ( )
Z = G X + E vi k = 1,, K (7)
Trong , H, G l cc ma trn knh MIMO, X; Y ( ) X; Z( )
= V KV V
W v E l cc vector ngu nhin phn b Gaussian
tr trung bnh khng v hip phng sai V v V . = V (K K )V V (12)
Cc ma trn hip phng sai V v V c gi
thit l bn xc nh dng. Gi thit u vo Trong , I(.) l thng tin tng h (mutual
knh tha mn iu kin cng bc trung bnh: information). I(X;Y) nh lng cho thng tin mt
bin X c th truyn ti v bin Y:
X ( ) X( ) P (8) ( ; ) = ( ) ( | ) = ( ; ) (13)
vi j l ch s k hiu v (.)T l chuyn v b phc; Vi H(X) k hiu entropy ca bin X v
th dung lng mt ca knh bo mt MIMO c ( | ) l entropy c iu kin ca X vi Y
xc nh bng [9]: cho. Khi X l bin ri rc, entropy c tnh theo
() ( ) biu thc sau:
= : , ( ) , (9) ( ) = ( ) ( ( )) (14)
( ) ( )
V entropy c iu kin ( | ) xc nh bi:
( | ) = ( , ) ( | ) (15)
Ma trn hip phng sai li ca b c lng
ti u bt k b gii hn trn. Ta c K l hip
phng sai li ca b c lng Gaussian kt hp
c xc nh bi K = V V (V +
V)1V vi V l ma trn hip phng sai ca
nhiu AWGN. V K ty .
X; Y ( ) X; Z( )

= V K V V V K V V

V K V V (16)
Ta c biu thc sau:
Hnh 2. M hnh knh bo mt MIMO
=
Trong , Q l iu kin rng buc ca ma trn
1 | |
hip phng sai u vo (k hiu Q 0 biu din = | | | | + log |
bn xc nh dng) xc nh bi 2 |

C(X ( ) ) Q vi C(.) l hip phng sai ti

S 1.CS (01) 2015 37

Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

= max log ( ) ( ) Nng lng tng:

T N
1 | | Ew 2 (t )dt b 2j (24)
+ log | |
2 0 j 1

= log log (17) Ti b thu:

r (t ) si (t ) (t ) (25)
C. Kh nng chng nhiu ph (anti-jamming
protection) c tng quan vi tp cc tn hiu c th pht
i. u ra ca b tng quan th i l:
Kh nng chng nhiu ph thng c th
T N
hin trong cc h thng thng tin tri ph (DSSS) zi r (t ) si (t )dt aij2 b j aij (26)
thng qua tng ch x l (Processing Gain - PG). 0 j 1
V vy, phn tch khi nim tng ch x l v
ngha ca n i vi cc h thng thng tin tri trong , thnh phn b j aij c tr trung bnh khng.
ph, u tin ta xt tp D cc tn hiu trc giao Gi thit tn hiu m l sm(t) c pht i, gi tr
si(t) vi i = i, 2, ..., D. Trong khng gian N chiu trung bnh u ra s l:
vi N>>D, ta c th vit: N
E i m
N E ( zi | sm ) aij2 s (27)
si (t ) aij j (t ) i 1, 2,..., D (18) j 1 0 khc
j 1
Gi thit D tn hiu l ging nhau, u ra ca
vi: bt k b tng quan:
T
aij si (t ) j (t )dt (19) Es
E ( zi ) (28)
0 D
v: Phng sai:
T N N
1 j = k Es EN Es
(t )
j k (t )dt (20) var( zi | si ) b j bk aij aik b 2j aij2 b 2j
0 0 j k j ,k j 1 j 1 N N

Tp j (t ) l c lp tuyn tnh tri trong (29)

