_p” Rudolf F. Graf's > 4 William Sheets Encyclopedia oEncyclopedia of ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Volume 6To Russell May you always be as self-confident. as you are today. Patent notice Purchasers and other users of this book are advised that several projects de- scribed hercin could be proprietary devices covered by letters patent owned or ap- plied for. Their inclusion in this book does not, by implication or otherwise, grant any license under such patents or patent rights for commercial use, No one participating in the preparation or publication of this book assumes responsibility for any liability resulting from unlicensed use of information contained herein,Encyclopedia of ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Volume 6 Rudolf F. Graf & William Sheets McGraw-Hill New York San Francisco Washington, DC. Auckland Caracas Lisbon London Madrid) Mexico Gly. Mllan ontal Naw Bet, San Juan Singepere ‘Sydney. Tokye TorontoMcGraw-Hill A Diniion of The McGraw Fill Compurs’ ©1096 by Rudolf F. Graf & William Sheets, Published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, Printed in the United States of America, All rights reserved. The publisher and the authors take no responsibility for the use of any of the materials or methods de- scribed in this book, nor for the products thereof, pbk 1284567890FGREGR 9009876 he 1234567890 FGRPGR 9009876 Product or brand names used in this book may be trade names or trademarks, ‘Where we believe thal there may be proprietary claims to such trade names or trademarks, the name has been used with an initial capital or it has been capitalized in the style used by the name claimant. Regardless of the capitalization used, all such names have been used in an editorial manner without any intent to convey. endorsement of or other affiliation with the name claimant. Neither the author nor the publisher intends to express any judgment as to the validity or legal status of any such proprietary claims, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for vol. 6) Graf, Rudolf F. ‘The encyclopedia of electronics cireuits Authors for v. 6= Ruldolf F, Graf & Williarn Sheets. Includes bibliographical references and indexes, 1. Electronic cireuits—Eneyclopedias. 1. Sheets, Willian. I. Title TKTBO7GGS 1985 621.3815 8426772 ISBN 0-8306-0938.5 (v. 1) ISBN 0-8306-1938-0 (pbk. = ¥. 1) ISBN 0-8306-3138-0 (pbk. -v 2) ISBN 0-8306-3138-0 (v. 2) ISBN 0-8306-3348-0 (pbk. :v 3) ISBN 0-8306-7348.2 (v. 3) ISBN 0-8305-3895-4 (pbk. : v 4) ISBN 0-8306-3896-2 (v. 4) ISBN 0-07-011077-8 (pbk. : v5) ISBN 0-07-01 1076-X (#5) ISBN 0-07-011275-4 (¥. 6) ISBN 0-07-01 1276-2 (pbk. : v6) McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local bookstore, Acquisitions editor: Roland 8. Phelps Editorial team: Lori Flaherty, Executive Editor Andrew Yoder, Book Editor Joann Woy, Indexer Production team: Katherine G. Brown, Director Rose McFarland, Desktop Operator Nancy Mickloy, Proofreading Design team; Jaclyn J. Boone, Designer ELI Katherine Lukaszewicr, Associate Designer 112762,Contents Introduction ix 1 AGC and ALC Circuits 1 2 Air-Flow Circuits 3 Alarm and Security Circuits 7 4 Amateur Circuits 17 5 Amateur Television (ATV) Circuits 33 6 Amplifier Circuits 46 7 A/D Converter Circuits 58 8 Antenna Circuits 61 9 Attenuator Circuits 68 10 Audio Signal Amplifier Circuits 71 11 Audio Power Amplifier Circuits 83 12 Automotive Circuits 94 13 Battery Charger Circuits 105 14° Battery Monitor Circuits 114 15 Bridge Circuits 121 16 Buffer Circuits 124 17° Clock Circuits 12918 19 20 SRR 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4 47 Computer-Related Circuits Continuity Cireuits Converter Circuits Crystal Oscillator Circuits Current Source and Sink Circuits de/de Converter Circuits Decoder Circuits Delay Circuits Detector Circuits Differential Amplifier Circuits Display Circuits Driver Circuits Blectronic Lock Circuits Fiber-Optics Circuits Filter Circuits Flasher Circuits and Blinkers Flip-Flop Circuits Frequency-to-Voltage Converter Circuits Function Generator Circuits Game Circuits Humidity Sensor Circuits Indicator Circuits Infrared Circuits Instrumentation Amplifier Circuits Integrator Circuits Interface Circuits Inverter Circuits Ton Circuits Laser Circuits Light-Controlled Circuits 132 142 146 156 167 164 168 172 174 185 188 196 203 206 208 223 228 231 234 244 255 258 272 278 280 262 289 29748 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Logic Circuits Mathematical Circuits Measuring and Test Circuits Metronome Circuits Miscellaneous Treasures Mixer Circuits Model and Hobby Circuits Modulator Circuits Morse-Code Circuits Motor-Control Circuits Multivibrator Circuits Noise Circuits Operational Amplifier Circuits ‘Oscillators (Audio) Oscillators (Miscellaneous) Oscillators (RF) Oscilloscope Circuits Photography-Related Circuits Piezo Circuits Power Line Circuits Power Supply Circuits Power Supply Circuits (High Voltage) Power Supply Circuits (Multiple