Chng 7 H THNG S C BN

I. BIU DIN S:

Mt s trong h thng s c to ra t mt hay nhiu

k s (digit), c th bao gm 2 phn: phn nguyn v
phn l, c phn cch nhau bng du chm c s
(radix).
Trng s (Weight) ca mi k s ph thuc vo v tr
ca k s .

Trng s = C s V tr

Bi ging mn K thut in t 1
GV: L Th Kim Anh
V tr ca k s c nh th t t 0 cho k s hng
n v, th t ny c tng ln 1 cho k s bn tri
v gim i 1 cho k s bn phi.

Gi tr ca s c tnh bng tng ca cc tch k s

vi trng s.

Gi tr = K s. Trng s
K s tn cng bn tri c gi l k s c trng
s ln nht (Most Significant Digit MSD), k s
tn cng bn phi c gi l k s c trng s nh
nht (Least Significant Digit LSD).
Bi ging mn K thut in t 2
GV: L Th Kim Anh
H THNG S THP PHN (DECIMAL - DEC)
H thp phn c c s l 10, s dng 10 k s l
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3
V d: 2 4 7 . 6 2 5
102 101 100 . 10-1 10-2 10-3

Gi tr :
2x102 + 4x101 + 7x100 + 6x10-1 +2x10-2 + 5x10-3= 247.625
phn bit s thp phn vi s ca cc h thng s
khc, ta thm k hiu D (decimal) hoc 10 dng ch
s di vo ng sau.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 3
GV: L Th Kim Anh
H THNG S NH PHN (BINARY-BIN)
H nh phn c c s l 2, s dng 2 k s l 0 v 1.

Nguyn tc to ra s nh phn, cch tnh trng s v

gi tr ca s nh phn tng t vi cch thc
hin i vi s thp phn.

S nh phn c k hiu bi k t B (binary) hoc

s 2 dng ch s di.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 4
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Mi k s trong h nh phn c gi l 1 bit (binary
digit).
Bit nm tn cng bn tri c gi l bit c trng s
ln nht (Most Significant Bit MSB).
Bit nm tn cng bn phi c gi l bit c trng s
nh nht (Least Significant Bit LSB).
S nh phn c dng biu din cc tn hiu
trong mch s.
2 1 0 . -1 -2 -3
V d: 1 0 1 . 0 1 1
22 21 20 . 2-1 2-2 2-3
Gi tr : 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20 + 0x2-1 +1x2-2 + 1x2-3= 5.375
Bi ging mn K thut in t 5
GV: L Th Kim Anh
H THNG THP LC PHN (HEX)
C s l 16. Biu din bi 16 k t 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary

0 0 0000 8 8 1000
1 1 0001 9 9 1001
2 2 0010 A 10 1010
3 3 0011 B 11 1011
4 4 0100 C 12 1100
5 5 0101 D 13 1101
6 6 0110 E 14 1110
7 7 0111 F 15 1111

Bi ging mn K thut in t 6
GV: L Th Kim Anh
II. CHUYN I C S:
a. Chuyn t cc h thng s khc sang h thp phn
Bng cch tnh gi tr ca s cn chuyn i
V d: i s 1001.01B sang h thp phn
3 2 1 0 -1 -2
1 0 0 1, 0 1

1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 0 x 21 + 1 x 20 +0 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2

Kt qu:
1001,01B = 9. 25D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 7
GV: L Th Kim Anh
V d: i s AC18. 25H sang h thp phn

3 2 1 0 -1 -2

A C 1 8, 2 5

10 x 163 + 12 x 162+ 1 x 16 1+8 x16 0+2 x 16 -1+ 5 x 16 -2

Kt qu:
AC18.25H = 44056. 28125D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 8
GV: L Th Kim Anh
b. Chuyn t h thp phn sang cc h thng s vi
c s r
+ Phn nguyn: chia lin tip cho r n khi c kt
qu ca php chia l 0 ri ly cc s d theo th
t t di ln.