Phng sai u ra ca b tng quan i l
khng gian N chiu trc giao (cn gi l c s).
var(zi|sm). Tn hiu sm pht:
Vi mi k hiu thng tin pht i, mt tp cc h
s aij c chn c lp giu tn hiu D Ew Es Es2
var( zi | sm ) (30)
N N
chiu trong khng gian N chiu rng ln.Tp cc
bin ngu nhin aij gi thit c cc gi tr a vi T s cng sut tn hiu cho cng sut nhiu
ph:
xc sut 1/2. Tt nhin, b thu c th truy nhp
Es2
n tng h s c chn gii tri ph. D E 2 ( Zi Sm ) Es N
SJR D
Ew Es

Nng lng trung bnh cho mi k hiu: m 1 var( Zi Sm ) N
Ew D
T N (31)
Es si2 (t )dt aij2 i 1, 2,..., D (21)
0 j 1 Xc sut ca tn hiu m:
Cc h s c lp tr trung bnh khng v 1
P ( sm ) (32)
tng quan: D

Es T s ND c gi l tng ch x l, biu din

jk
aij aik N (22) u im ca h thng. R rng nu khng tin
0 khc hnh tri ph tn hiu th t s SJR ch l

E
SJR E nhng khi tin hnh tri ph th t s
s

Nhiu ph khng c thng tin g v vic la w

chn cc h s aij . Cc h s phn b n iu ny c ci thin thm ND ln (tt nhin tr gi l

trn N ta c s. Nu nhiu ph chn phn b bng tn h thng m rng). i vi tn hiu c
nng lng u trn ton b khng gian tn hiu bng tn hu hn W v chu k T th s chiu ca
th tn hiu nhiu ph: tn hiu ny l 2WT, do :
N
N 2Wss T Wss
(t ) b ji (t ) (23) PG (33)
j 1 D 2Wmin T R

38 S 1.CS (01) 2015

 Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

III. BI TON BO MT THNG TIN DI Trong , hm truyn t ca bin i Fourier

GC X L TN HIU NHIU CHIU 4D l ( ) = , , , , tc l ph
A. X l tn hiu nhiu chiu nng lng lin quan n:
Tng qut, tn hiu nhiu chiu () = | ( )| () (40)
(Multidimensional - MD) l tn hiu c min Quan h vo, ra ca b lc min ri rc xc nh
t = ( , , ) v biu din c trong bi phng trnh sai phn 4D:
min tn s phc s bng bin i Laplace [11]:
(s) = ( (t) t (34) ( , , , )
)
Trong , ta c th biu din min phc
= ,
s = ( , , ) l ma trn ct s
[ ] . Bin i Fourier tng ng , , (41)
ca (t) l ( ) vi Lu :
[ ] . Thng thng, ta xt tn , , , ,
hiu 4D thi gian-khng gian (x, y, z, ct) trong t x, y, z, T (42)
l thi gian, ( , , ) vi M = 3 l khng
gian ta 3D v c l tc nh sng. Quan h V
4D gia tn hiu vo (t) c min lin tc ca , , , ,
b lc tuyn tnh dch bt bin thi gian - khng ( x, y, z, T) (43)
gian v tn hiu ra nhn qu (t) vi t
Ly bin i z ta c hm truyn t min ri rc:
( , , , ) xc nh bi phng trnh vi
phn tng phn 4D bc , , , [10]: , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
[ (t)]
( ) = (44)
(35)
Vi = 1.
= [ (t)] B. Bi ton bo mt thng tin di gc h thng
( )
Bn cht ca vic thc hin bo mt thng tin
(36) l trong qu trnh gia cng, x l hoc truyn
[ ( )] thng tin, nhng kha mt m c ci vo mt
Trong biu din ny, = (t) v cch thch hp. Tuy nhng phng thc bo mt
= 1.Tp , gm 2 thng tin v nhng kha mt m l ngu nhin,
1 h s hng l cc thnh phn trng s c la
nhng vn phi tha mn yu cu no i
chn xp x ha quan h vo - ra ca h thng tng nhn tin hon ton c th gii m. V vy,
nhiu chiu ny. iu kin bin v cc trng thi d bng bt c phng thc no, vic bo mt
ni ca b lc c thit lp sao cho hm truyn thng tin cng c th xem nh l nhiu x c quy
t ca h l compact support. Bin i Laplace: lut ln tn hiu u vo. iu i hi rng, d
cht lng truyn thng ca mng c b thay i
(s) (37) th quy lut gy nhiu x ln tn hiu vn c bo
ton cho mng qun l v i tng s dng c
=
th gii mt [11].
(s) (38)
Thc cht ca bi ton bo mt thng tin l tm
Hm truyn t 4D: cch thc m t ton hc cho c ch ng hc
( ) truyn thng c tn hiu bo mt ca h cc phn
(s) = =
( ) t trong mng. Nghim ca bi ton l cc tham
(39)