Output) Power Supply Circuits (Variable Output) Probe Circuits Protection Circuits Radar Detector Circuits Radiation Detector Circuits Receiving Circuits Reference Circuits 410 417 420 425 441 460 471 476 499 506 514 520 525 527 530 534 5592SSSsQSReesesaag 92 93 94 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Regulator Circuits Relay Circuits Sample-and-Hold Circuits Sawtooth Generator Circuits Scanner Circuits Siren, Warbler and Wailer Circuits Sound-Effects Circuits Square-Wave Generator Circuits Staircase Generator Circuits Stepper Motor Circuits Switching Circuits Syne Circuits Telephone-Related Circuits ‘Temperature-Related Circuits Timer Circuits Tone Control Circuits Touch/Proximity Control Circuits Tracer Circuits Transmitter and Transceiver Circuits Ultrasonic Circuits Video Circuits Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Circuits: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Circuits Voltage-Measuring Circuits Waveform Generator Circuits Waveguide Circuits White-Noise Generator Circuits Sources Index About the Authors 568 $73 575 578 593 595 600 615 619 629 648 651 654 658 666 671 684 688 703 707 789Introduction The enthusiastic reception of the first five volumes of The Encyclopedia of Blec- tronic Circuits prompted the authors to produce this volurne—the sixth in the pop- ular series. ‘Taken together, the six volumes contain approximately 6000 circuits—by far the largest and broadest collection of practical electronic circuits available anywhere. As in the other volumes, the 1000+ circuits presented here are arranged alpha- betically, by category. All circuits in this volume, as well as those from the previous five volumes, are included in the index, which now has approximately 6000 entries. We express sincere appreciation to the many electronic industry sources and publishers who graciously allowed us to utilize some of their materials, ‘Their coop- eration is gratefully acknowledged. Once again, it gives us great pleasure to extend our sincerest thanks to Loretya Gonsalves-Battiste, a fine lady whose skill at the computer and willingness to work long and hard made on-time delivery of the manuscript for this book possibie. Rudolf F. Graf & William Sheets September 19951 AGC and ALC Circuits The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page 707. The figure number in the box of each circuit correlates to the entry in the Sources section, AGC Audio Preamp 3-MHz Low-Noise AGC System IF AGC Network Audio LevelerAGC AUDIO PREAMP Shere em pcctoee CoP 0 ‘Feaeataos are ons ba20,Me'008,008. ast Fig. 1-1 ‘The circuit uses an easily obtained 741 op amp set for an internal gain of about 200. A portion of the op amp’s output signal is rectified by the IN4148 diodes, then filtercd and fed to the gate of the ‘FET input shunting circuit. As the output rises, more and more-input shunting takes place. That is, more of the input signal is bypassed, effectively keeping the output level constant. ‘The circuit offers a 100:1 limiting action. The input level can change over a 100:1 ratio with little or no effect on the output level. The output level itself can be set [rom less than unity all the way up to nearly the gain of the amplifier, making the circuit usable in other applications as well. 3-MHz LOW-NOISE AGC SYSTEM eos Pn sear arte wo reegrene at Ee roounten we | cue cw maneass 4 we asc @ to 1] ay ALOP. BAF x90 or 4 fra oPOS a FEF one rr a2 t+ oar pep Me vane TY St ete Fr anor =| 20° f 16) ker CT Sa , eno coe L_AD600_ a ANALOG DIALOG Fig. 1-2 The AD60O dual voltage-controlled amplifier in this circuit provides a 3-MHz AGC system with 80-dB range,IF AGC NETWORK ELECTRONIC DESIGN Fig. 1-3 Asimple IF AGC circuit that features wide dynamic range and excellent linearity can be achieved with two chips: TI's TLO26C voltage-controlled amplifier IC and Linear Technology's LT1014 (or any other similar basic quad op amp). AUDIO LEVELER 1094 EXPERIMENTERS HANDBOOK Fig. 1-4 A low power programmable compandor chip, the Signetics NE577 IC is uscd. Incoming audio is compressed, rectified and conditioned so that the input signal level always remains about the noise level. The compressor is an ALC circuit that outputs a constant level and the expander part of the IC is not used.2 Air-Flow Circuits The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page ‘707. The figure number in the box of each circuit correlates to the entry in the Sources section. Hot-Wire Ancmometer Electronic Anemometer Air Flow DetectorHOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER [<— Flame temosat —>[<——— 4-4-7 compton. ———_—> 6 0 y a w she 1M a aw 8 LTS wom) see re a aes > fy BLS tie ale Ts 2 4 fo ‘a a 00 Mk a) le, le Lt 4 2 yo 5s sf 4 oe a0 f“! 