+ Phn l: nhn lin tip vi r, sau mi ln nhn

ly i s phn nguyn, tip tc cho n khi kt
qu l 0 hoc n khi t chnh xc cn thit.
Kt qu l ly cc s nguyn i theo th t t
trn xung.
Bi ging mn K thut in t 9
GV: L Th Kim Anh
V d : i s 19.8125D sang h nh phn
Phn nguyn Phn l
19 2 0,8125 x 2 = 1,625 ly bit 1
1 9 2 0,625 x 2 = 1,25 ly bit 1
1 4 2 0,25 x 2 = 0,5 ly bit 0
0 2 2 0,5 x 2 = 1,0 ly bit 1
0 1 2
1 0

Kt qu: 19.8125 D = 10011.1101 B

Bi ging mn K thut in t 10
GV: L Th Kim Anh
V d : i s 1480.4296875D sang h thp lc phn

1480 : 16 = 92 d 8 (LSD)
92 : 16 = 5 d 12
5 : 16 = 0 d 5

5 C 8 .6 E H

0.4296875 x 16 = 6.875 phn nguyn 6

0.875 x 16 = 14.0 phn nguyn 14

Bi ging mn K thut in t 11
GV: L Th Kim Anh
c. T nh phn sang thp lc phn:
Nhm 4 bit nh phn thnh 1 s thp lc phn

0011101101011101.01101010 B
3 B 5 D . 6 A H
d. T thp lc phn sang nh phn :
Mi k s thp lc phn tng ng vi 4 bit nh phn.
2 C 9 . E 8 H

0 01011001001.11101000 B
Bi ging mn K thut in t 12
GV: L Th Kim Anh
III. S NH PHN:
a. Mt s tnh cht ca s nh phn
- S nh phn n bit c tm gi tr t 0 2n 1.
- S nh phn chn (chia ht cho 2) c LSB = 0.
- S nh phn l (khng chia ht cho 2) c LSB = 1.
- Bit cn c dng lm n v o lng thng tin.
- Cc bi s ca bit l:
1 byte = 8 bit
1 KB = 210 byte = 1024 byte
1MB = 210 KB
1GB = 210MB
1TB = 210GB
Bi ging mn K thut in t 13
GV: L Th Kim Anh
b. Cc php ton s hc trn s nh phn
a. Php cng: 1 1 1
0 + 0 = 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 + 1 = 1 1 0 1
1 + 0 = 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 + 1 = 0 nh 1
b. Php tr:
-1 -1 -1
0 - 0 = 0
1 1 0 1 0
0 - 1 = 1 mn 1
1 1 1
1 - 0 = 1
1 0 0 1 1
1 - 1 = 0
Bi ging mn K thut in t 14
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 1 0 1 1
c. Php nhn:
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1
d. Php chia:
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 0
Bi ging mn K thut in t 15
GV: L Th Kim Anh
c. M nh phn
M nh phn cho s thp phn (BCD)

So BCD BCD BCD Ma 1 trong 10

thap phan (8 4 2 1) (2 4 2 1) qua 3
0 0000 0000 0011 0000000001
1 0001 0001 0100 0000000010
2 0010 0010 0101 0000000100
3 0011 0011 0110 0000001000
4 0100 0100 0111 0000010000
5 0101 1011 1000 0000100000
6 0110 1100 1001 0001000000
7 0111 1101 1010 0010000000
8 1000 1110 1011 0100000000
9 1001 1111 1100 1000000000
Bi ging mn K thut in t 16
GV: L Th Kim Anh
M Gray

M Gray l loi m khng c trng s, c to ra

t m nhi phn theo nguyn tc sau:

- MSB ca s m Gray va m nhi phn l ging

nhau.

- Cng MSB ca s nhi phn vo bit bn phi va ghi

tng (bo qua s nh).

- Tip tc nh vy cho n LSB.

- S m Gray lun cng bit vi s nhi phn.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 17
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 i t Binary sang Gray i t Gray sang Binary
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 Gray: 1 1 0 0 1

Gray: 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
Nhn xt: C th to ra m Gray t m nhi phn theo
cch sau: tnh t bn tri, bit i sau bit 0 (ca s nhi
phn) c gi nguyn, bit i sau bit 1 thi b o.
(MSB) (LSB)
Nhi phn 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
M Gray 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 18
GV: L Th Kim Anh
d. M led 7 on Gi tr a b c d e f g
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
a 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
f b 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
g 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
e c 5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
d 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
e. M 1 trong n: 9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