S 1.CS (01) 2015 39

Nghin cu Khoa hc v Cng ngh trong lnh vc An ton thng tin

Hnh 3. Kin trc bo mt thng tin nhiu chiu cho mng thng tin v tuyn th h mi
s ca m hnh ton hc m t qu trnh bo m
mt m quy trnh bo mt thng tin c tnh n
nh, c th ng thi iu khin v quan st.
C. xut kin trc bo mt thng tin nhiu chiu
cho mng thng tin v tuyn th h mi
Cc thch thc m h thng bo mt phi
ng u nu trn c th tm tt nh sau:
Kin trc a giao thc (Multi-Protocol): H
thng thng tin phc v nhiu giao thc
truyn thng khc nhau theo cc ng cnh
phc v khc nhau.
Kin trc a knh (Multi-Channel): D liu
c pht trn nhiu sng mang khc nhau
nhm ti u ha hiu qu ph.
V tuyn iu khin bng phn mm SDR.
V tuyn hp tc v truyn thng c hi
(Cognitive Radio).
T , chng ti xut kin trc bo mt nh
ngha bng phn mm (MD-SDC) c lp mng
(Network-Independent) nh biu din trn Hnh 3.
B x l truyn thng h tr cc chc nng qun
l dng sng iu ch, qun l dng d liu, qun
l ti cu hnh v qun l giao thc sao cho c th
thch nghi c vi cc giao thc truyn thng
khc nhau, tc l p ng tiu ch c lp mng.
Nhn ca kin trc l cc c ch bo mt c
kh nng lp trnh (Programmable Crypto Engine
- PCE). C N li tng ng vi N chiu d liu c
th x l. Mi li c th m ha theo mt thut
ton bo mt v b thng s ca n c thay i
thng qua b x l mt m.
IV. KT LUN
Trong cc gii php bo mt, bo mt thng tin
lp vt l (physical layer security) l ht sc quan
trng, v phng php ny c th ngn chn c
tn cng trc tip (loi ph bin nht), hn ch
truy nhp v nh vy s gp phn nng cao bo
mt ca mng thng tin v tuyn th h mi.
Trong bi bo ny, chng ti trnh by cc
tiu ch bo mt mng thng tin v tuyn bao gm
xc sut tch thp LPD, xc sut chn thp LPI,
kh nng chng nhiu ph, cng nh xut m
hnh thc hin kin trc bo mt nhiu chiu nh
ngha bng phn mm (MD-SDC) c lp mng,
cho php thch nghi c vi cc loi hnh mng
cng nh ti u nng lc bo mt ca h thng.
Trn c s kt qu phn tch, cn tip tc
tin hnh nghin cu cc vn lin quan n gii
php m ho nhiu chiu - a li, nhm mc tiu
m bo an ton thng tin v tnh kh dng hp l
i vi cc cp bo mt bao gm: Mc thp;
Mc trung bnh; Mc cao. Bi ton mt m nhiu
chiu trong mng thng tin v tuyn cn pht trin
m hnh di gc ng hc h thng (tc l
theo quan im m hnh h thng xt trng thi
ng hc di tc ng ca cc tn cng tng lc
mng). Pht trin thc nghim h thng, nhiu li
(multi-core) trn c s cc cng ngh chip hoc
FPGA/DSP. Trong , trng hp nghin cu kh
thi c th l da trn AES Multi-core. Hng tip
cn ny ha hn nhiu kt qu kh quan trong lnh
vc bo mt thng tin v tuyn.
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