08 orf oe} os | ov Hote: l= = = Aras = 17 Ca308Y = ‘Al opags = 18 LMC ELECTRONIC DESIGN Fig. 2-1 An anemometer can be realized by utilizing the inherent transconductance match of transistors in the array, instead of passive series resistances, to control filament current. Asa result, as Al serves the collector current of Q4 and thereby the voltage across R1, it simultaneously adjusts the filament, (a2182-type incandescent lamp denuded of its glass envelope) voltage, ¥,. The ratio of the filameit to Ri current is stably maintained by the identical temperature and operating points of Q1 through Q4. The net result is Utat Al drives the filament temperature to the value that causes filament resis- tance to equal 1/3 = 33 Q. This is about double the cold resistance of the filament and therefore, as- suming tungsten wire with a 0.0045/degree coefficient of resistance, represents a filament operating temperature of around 230°C. This is hot enough that moderate changes in ambient temperature are unimportant factors in filament, power demand, but not so hot as to cause the filament to burn. Rail-to-rail input, amplifier A2 continuously serves the collector current of Q5 to j/R,, making the Y,,, of LQ5 a logarithmic function of ¥;, A3 multiplies this log by 4 and applies the product of Q7. Q7 does the antilog function so that its collector current is proportional to the fourth power of ¥. ‘Thus, by King’s law, it’s proportional to air speed in the vicinity of the filament. This current is offset and scaled by A4 to produce a voltage output that, thanks to the rail-to-rail output capability of the LMC6484, can range from 0.01 (o 4.99 V, Full-scale air speed can be adjusted, using R7, to any value in the range of 1 to 10 meters/s.ELECTRONIC ANEMOMETER “seeTEML POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 2-2 A motor used as a generator is used as a transducer to generate a de voltage that is proportional to wind speed. K1 prevents the transducer voltages from being applied to the eircult if no de power is present. ULA through U1D is ade amplifier, integrator, and buffer. This circuit drives the meter M1 ‘The processor board is mounted in a housing along with the gencrator M1. AIR FLOW DETECTOR * SELF HEATING IS USED TO DETECT AIR FLOW POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 2-3 ‘The self heating of a semiconductor that is cooled by airflow is used as a sensing method.3 Alarm and Security Circuits ‘The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page ‘707. The figure number in the box of each cireuit correlates to the entry in the Sources section. Burglar Alarm Circuit Auto Security System Transmitter Home Security System Auto Security System Receiver Flashing Brake Light for Motorcycles Car Alarm Decoy Motoreyele Alarm Simple Bike Horn Door Ajar Indicator Motoreyele Burglar Alarm Horn Circuit for Motorcycle UseBURGLAR ALARM CIRCUIT This alarm circuit is built around a single 4081 (CMOS) quad AND gate. It offers an exit and entry delay (around automatically reset. two minutes after tripping, provided that. the Up input is not left high) ‘The arming switch must go high to arm or low to disarm. After arming, Ul-a begins to ‘charge C1 via R6. Around 20 seconds later (af- ter the exit delay), Cl has a sufficient charge to produce a high at the pin-5 input of Ub Also, when the circuit is armed, QL is turned on to indicate arming, and one input of U1-d is brought high After the exit delay times out, if the trip in- Ut opens, it causes an output on gate UL-b. ‘Transistor Q1 is turned on, lighting the trip indi- cator (LEDB), C2 instantly charges, and the out put of Ul-c goes high. At that point, C3 begins charging to provide the entry delay. After 20 seconds, C3 hus sufficient charge to produce a high af pin 13 of U1-d. That forces Ul-d's output high, tuning Q3 and Q4 on, which activates the alarm indicator (LED2) and sounder (BZ1), respectively, If disarmed afler a Urip pulse, but before the 20-second, entry delay time out, pin 12 of UL-d goes low, so the gate’s output. does not go high and the alarm does not sound. Components C2 and R10 hold U1-c on for around 2 minutes and 20 seconds to provide the two-minute alarm. After C2's charge drops below half of the supply voltage, 111-c’s output goes low, awaiting another trip pulse to set it off again. POPULAR ELECTRONICS, Fig. 3-1AUTO SECURITY SYSTEM TRANSMITTER 2 bt —o s2 (CHANNEL A IGNITION POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-2 ‘This transmitter operates at 49 MHz and uses an M145026 programmable digital encoder to gen- erate a unique digital code, depending on the positions of $2 and $3, to control ignition and lights or horn. Q1 is the oscillator, Q2 the power amplifier. The antenna is a 36-inch whip or wire antenna.ail Eg FERRES seeReAeE WALSAS ALIBNDAS SWOH‘Atoneg-dnyoed owp orey9 01 pash sey) ndino A-gI TueIsUOS e BuIpIAord ose omy ‘somor a9 pakog-UIO ay? 40J 9PA ¢ puE ‘pedéay [eBIp pur suows axp OF 9p ZT saplaaud sjddns samod s.wioysAs SY, ‘auoz VorDaTOId YOR JO UOTTTPUOD ayy A‘OYS ATTENpIAIpUY 0} past ST TeyA oud snyeys-ouoz jeuondo ue osfe st azayp pue ‘(oanqey as0d ¥ BULINp OUT|-UO WaySAS aly daay 04) AxoryEq drojoRG k sey ‘(SoouET -de pure stysy] asnoy