L m nh phn n bit, mi t m ch c 1 bit l 1

(hoc 0) v n-1 bit cn li l 0 (hoc 1)
0 0 1 1 1 0
M 1 trong 3: 0 1 0 Hoc 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
Bi ging mn K thut in t 19
GV: L Th Kim Anh
f. M k t ASCII:
(Cot) b6 b5 b4
(Hang) 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
b3b2b1b0 Hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0000 0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ` p
0001 1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
0010 2 STX DC2 2 B R b r
0011 3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
0100 4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
0101 5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
0110 6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
0111 7 BEL ETB 7 G W g w
1000 8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
1001 9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
1010 A LF SUB * : J Z j z
1011 B VT ESC + ; K [ k {
1100 C FF FS , < L \ l |
1101 D CR GS - = M ] m }
1110 E SO RS . > N ^ n ~
Bi ging mn K thut in t 20
1111 F SI US GV: L/ Th Kim Anh
? O _ o DEL
IV. BIU DIN S NH PHN C DU:
1. Biu din s c du:
a. S c du theo bin (Signed_Magnitude):
- Bit MSB l bit du: 0 l s dng v 1 l s m, cc
bit cn li biu din gi tr ln.
+ 13 : 01101
- 13 : 11101
- Tm biu din:

- (2n-1 1) + (2n-1 1)

Bi ging mn K thut in t 21
GV: L Th Kim Anh
b. Biu din s c du theo s b 1 (1s Complement)
S b 1: b 1 ca s nh phn N c chiu di n bit:

Bu_1 (N) = 2n 1 N

B_1 (1 0 0 1) = 24 - 1 - 1 0 0 1
= 1111 - 1001
= 0110

C th ly b 1 ca s nh phn bng cch o tng

bit ca n ( 0 thnh 1 v 1 thnh 0).

Bi ging mn K thut in t 22
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Biu din theo s b 1
- MSB l bit du: 0 biu din 0 +0
cho s dng v 1 biu din +1
1
cho s m. 1111
1110
0000
0001
2 +2
- Cc bit cn li: nu l s 1101 0010
dng th biu din bng 3 1100 0011
+3

ln tng ng, nu l s m 4 1011 0100 +4

th biu din bi s b 1 ca 1010 0101
s dng tng ng. 5
1001 0110
+5

- S 0 c 2 cch biu din. 6 1000 0111 +6

- Tm biu din: 7 +7

- (2n-1 1) + (2n-1 1)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 23
GV: L Th Kim Anh
c. Biu din s c du theo s b 2 (2s Complement)
S b 2: b 2 ca s nh phn N c n bit c tnh

Bu_2 (N) = 2n N = Bu_1 (N) + 1

B_2 (1 0 0 1) = 24 - 1 0 0 1
= 10000 - 1001
= 0111
Hoc B_2 (1 0 0 1) = B_1 (1 0 0 1) + 1
= 0110 +1
= 0111
Bi ging mn K thut in t 24
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Biu din theo s b 2
MSB l bit du: 0 biu din cho
s dng v 1 biu din cho s 1 +0
+1
m. 2 1111
1110
0000
3 0001
+2
- Cc bit cn li: nu l s 1101 0010
dng th biu din bng ln 4 1100 0011
+3

tng ng, nu l s m th 5 1011 0100 +4

biu din bi s b 2 ca s 1010 0101
6 +5
dng tng ng. 1001 0110
1000 0111 +6
- S 0 c 1 cch biu din. 7

8 +7
- Tm biu din:
- (2n-1 ) + (2n-1 1)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 25
GV: L Th Kim Anh
- tm c gi tr ca s m ta ly b 2 tng ng
c c ln.
S m 1 1 0 0 0 1 c gi tr :
- 15
B 2 (1 1 0 0 0 1) = 0 0 1 1 1 1 ln: 15
- M rng chiu di bit ca s c du: thm vo pha
trc cc bit 0 nu l s dng v cc bit 1 nu l s m.
-3 : 101 = 11101
- Ly b_2 hai ln ca 1 s th bng chnh s .

