James Monroe {1758 - 1831) The fifth president of the United States. He ‘was elected in 117 and served two terms. He Is known for the Monroe Doctrine, which warned Europe to stay out oF ‘the affairs of North and South America. Electoral College {.gr0up of people whe formally elect the President and Vice President for the United States. This method is set ‘Out in the Constitution. Each state has a number of Electoral College representatives equal to the number of ite representatives and senators in Congress. Most, but Inot all states require their Electoral College representatives to vote For the can ‘the most votes in the Who Feceived judicial review ‘The power of the Supreme Court to look over the acts of the Government to see if those acts are constitutional or not. Marbury v. Madison ‘A Supreme Court decision in 1803 in which the Court gaye itself the power to review acts of the government and ‘determine whether those acts were constitutionWar of 1812 ‘A war fought between Britain and the United States from 132 totals. tis sometimes called the Second War of Independence’ because It meant that Britain could not ‘Control the foreign policy of the United States, Andrew Jackson (1767 - 1845) A famous general who became the seventh President of the United States in 1829. His election was the Beginning of popular politics run by ordinary citizens, McCulloch v. Maryland ‘A Supreme Court decision in 1819 in which the Court used ‘themecessary and proper clause of the Constitution to settle 9 conflict about 8 Maryland banking law. The Court ‘said that the federal government could pass laws it needed in order to govern, even if the Constitution ha ‘not specifically included thes ‘stated that Missouri Compromise ‘An agreement passed in Congress in 1820 that allowed slavery in the new state of Missouri but would not permit itnorth ofthe line that formed Miasourrs southernMonroe Doctrine A policy introduced by President James Monroe in 1823. It warned European countries to stay out of affairs in the ‘Americas. Inveturn, it promised that the United States would stay out of affairs in Europe or European colonies, John Quincy Adams (1767 - 248) The sixth president of the United States (1625 “1d2s) who later served in Congress. He was the son of “John Adams, the second U.S. president. Henry Clay (1727 -1952\ An important member of Congress and leader of the Whig Party. He was a skilled politician and Helped create the Missourt Compromise ond the ‘ompromise of 1250. Democratic Party | party that developed ive today. Its mer snged many he late 17008 and issuffrage The right to vote. Indian Removal Act ‘A law passed in 1830 that forced Native Americans to ‘move to land west of the Mississippi River. John C. Calhoun {17021950) An American polician from South Caratina who was the vice president under two presidents. He also Served as secretary of state, as secretary of war, and asa ‘member of the House of Representatives and thé Senate. j state rights, and nullification (the Re supported slov PP ijea that states could veto federal laws) Whig Party ‘A political party formed in 1933 10 work against the Polnpolidies of President Andrew Jackson,Martin Van Buren (1782 - 1862) The eighth president of the United States, he ‘served only one term when economic conditions hurt his ‘eelection. In teas he ran for president as a member of ‘the Free Sail Party. working class [A term used to describe people who work in jobs that require less skill and education and which pay less than ‘ther types of work. political machines Political organizations controled by one person or @ small {Group of people whe have the support of campaign wotkers. These campaign workers Go what they are fold for the promise of rewards, Tammany Hall ‘ADemocratic political machine that dominated New York polities from the late rea0s to the early 1950s. Tammany Hall grew powerful through is suppor ofthe poor an irish immigrants.Elizabeth Cady Stanton (0815-1902) A leader of the women's suffrage movernent Louisiana Purchase ‘The name of the agreement made by Thomas Jefferson ‘to buy the Loulsiana Territory from France in 1803. The territery included: the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountai i Os ‘and contained all or part of 14 states, Corps of Discovery The name of the group of men sent by Thomas Jefferson toexplore the territory gained in the Loulsiana Purchase. Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the group was ‘ordered to map the area, learn about the regioms plants and animals, and make gdntact withthe Native Americans ing there, Lewis and Clark Expedition ‘A group sent by President Thomas Jefferson in 1804 to ‘explore the Louisiana Territory to the Pacific Ocean. It wa$ led by two US. military men, Meriwether Lewis andtransportation revolution ‘The period between 1810 and the 1850s when wat roads, canals, saling ships, and railroads becarne faster, ‘etter’ and cheaper. infrastructure ‘The basic structures a society needs. These include roads, ‘a clean water supply, schools, and hospitals: Erie Canal A water passage builtin 1825 in New York to connect the Great Lakes with New York City. The Erie Canal made New York City the'nation leading Bort an ied ather states to Great Lakes ‘A group of five large freshwater lakes between Canada iat thejUnited Sfates, The iakes,are Huron, Ontario, eee Cfthe world’s freshwater.American System ‘An economic plan that used a tax on imported goods to e ‘iso included 8 national bank, " emancipation ‘The act of being freed from slavery. abolitionists People who oppose, or are against, slavery. cotton gin ‘A machine that removes the seeds from cotton. The invention of the cotton gin allowed planters to easily, produce cotton at a lower cost. Even though it was easier ‘to produce cotton, production of cotton grew so much hat slave owners needed even more slave labor.Industrial Revolution ‘The time period between the | canturigg when significant tach i eaused the economy to shift gram rbot agriculturally and artisan based to relying exclusively on 2 'YSrimanufactured products.» 2 ‘and early 19th jevelopments ly from be King Cotton [A descriptive name for cotton that was coined around the. time Of the Ci $e demonstrate how important ‘cotton was to the southern states, domestic slave trade ‘The buying and selling of slaves between owners in slave states. The domestic slave trade became important after Importing slaves from gutaide the United States was ‘made ilegal in 1808, racism ‘The belief that one race is better than others. Racism. often leads someone to abuse or discriminate against ‘members of other races,Trail of Tears ‘The name the Cherokee Indians gave to the jour took when they were forced to leave their land ‘to the West. dno push and pull factors Conditions that drive people from their homes (push) and ‘raw them to a new area (pull). Push factors incl poverty and lack of freedom, Pull factora include. Promises of freedom, jobs, and land. nativism ‘The policy of protecting the interests of people alread living in an Sree over the interests of receat immigrant slums Parts of cities that suffer from poverty, poor housing, ‘and overcrowding,tenements Apartment buildings that are usually in very poor Second Great Awakening ‘A period of great religious activity between 1790 and 1840. twas named after the First Great Awakening, which took Place about 50 years earlier. abolitionism ‘The movernent to end slavery in the United States, evangelism ‘The practice of spreading one's religious beliefs.missionaries Missionaries attempt to spread their religious beliefs to ‘others, often By establishing schools, warking with the poor, and other acts of charity. Transcendentalism {A philosophical, social, and religious movement in the United States that encouraged people to use emotion and feeling to connect their inher selves with the divine as Tevealed in nature and in other people. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) An American writer and thinker who said that People have a duty to work against laws that are wrong or Lnfir But should’do'29 without violence, He referred toit Catharine Beecher 178) An American educator known for her ut women's education and the importance of \der garten in the education of children,Angelina Grimké (ira erent eel ‘suffrage, or the right to vote.