jonuoD oy 7 TumMoTTe) aiquedwoo O1-X sar “(si9qumnu suoydeyay paunuesFosd-osd sperp ‘AouaKrwD jo ase9 Ur yorum) JofeIp-o1ne ue roy Goddns ‘aso1 wroysAs ONEUIOINE ‘(SUONENY|S ADUARIAUIA 105) YoHLAS oTUed v 'sAPIap qIXo pue AUD arqeasnipe ‘sauoz. uonoojord penprampur UBS soanqeay “WIO} oISeq WOW! S|l UL WlAYSAS AyuMDes OWIOY OU, WOM 8X NB F9OLTB “ATA ogy uo onnsuy uresBoad sy sanravax YorY ‘La|joxquoDOIONUL 19-8-87 SBONZ “OT! SE uN joryoD-uTeUE O49 Jo Ivy ay WY ee By ‘SoINOULOaTA UVTNdOSAUTO SECURITY SYSTEM RECEIVER POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-4 ‘This receiver is a superheterodyne type tuned lo 49 MHz. U2 is a mixer, followed by a 10.7-MHz filter and two-stage IF (U3, U4) and detector. The encoded received RF pulse signal from the an- tenna produces detected pulse from the MC1330P. These pulses are amplified by U5 and fed to de- coder IC U6, and MC1450278. Two channels are available at the-output, which drives K1 and K2 2FLASHING BRAKE LIGHT FOR MOTORCYCLES: POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-5 When brake-light switch S1 is closed, power is applied to U1 and U2. Two inverters of U2, a 4049 hex inverting buffer, are connected in a low-frequency oscillator circuit that feeds clock pulses into Ul, a 4017 decade counter/divider. Outputs 0, 2, 4, 6, and’8 of U1 are coupled to the gate of QL through a 1N914 diode. As the 4017 counts down, it turns the brake light on and off four times and then leaves it on until the brake switch is released. The or/off rate can be set by potentiometer R2; for best results, the on/off rate should be set so that it is rapid. 13‘CAR ALARM.DECOY The device will simulate the presence of a burglar alarm in automobiles or homes. Mount RL where daylight can fall on it. During darkness, LEDI flashes, making potential intruders think an alarnrsystem is installed. POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-6 MOTORCYCLE ALARM of al, J+tavoutianmon SHAT gy (SWITCHED +12) 21 |: vour sarreny re bs fo anata. — ap ite_Jorouno ¢enrren POPULAR ELECTRONICS: Fig. 3-7 A dual timer is used to generate a long pulse, which gates a second timer, producing a square wave (nonsymmetrical) and controls the on/off time of the horn. Siren operation can be selected with a jumper. In this case, the output of QI will be continuously on and not cycled. Sensor S1 is a row of adjacent circuit board! traces with a stainless steel ball bearing laying on them. Any movement, causes momentary shorting and opening of the cirenit, triggering Ul-a. 14SIMPLE BIKE HORN ‘The horn circuit uses only one gate of a 4093 quad 2-input NAND Schmitt trigger, Ul, con- nected in a simple, low-frequency, square-wave oscillator circuit. The oscillator’s output,-at pin 3, drives the gate of Ql. The drain of that FET drives a small hom speaker. Potentiometer R1 can be adjusted to set the horn’s output frequency. Some horn speakers are frequency sensitive, so play with the oscillator's frequency control for the best or loudest sound, POPULAR ELECTRONICS, Fig. 3-8 DOOR AJAR INDICATOR sy 4 aK 8 zt 2 PIEZO OR ELECTAO-MECHANCAL ‘SOUNDER : 8 © TORING , OFU! POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-9 This simple sounder (A) makes a good door annuneiator. If the buzzer is replaced with the cir- cuit in B, the annunciator can be made more pleasant to the ear. 15MOTORCYCLE BURGLAR ALARM 0 Moroncyoie mekcunY POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-10 A555 IC is connected in a one-shot timer cir- cuit that turns on a FET transistor and cither a siren or the bikes hor for a preset time period. Switch $1 is used as an on/off switch. Closing either of two switches, $2 and $3, will trigger the IC. When either switch closes, pin 2 of U] gues low. That triggers the IC to produce positive output at pin 3 and sounds the alarm for the time period set by R3. The mercury switch, $3, is the switch that activates the alarm should anyone move your bike, Switch $2 can be used as a panic switch. HORN CIRCUIT FOR MOTORCYCLE USE POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 3-11 Gates Ul-a and UL-b of the 4093 quad 2- input NAND Schmitt trigger are connected in variable, low-frequency, square-wave oscillator circuits. The output of gate Ul-a is connected to one of the inputs of gate UL-b. The square-wave output of gate Ul-a modulates oscillator U1-b, producing a two-tone output. A really interesting sound can be produced by carefully adjusting po- tentiometers RI and R2. 164 Amateur Circuits The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page 707. The figure number in the box of each circuit correlates to the entry in the Sources section. 