- Gi tr -1 c biu din l 1 . 11 (n bit 1)

- Gi tr -2n c biu din l 1 0 0 .... 0 0 (n bit 0)

- 32 = - 25 : 1 0 0 0 0 0
Bi ging mn K thut in t 26
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Cc php ton cng tr s c du
- Thc hin ging nh s khng du.
- Thc hin trn ton hng c cng chiu di bit, v
kt qu cng c cng s bit.
- Kt qu ng nu nm trong phm vi biu din s c
du.Nu kt qu sai th cn m rng chiu di bit.
-6 : 1010 -2 : 1110
+ +
+3 : 0011 -5 : 1011
-3 : 1101 -7 : 1001
+4 : 0100 00100
+
+5 : 0101 00101
-7 : 1 0 0 1 (Kq sai) 0 1 0 0 1 : + 9 (Kq ung)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 27
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 -6 : 1010 +2
: 0010
- -
-2 : 1110 -5 : 1011
-4 : 1100 +7 : 0111

-7 : 1001 11001
-
+5 : 0101 00101
+ 4 : 0 1 0 0 (Kq sai) 1 0 1 0 0 : - 12 (Kq ung)

Bi ging mn K thut in t 28
GV: L Th Kim Anh
* Thc hin php tr bng cch cng vi s b 2:

A B = A + Bu_2 (B)
* Tr vi s khng c du

6 : 0110 0110
- bu_2:
+
13 : 1101 0011
-7 : 1001
* Tr vi s c du
-6 : 1010 1010
- bu_2:
+
-3 : 1101 0011
-3 : 1101
Bi ging mn K thut in t 29
GV: L Th Kim Anh
V. CU TRC I S BOOLE

- i s Boole l i s dng m t cc hot ng logic.

- Cc bin Boole l cc bin logic, ch mang gi tr 0 hoc 1
(i khi gi l True hoc False).
- Hm Boolean l hm ca cc bin Boole, ch mang gi tr
0 hoc 1.
- i s Boole gm cc php ton c bn: o (NOT),
Giao hay Nhn (AND), Hp hay Cng (OR).

Bi ging mn K thut in t 30
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Cc tin ca i s Boole

1. Giao hon
A+B=B+A
A*B = B*A
2. Phi hp
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
A*(B*C) = (A*B)*C
3. Phn b
A * (B + C) = A * B +A * C
A + (B*C) = (A+B)*(A+C)

Bi ging mn K thut in t 31
GV: L Th Kim Anh
4. hai phn t trung ha c k hiu l 0 v 1

A+0=A

A*1= A

X, phn t b ca A, c k hiu l A :
5. A

A+A =1
A*A = 0

Tp (X,+,*,0,1, NOT) tha 5 tin s hnh thnh nn cu

trc i s Boole.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 32
GV: L Th Kim Anh
VI. CC NH L
nh l 1 (nh l i ngu)
Mt mnh c gi l i ngu vi mt mnh khc khi
ta thay th:
0 1; (+) (.)
Pht biu nh l: khi mt mnh ng th mnh i
ngu ca n cng ng.
nh l DeMorgan

B ca mt tng bng tch cc b: A + B + ... = A *B ....

B ca mt tch bng tng cc b: A*B *... = A + B + ...

Bi ging mn K thut in t 33
GV: L Th Kim Anh
nh ly 3: (lut phu nh ca phu nh)

A=A
nh ly 4:
A+1=1
A.0=0
Tng qut:
A + B + C + ..+ 1 = 1
A . B . C . . 0 = 0
nh ly 5: (lut ng nht)
A+A=A
A.A=A
Tng qut:
A+A+A++A=A
A . A . A . . . A = A
Bi ging mn K thut in t 34
GV: L Th Kim Anh
nh ly 6: (lut hp thu hay lut nut)
A + ( A . B) = A
A . (A + B) = A

nh ly 7: (lut dn)

A . (A + B) = A B
A+ A.B= A+B

Bi ging mn K thut in t 35
GV: L Th Kim Anh
VII. CC PHNG PHP BIU DIN HM BOOLE
1. Phng php i s
Hm Boole c biu din di dng mt biu thc i s
ca cc bin boole (bin nhi phn), quan h vi nhau bi cc
php ton cng(OR), nhn (AND) hay php ly bu (NOT).
Vi cc gia tr cho trc ca cc bin, hm Boole c th c
gia tr 1 hoc 0.
V duT :
F(x, y, z) = x y + x z

MSB

Bi ging mn K thut in t 36
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Phng php bng chn tr
biu din hm Boole di dng bng chn tr, ta lit k mt
danh sch 2n t hp cc gia tr 0 va 1 ca cc bin Boole va mt
ct ch ra gia tr ca hm F.
V duT: A B C F
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