1.2-KW 144-MHz Amplifier Power Supply 1.2-KW 144-MHz Amplifier Control Circuitry 1.2-KW 144-MHz Linear Amplifier Four-Stage 75-Meter SSB Superhet Receiver Improved CW Transmitter Keying Circuit ‘One-Chip AFSK Generator Programmable CW Identifier Audible SWR Detector Adapter Audio Breakout Box One-Watt CW Transmitter PTT Control from Receiver Audio ‘Transceiver Memory Backup 80-Meter SSB Receiver CW Audio Filter RF Line Sampler/Coupler Battery Pack and Reverse Polarity Protection Simple Identifier ‘Transmit Keyer Interface Circuits Mobile Radio On-Alarm Timer 171.2-KW 144-MHz AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLY Schomaticdagram ol he high-voltage ower supply recommended or use wit the power emp. 0F-04—Sringe of each, 1000-PIV, 5A (mA meter movement weed wih aenies Tt—Hegh-valage power taislomer, ‘odes, )Nos08 or eaueatant fears shown i rang) ‘Zao pray. dene. 1228 seecnoaty wg OPST rola. 120" aecom, 40.V-ec, MOTI=Cooing tan, Tor TA-00 ot {eat 20-526 0° saivalen 10M conus inland Rose wiviert Ae Sepaoun rorstormen,omece seraeize or quater) ait enb epee or 13125 2e0-V 0 a0, S00, rar mata ay tov aceon Ge Mbeatace ea ra LBowerranwfomey saree 10639 miigrovlage meter ShVostUl scale breaker attr ara Bvmield crates) , " Wede2d2 20 or equator) Fig. 4-1 ost A schematic diagram of the high-voltage power supply recommended for use with the power transformer, This power supply can also be used for other equipment with similar requirements. CAUTION: hazardous high voltages. 181.2-KW 144-MHz AMPLIFIER CONTROL CIRCUITRY ‘een sega ost Fig. 4-2 Schematic diagram of.the amplifier-control circuits,ast 1.2-kW 144-MHz LINEAR AMPLIFIER: 1-64-1000, AV, type B80 SS toan rs {S—Anode- tuning capac, ee text and Figure stor dotais cr “Beiputtoasing capac fang Povte tte Beis CBC1O™O00-pF siver mica, 500 V Gti 'so or avvonabie E1290 ue a 5t=1000 BN, 38 dds, 165408 oF teal D8S62.v, 0 Zener doce, ECS S298 a1 Chace mount BNC connector UeTypeN connector ed to Ougut ‘couping assembi aoe gure Lite atone ot ec ae ue & Ls" 5 tne, Yoinon mete, case neh spacing REG Pt ho 18 einen dames, “Sine ong Schematic diagram of the 2-meter amplifier. pele ret oor, AFCE. AFCO—10 tno. 12, Vfeaien Gamat. 2 inches long lament varslormerPrnaty. 120 Secondary: 6.8 v.28 A center tapped [Rvalable lor Avatar Magnetics (Honald.C. Witams, WOLF. 240 amar Tra Inaapots, IN A827, 317-768-1211). pat umber AV-538 Micro miltamaeter 200 mA de fa soars Moe Caode ameter, 2 8 de ful scala MOTH 180 reer et, 120-V a0 blower, ‘Dayion «C442 or equal Sources for some ofthe hard to get pats Fale Radio Sates, 1018 € Eureka, Lena OH 3802, tel 418-297-6873 Surplus Salo of Nebraska, 1502 Jones Secs, : Fig, 4-3Jan[y [Paso v se sJow TK "UAOYS S| PUeG ANoywUreE sayaUT-Gy OM uJ UoNMdeDeN gE Ao] JoATeaed tolYadns arduus y rb Bis 480 Simones ots aRs paayiea pout YSAIZOaY LAHYAdNS ASS HALAW-S4 JOVLS-HNOS 21IMPROVED CW TRANSMITTER KEYING CIRCUIT sv To AMPs o ooh TR » Fy sav “15N ne Fs yt weve Sms Pe ADs stey vouT a6 cad cone os Kev 0 Y veo spor OFF-SEr TA AMATEUR RADIOTODAY Fig. 4-5 ‘Typical (A) QRP keying circuit; (B) Improved QRP keying circuit with CMOS T/R keying control, Op amp U2b is a basic inverting amplifier with a gain of one. The capacitor C5 across the feedback resistor R11 makes it an integrator. The RC time constant of R11 and C5 determine the ramp time. ‘The values shown will produce a 5-ms ramp. Use a good-quality capacitor for C5, such as a mylar or polypropylene type. A power transistor is placed inside the feedback loop so that the circuit can sup- ply several hundred milliamperes of current. Control P2 sets the stand-by output voltage as seen atthe output signal, IMPROVED CW TRANSMITTER KEYING CIRCUIT (Cont.) the emitter of Q1. U2a buffers the voltage from P2. This isolates the pot from the input of the inte- grator. With the key up, adjust the pot until you just start to see an output from your transmitter, then back it off a little. Typically, this will be between 2 and 4 V. Your output signal will now have the proper 5-ms leading and falling edges and there will be no delay between key closure and the start of You must supply the op amp and collector of Q2 with at least: 15 V to produce a full 12-V output on the emitter. Parts list RL, R4, R12 R2 RS, R8, RU RG, R7 Ro Rw PL P2 Qu Qe ul u2 1kKQ4uW ATKQUW 100 kQ 22k 47a 102 100 kQ or 500 kQ trimpot 10 kQ trimpot 2N3904 NPN Tip 41-0-220 NPN 4011B CMOS NAND gates M358 dual op amp cL C2 3,64 oS ce C7 8 D1, b2 DB, D4, DS 0.01 WF disk 0,001 pF disk 10 we, 25 V electrolytic 0.047 UF poly-film type 1 ME, 25 V electrolytic Skipped 100 pF, 26 V electrolytic IN4148 diode 1N4001 1-A diode ONE-CHIP AFSK GENERATOR Our 51k 54k 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY APSK La Fig. 4-6 Built around an XR2206 IC, this circuit will generate AFSK signals in the 1000- to 3000-Hz range. 