Bi ging mn K thut in t 37
GV: L Th Kim Anh
3. Phng php dng chnh tc v dng chun
Minterm (Tch chun): l tch s ca y cc bin dng b
hay khng b. Nu gi tr ca bin l 0 th bin s dng b,
cn nu gi tr ca bin l 1 th bin s dng khng b.
Vi n bin c th to ra 2n minterm.
Minterm c k hiu l mi, vi i l t hp nh phn to bi gi
tr cc bin.
minterm
V du: A B
Biu thc KyV hiu
0 0 A B m0
0 1 A B m1
1 0 A B m2
1 1 A B m3
Bi ging mn K thut in t 38
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Maxterm (tng chun): l tng s ca y cc bin dng b
hay khng b. Nu gi tr ca bin l 1 th bin s dng b, cn
nu gi tr ca bin l 0 th bin s dng khng b.
Vi n bin c th to ra 2n Maxterm.
Maxterm c k hiu l Mi, vi i l t hp nh phn to bi gi
tr cc bin.
Maxterm
V du: A B
Biu thc KyV hiu
0 0 A + B M0
0 1 A + B M1
1 0 A + B M2
1 1 A + B M3
Bi ging mn K thut in t 39
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Dng chnh tc 1: l dng tng ca cc tch chun (SOP
Standard Sum-Of-Products) lm cho hm Boole c gi tr 1.

x y z F F(x, y, z) = x y z + x y z + x y z + x y z + x y z
0 0 0 0 = m1 + m2 + m5 + m6 + m7
0 0 1 1 = m(1, 2, 5, 6, 7)
0 1 0 1 = (1, 2, 5, 6, 7)
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 F(x, y, z) = (x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x + y + z)
1 0 1 1 = M0 . M3 . M4
1 1 0 1 = M(0, 3, 4) = (0, 3, 4)
1 1 1 1

Dng chnh tc 2: l dng tch ca cc tng chun (POS

Standard Product-Of-Sums) lm cho hm Boole c gi tr 0.
Bi ging mn K thut in t 40
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Dng chun (Standard Form):
a. Dng chun 1: l dng tng cc tch (S.O.P Sum of Product)
F (x, y, z) = x y + z
* F (x, y, z) = x y + z
= x y (z + z) + (x + x) (y + y) z
= xyz+xyz+ xyz+xyz+xyz+xyz
= m6 + m7 + m1 + m5 + m3
= (1, 3, 5, 6, 7)
* F (x, y, z) = x y + z
= (x + z) (y + z)
= (x + y y + z) (x x + y + z)
= (x + y + z) (x + y + z) (x + y + z) (x + y + z)
= M2 . M0 . M4
= (0, 2, 4)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 41
GV: L Th Kim Anh
b. Dng chun 2: l dng tch cc tng (P.O.S Product of Sum)
F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y
* F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y = xy + yz
= x y (z + z) + (x + x) y z
= xyz+xyz+ xyz +xyz
= m4 + m5 + m0
= (0, 4, 5)
* F (x, y, z) = (x + z) y
= (x + y y + z) (x x + y + z z)
= (x + y + z) (x + y + z)
(x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x + y + z)(x + y + z)
= M3 . M1 . M7 . M6 . M2
= (1, 2, 3, 6, 7)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 42
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Ghi ch: B ca minterm l Maxterm v ngc li.

m i = M i M i = m i

V du chng minh:
m7 ca hm 3 bin: ABC
m 7 = ABC
= A + B + C
= M 7

Bi ging mn K thut in t 43
GV: L Th Kim Anh
TRNG HP TY NH
Trong thc t c nhng trng hp mt vi t hp nh phn ca
cc bin l khng xy ra. Do , gi tr ca hm tng ng vi
nhng t hp nh phn ny c th l 0 hay 1 u c, ngi ta
gi l nhng trng hp ty nh (dont care, vit tt l d).
Khi in vo bng chn tr nhng trng hp ty nh, ta dng
k hiu X.
V duT: F(A, B) = (0,2) + d(1)

A B F
0 0 1
0 1 X
1 0 1
1 1 0
Bi ging mn K thut in t 44
GV: L Th Kim Anh
4. Phng php ba KARNAUGH