23PROGRAMMABLE CW IDENTIFIER ‘revo (a. fee ah tea aon ‘81 Control Settings weu $75 10 15 15 1 20 28 rt ot of ot ott on anon on S12 ot of Sn ana ot onan 8:3 SH on oh Gn aoa on TIMER OFF 51m 10. Conticuous rt ot of anon Shs SH onan 8 OA momentary gounson ths tarmina! causes te Def playis message; same as presang te MAvonGanAM puEnBUON PTTAn epencoiecor vipa ach goa 0 gourd 250 bear the CW ouput ‘coca This tpl suse place age in varsmt rode andle montcedoy he reste. KEY—An opemcolacor ouput that goes'o grou ring CW keying. Tis oust Temontotod by tne speaker andthe yoiow Le. ast Fig. 4-7 ‘The identifier uses an MTA81010 microchip, containing a 1024-bit serial EEPROM and a micro- controller. It runs from a 9-V battery. A standard AT-type keyboard is used to program the desired message. Speed varies from 5 to 25 wpm. 24AUDIBLE SWR DETECTOR ADAPTER ya ase . oe Saat tae ye T5606 sexsnniry ast Fig. 4-8 ‘This SWR detector audio adapter is designed specifically for blind or vision-impaired amateurs, but anyone can use it. Instead of using a meter (or meters) to indicate antenna system forward and reflected voltages, this adapter generates two Lones with frequencies that are proportional to the re- spective voltages. The tones are fed to a pair of stereo headphones (the miniature types are ideal) so that one ear hears the forward-voltage tone and the other ear hears the reflected-voltage tone. Thus, tuning up a transmitter is simply a matter of tuning for the highest-pitched tone in the left ear and the lowest-pitched tone in the right ear. 25ost AUDIO BREAKOUT BOX eho Fig. 4-9AUDIO BREAKOUT BOX (Cont.) In many radio shacks, one receiver audio-output line feeds a multitude of add-ons, such as one ‘or more TNXs, SSTV modems, PC plug-in boards, and, perhaps, speakers. Having to manually plug the audio source from one accessory to another is inconvenient, if not frustrating as well. Overload- ing the sources by connecting the loads in parallel isn’t satisfactory, either. ‘The audio breakout box takes the audio output from a receiver (or other audio source) and ap- plies it to the inputs of four identical, independent, low-level AF buffer/amplifiers and one high-level (1-W output) AF channel. Each low-level output channel can provide up to 20 dB of gain that's in- dependently adjustable. ONE-WATT CW TRANSMITTER: 491013 Ferrite Bead * Proce emall ferrite ‘on gate leod of OS ast Fig. 4-10 6,07 rm 820 pF dise ceramic (160 meters) 33 turns, #30, 737-2 (160 meters) 470 pF disc ceramic (80 meters) 23 turns, #30, 737-2 (80 meters) 220 pF dise ceramic (40 meters) 17 turns, #26, T37-2 (40 meters) 150 pF dise ceramic (30 meters) 14 turns, #26, T37-2 (30 meters) 100 pF dise ceramic (20 meters) 12 turns, #26, T37-2 (20 meters) 82 pF dise ceramic (17 meters) 10 turns, #26, T37-2 (17 meters) orPTT CONTROL FROM RECEIVER AUDIO 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-14 ‘This system will key a transmitter or other device that can be keyed by a relay closure. Audio is amplified, limited, and is rectified and drives relay driver Q2 and LED indicator. The transmitter au- dio output was used to feed a keyed transmitter and can be deleted or ignored where this feature is unnecessary. TRANSCEIVER MEMORY BACKUP Although designed for a Kenwood TR7730, this idea might be adapted to other transceivers. ‘This circuit will retain the frequencies in memory while moving the rig from car to house and vice versa. When connected to an extemal power source, battery B1 is charged through R1 and D1 TR D1 prevents B1 from discharging when connected to an external supply that is turned off. When ex- ternal power is removed, D2 provides a current path to the TR-7730 to retain the memory’s con- tents. However, the TR-7730 power switch should be turned off before external power is removed because BI will not provide power for normal op- eration, chew elie 3k Gwen Sure 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-12 2880-METER SSB RECEIVER ‘Sse ow tne a) gram Ee Lege NO eng HO by 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-13 ‘This circuit uses an MC3335P IF chip and features a 3-pole crystal filter made from micro- processor crystals. Tuning is done either with a varactor diode or air-variable capacitor, as shown. Values are for 80 meters CW AUDIO FILTER ‘* aan aa aon TS AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-14 A high-performance passive filter. The center frequency is 700 Hz; ~3-dB bandwidth is 200 Hz. 29RF LINE SAMPLER/COUPLER #18 wire passed ‘through toroid AF Inout FF infout mM Freq. range = 21090MHz dia. core Ferroxcube 4C4 material Totoid = 10 Turns #28 enamel WILLIAM SHEETS Fig. 4-15 Suitable for RF line sampling, this coupler is useful where an indirect measurement of line cur- rent is needed. A 10:1 turn ratio yields a secondary current about Ye (ideally) of the line current. A 51-Q resistor terminates the secondary. Insertion loss in the main line is negligible, < 0.1 dB. For higher power levels, use proportionately larger core for TI. BATTERY PACK AND REVERSE POLARITY PROTECTION oe externa | interno! Output to Power of 12-v o Eatery _ Gel-Con tw Charger Tih Battery SHOP Tranceiver| 9- ost Fig. 4-16 Schematic diagram and parts list for the reverse-polarity protection circuit (optional) D1 1N5400 silicon diode Fl 1-A fast-acting fuse S1 SPST rocker switch‘SIMPLE IDENTIFIER ast Fig. 4-17 ‘This identifier uses a PIC 16C54 microcontroller which must be programmed for your desired identifier. TRANSMIT KEYER INTERFACE CIRCUITS Driving the input lines TH oc s-vot o (GhOS gate Mechanical | > toga, tone ———(elosed= 1) te 99, TONE osoine oS 19610 ie Connecting the keying output ty oa Shaw Texter Serene” ww 3 / cSonean From KEY = Fam KEY 9 note Re vate ‘Neies a = we = 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-18 ‘These circuits are for use with Morse koyers and identifiers. They can be used to interface vari- ous devices with the identifier cireuitry. 31MOBILE RADIO ON-ALARM TIMER + vonage sue emit Open able Culpa et Wan oon “aa_| Tinw oom 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 4-19 ‘This system will prevent you from accidentally leaving your mobile radio on, draining the battery, LED! will ight when the vehicle's ignition is on, or while the car is running, Switch $1 in the ON po- sition will close relay K1, completing the power circuit to the equipment. If the ignition switch is shut, off, and switch $1 is still in the ON position, an alarm (piezo) will begin to beep and LED? will flash Returning S1 to the center position will shut everything off. If equipment operation is desired after shutting off the vehicle, you can place switch $1 in the AUTO position and momentarily press $2, a normally open push-button switch. Depressing this switch begins a timing cycle, The length of time that the Mobile-ON alarm/timer operates before shutting everything off can be “programmed” by se- ecting R6. The approximate time delays are provided in the chart with the schematic, Or, you could change the value of (6, These components control the holding time of relay K1, LEDS will light while the cireuit is in AUTO status. Incidentally, you can also cancel the time delay at any time during the delay period by simply switching it off.5 Amateur Television (ATV) Circuits The sources of the following cirenits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page 707. The figure number in the box of each circuit correlates to the entry in the Sources section, 5-W ATV Transmitter for 440 MHz 5-W ATV Transceiver Mini ATV Transmitter Dummy Load and Video Detector for Transmnitter Tests Mast-Mounted ATV Preamp ‘Three-Channel 902- to 928-MHz ATV Transmitter ATV Downeonverter for 902 to 928 MHz ‘Three-Channel 420- to 450-MHz ATV Transmitter ATV Downconverter for 420 to 450 MHz. 33‘VESOO-POROT AN ‘*1at100y aN “LONG LARA ‘es KOO ‘OEY AUTOS YAION wouy e|qERAe St ‘preOg De arp Sut =pnpout ‘sued Jo 4j aqajduzoa y ‘uOMEUUOFUT Capra ay} YI PauTquidd Pur IMAM OOA & BUIsN paresoue” st satuRAqns punos ¥ “ATTIG -edes LORYMpOUT OApIA ayy saplAord JOEMNpoUr SALES [AASP-YBNY Y LayTdweE 10d ayy aup 03 ZW OPP seonpord Jalqnop JaYyOUy dyno ZHIN-0Zz ¥ sonpoud 0} Ja[qnop ¥ s@ALIp LOyeTLOso peso y “sdy) Yous uo Indo GY MA g AeA) sonpoud fa Mos au, +9 6g ‘MON SOINOULOa TA ZHW Ob? HOS HALLINSNVUL ALY M-S 345-W ATV TRANSCEIVER ELECTRONICS NOW Fig. 5-2 For the transmitter schematic (part of this transceiver), see entry entiled “5-W ATV Transmit- ter for 440 MHz, Fig. 5-1." The downconverter portion is shown here. This transmitter contains both a video and sound section, Five to six watts PEP on synch tips of NTSG video are produced. Three channels are available, Channel switching is via PIN diodes. Power supply voltage is 12 to 14 Vde, The receiver function is provided with a downconverter circuit and is tunable, A relay is used for T-R switching. A complete kit of parts, including PC board, is available from North Country Radio, P.0.Box 53, Wykagy! Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804-00534. 35,‘VEGO0-FOROT AN ‘OnSuDOY HN “VON, “Pig BEAK ‘EG XOK “Od ‘OIPEY ANUMOD YWON wloyy aTGeTLAR st ‘prog Oe BuEpnyoU ‘syzed Jo yw OaIdUIOD V “SYJOA FT 04 JO SORE “TOA Addins wie A, ZT 02 F'9 SE NdyNo aU, ‘WoHTEULOTUT OaprA ay YALA PaulquIOD S| pu MOTI ODA v YLAs parwiaueP st soLLTaqns PUNOS ay, JoOIEMpo soues JO}STSURIT-aIYY) @ BIA S| VONE|NPoUT oaprA ‘ToITTCUIe Jas0d wy sodnMUrsoETOso TeIsA9 y “sosod ~and aougi[ieains pue o/y ‘opyTel-orpuey oapra ‘orper ANayeure soy [NYasN sf raTIRUUSUeN} pUNos pue OApIA NS TN JaK0d-A0T SE, e-¢ Biy (MON SOINOHLO373 YALUWSNVYL ALY INIADUMMY LOAD AND VIDEO DETECTOR FOR TRANSMITTER TESTS Input Output +16 dBm 41 M0 1/20 pF 100 MHz to 1.3 GHz BW 75 MHz * 00-0 chip resistors WILLIAM SHEETS Fig. 5-4 This circuit is useful as a video modulation monitor for testing low-power video transmitters. For higher power inputs, use a suitable attenuator between the detector and the source. The detector should be connected to scope with as short a cable as possible to preserve video bandwidth, MAST-MOUNTED ATV PREAMP fe SEROMER NESTOR] : | HAWG Aue Toe io DCPOWERINJECTOR = | TT els mae en Se ee ale oP Lo stavoe. 73 AMATEUR RADIO TODAY Fig. 5-5 This simple ATV preamp covers the 427- to 439-MHz ATV frequencies and can be mast mounted and de powered through the feediine 37THREE-CHANNEL 902- TO 928-MHz ATV TRANSMITTER FREQ) “ 230 Mi ATL Outout FregiNte) — Freaiue) x 6.851 910.25 %2 Optionst x3 5703 923.25 fo 100 Denotes Mutua! Sep ey inset Sbcarier y ‘Switen Here (Sound Jurnper) 20 18 wa cao + tae mn By ah cx h cas roo] 10. cH f0 aie BK oe sua 2-189 i input sou Gat 3 o sto ' mst! weary we wn vanes goa eaten essae [ Gemeanrsnanmaat eee a | Spine ne es on Give 2a Negative Syne) Vises Inpct ost ‘This transmitter is for ATV applications in the 902- to 928-MHz band. It has three crystal-con- trolled channels, and will accept standard NTSC video input. It also has a 4,5-MHz sound subcarrier, Because this is an AM transmitter, audio can be transmitted as AM on the RF carrier, Simply use the 3820 Dovtier 100 CH i le cri/ta we oc any 3 input oe o 3 10 cH t Rn ars | N#007 3 3 =) nm 471049 spre 23 3 PA oor T oer 3 we Re 47 (Nomina) Video Amp oa FE, AE temo Fig. 5-6 video input, Bandwidth of audio can be restricted to 20 kHz by placing a capacitor with a value of about 0.002 UF across R34. The output is 1.5 to 2 watts PEP into a 50-Q load. A complete kit of parts including PC board, is available from North Country Radio, P.O. Box 53, Wykagyl Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804-0053A. 39ATV DOWNCONVERTER FOR 902 TO 928 MHz nad ny Ar evans { aa sant “(ase ast ‘This downconverter converts ATV signals in the 902- to 928-MHz range to a 61.25- or 67.25-MH.1F output frequency (CH 8 or CH 4) to enable reception of these signals on a standard VHF TY receiver or monitor. It features a low-noise RF amp feeding a Schottky diode double-balanced mixer, a tunable LO and one IF preamp stage. The RF amplifier is a low-noise dual-gale GASFET that is followed by a sec- ond RF stage using an MMIC. Five tuned cireuits are used in the RF aiuplifier. This feeds a packaged Schottky diode mixer assembly for better dynamic range and reduced susceptibility to intermodulation and strong signal areas. The on-board local oscillator (LO) is voltage tuned and if desired can be set up for remote tuning. All necessary circuitry for remote tunting is on board for coax de and IF feed. T!fi Set mace TL Gnas niete “Thane ‘rat on head, decimal thers orem pce (99) sare Fig. 5-7 ables the downconverter to be mast mounted to get around feedline losses generally associated with this frequency range. No separate de feed is necessary because the coax (RG5S/U recommended) carries de power, tuning voltage, and IF signal. A dc block is used at. the receiver for the purpose of separating dc voltage supply and the tuning voltage. This allows a cable run of several hundred feet, if needed By using this downconverter and transmitter, a physically small 915-MHz ATV station or even a video HT can be constructed because both units are each 2.50 x 4,00 inches x 1.00 high, and can be stacked together. A complete kit of parts, including PC board is available from North Country Radio, PO. Box 53, Wykagyl Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804-0053A. 4aTHREE-CHANNEL 420- TO 450-MHz ATV TRANSMITTER Di-D3 MPN3404 Lipuar co tt 2.3 Muller NPO. F excker section smvav L RMS > *€42.1 10 8.8 pF can be used fo vary subcarrier level. RUDOLF F. GRAF AND WILLIAM SHEETS This transmitter is a 2-watt PEP output device for 420- to 450-MHz amateur TV operation. It has three crystal-controlled channels and will aecept standard NTSC video input. It also has a 4.5-MHz sound subcarrier capability. Because this transmitter has AM modulation, audio can be transmitted in 42FF x cee Toes ‘500 a SOpF S56 9F 2 Toto D'nro “Die or = Ri2 a ‘Sars a 24 100 C25 Sea = oS 1535. “To20' Tear S100 pF : ‘hip ze be 1 Pep Ouputiter + Br a 4 Matching network PA section N26 VtoRE Fig. 5-8 AM form on the RF carrier by applying audio to the video input. Bandwidth of audio can be restricted to 20 kHz by placing a 0.002-F capacitor across R34. A complete kit of parts, including PC board is available from North Country Radio, P.O. Box 53, Wykagyl Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804-0053.-ATV DOWNCONVERTER FOR 420 TO 450 MHz k a a= = — be Vth a= IF ANP [18548 TOTAL) {9500 TOTAL) 4 (+1908 TOTAL) RF ANP t BALANCED ‘ST FILIER +2008 | Dr FIUIER NaKeR = 0.348 Wret 5dB 1 248 rise wre 3} >} Jesh 3 Jroouns “i iam a BWiei0te Remove TUNING ———o FontentioMereR Tene RADIO-ELECTRONICS Fig. 6-9 This ATV downconverter converts the 420- to 450-MHz ATV band, which is several channels be- low the lower limit. of the UHF band, to channel 3 or 4 for viewing on virtually any TV. The down- converter has a low-noise preamplifier stage and a double-balanced passive mixer for good performance and a wide dynamic range. That is necessary with today’s crowded UHF bands. The converter draws about 27 milliamperes from a 13.2-volt de source, so it can be used in portable and mobile applications. An extra IF stage gives an overall gain of about 25 dB. A block diagram of the downconverter is also shown. A complete kit of parts, including’PC board, is available from North Country Radio, PO. Box 53, Wykagyl Station, New Rochelle, NY 10804-00534,