Ba K cho hm 2 bin

F(A,B)
A
B 0 1
MSB
0 00 10
0 2

1 01 11
1 3

Bi ging mn K thut in t 45
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Ba K cho hm 3 bin

f(A,B,C) A
AB
00 01 11 10
MSB C
0 000 010 110 100
0 2 6 4

1 001 011 111 101 C

1 3 7 5

Bi ging mn K thut in t 46
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Ba K cho hm 4 bin

f(A,B,C,D) A
AB
CD 00 01 11 10
00 0 4 12 8

01 1 5 13 9
D
11 3 7 15 11
C
10 2 6 14 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 47
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Ba K cho hm 5 bin

A=0 A=1
F
BC
DE 00 01 11 10 10 11 01 00
00 0 4 12 8 24 28 20 16

01 1 5 13 9 25 29 21 17

11 3 7 15 11 27 31 23 19

10 2 6 14 10 26 30 22 18

Bi ging mn K thut in t 48
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Cch in vo ba K
1. Nu hm F c biu din di dng chnh tc 1 (dng )
thi ta in gia tr 1 vo cc c s th t tng ng vi cc
minterm (tch chun), in X vo cc ng vi cc trng
hp ty nh va in 0 vo cc cn li.
Ta c th ch in vo ba K hai ky hiu 0 va X, hoc 1 va X.
Cc bo trng c ngm hiu.
V du: F( A , B, C) = (0,1,3,6) + d(4,7 )
F
AB
00 01 11 10
C
0 1 0 1 X
0 2 6 4

1 1 1 X 0
1 3 7 5

Bi ging mn K thut in t 49
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Nu hm F c biu din di dng chnh tc 2 (dng )
thi ta in gia tr 0 vo cc c s th t tng ng vi cc
Maxterm (tng chun), in X vo cc ng vi cc trng
hp ty nh va in 1 vo cc cn li.
Ta c th ch in vo ba K hai ky hiu 0 va X, hoc 1 va X.
Cc bo trng c ngm hiu.
V du: F( A, B, C, D) = ( 3,4,6,12,14,15).D(1,7,11)
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 1 0 0 1
01 X 1 1 1
11 0 X 0 X

10 1 0 0 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 50
GV: L Th Kim Anh
3. Nu hm F c biu din di dng bng chn tr thi ta
in 0, 1 hoc X vo cc c t hp nhi phn trng vi t hp
nhi phn ca bng chn tr.
V du: F AB
00 01 11 10
C
A B C F
0 1 X 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 X 1 X 1

0 1 0 X
F AB
0 1 1 0
00 01 11 10
1 0 0 1 C
1 0 1 0
0 X 0

1 1 0 0 1 X 0 0
1 1 1 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 51
GV: L Th Kim Anh
4. Nu hm Boole c cho di dng chun 1.
F ( A , B , C, D ) = A B C D + A B D + B C D + C D 0011
0111
0101 XX11
1110 X101
0100 1011
01X0 1101
0110 1111
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 1
01 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
10 1 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 52
GV: L Th Kim Anh
5. Nu hm Boole c cho di dng chun 2.

F( A , B , C, D ) = ( A + B + C + D)( A + C )B
0100 1000
1001 X0XX
1X0X
1100
0000
F 1101
AB 0001
00 01 11 10
CD
0010
00 0 0 0 0
0011
01 0 0 0 1000
1001
11 0 0 1010
10 0 0 1011

Bi ging mn K thut in t 53
GV: L Th Kim Anh
VIII. GII THIU CC CNG LOGIC
1. Cng NOT (o, Inverter)

Ky hiu cng: A F

Hm logic: F=A

Bng chn tr:

A F
0 1
1 0

Bi ging mn K thut in t 54
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Cng AND
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = AB F = A B F = A&B F = A B
Bng chn tr:

A B F
Tng qut
0 0 0 Cng AND c n ngo vo
0 1 0
1 0 0 F= X1 X2....Xn
1 1 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 55
GV: L Th Kim Anh
3. Cng NAND
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = AB
Bng chn tr:

Tng qut
A B F Cng NAND c n ngo vo
0 0 1
0 1 1 F= X1 X2....Xn
1 0 1
1 1 0

Bi ging mn K thut in t 56
GV: L Th Kim Anh
4. Cng OR
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = A+ B F = A B F = A| B
Bng chn tr:
Tng qut
A B F
Cng OR c n ngo4 vo
0 0 0
0 1 1 F = X1 + X2 +....+ Xn
1 0 1
1 1 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 57
GV: L Th Kim Anh
5. Cng NOR
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = A+ B
Bng chn tr:
Tng qut
A B F Cng NOR c n ngo vo
0 0 1
0 1 0 F = X1 + X2 +....+ Xn
1 0 0
1 1 0

Bi ging mn K thut in t 58
GV: L Th Kim Anh
6. Cng EXOR (XOR Exclusive OR)
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = AB = AB+ AB
Bng chn tr:
A B F Lu
0 0 0 Cng XOR ch c 2 ngo
0 1 1 vo
1 0 1
1 1 0

Bi ging mn K thut in t 59
GV: L Th Kim Anh
7. Cng EXNOR (XNOR Exclusive NOR)
A
Ky hiu cng: F
B
Hm logic:
F = AB = AB+ AB
Bng chn tr:
A B F
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Bi ging mn K thut in t 60
GV: L Th Kim Anh
IX. RT GN HM BOOLE

Rt gn (ti thiu ha) hm Boole ngha l a hm Boole v

dng biu din n gin nht, sao cho:

- Biu thc c cha t nht cc tha s v mi tha s cha t

nht cc bin.

- Mch logic thc hin c cha t nht cc vi mch s.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 61
GV: L Th Kim Anh
IX.1 RT GN HM BNG PHNG PHP I S
S dng cc nh l v tin rt gn.
V d:
F (A, B, C) = (1, 2, 3, 5, 7)
= A B C+ A B C+ A B C+ A B C+ A B C
= A B(C + C) + B C( A + A ) + B C( A + A )
= A B+ B C+ B C
= A B + C(B + B )
= AB+C

Bi ging mn K thut in t 62
GV: L Th Kim Anh
IX.2 RT GN HM BOOLE BNG BA KARNAUGH
1. nh ngha cc k cn
Hai c gi l k cn nhau, nu chng ng vi 2 tch
chun (minterm) hoc 2 tng chun (Maxterm), ch khc
nhau 1 bin.

F AB F
AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 00 0

01 01

11 11
0
10 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 63
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Bn k cn: gm 2 nhm 2 k cn
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00

01 01 1 1

11 11 1 1

10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 00

01 01 1 1

11 11 1 1

10 1 1 10
Bi ging mn K thut in t 64
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Bn k cn: gm 2 nhm 2 k cn
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 0 0 00

01 01 0 0

11 11 0 0

10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 00

01 01 0 0

11 11 0 0

10 0 0 10
Bi ging mn K thut in t 65
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Bn k cn: gm 2 nhm 2 k cn
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1

11 11

10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 00 1 1
01 01 1 1

11 11

10 1 1 10
Bi ging mn K thut in t 66
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Bn k cn: gm 2 nhm 2 k cn
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 00 0 0
01 0 0 0 0 01 0 0

11 11

10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 00 0 0
01 01 0 0

11 11

10 0 0 10
Bi ging mn K thut in t 67
GV: L Th Kim Anh
 Tm k cn: gm 2 nhm 4 k cn
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00 0 0
01 1 1 1 1 01 0 0

11 11 0 0

10 10 0 0
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00

01 01 0 0 0 0

11 11 0 0 0 0

10 1 1 1 1 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 68
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Vic gom cc k cn
- Khi gom 2n k cn c cng gia tr 1, ta c 1 tch.
- Gom 2n ta loi c n bin.
- Cc bin ging nhau cn li c ghi di dng bu, nu n
c gia tr bng 0, ngc li s c ghi di dng khng bu.
- Khi gom 2n k cn c cng gia tr 0, ta c 1 tng. Cc
bin s c ghi theo qui c ngc li vi dng tch.
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 1 1
BCD
01

11

10 0 0 A+C+D
Bi ging mn K thut in t 69
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Mt s v du
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00

01 C D 01 1 1

11 11 1 1
A D
10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 A D 00

01 01 1 1
BD 1
11 11 1

10 1 1 10
Bi ging mn K thut in t 70
GV: L Th Kim Anh
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 0 0 C+ D 00

01 01 0 0
A+D 0 0
11 11

10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 A+D 00

01 01 0 0
B+ D 0
11 11 0

10 0 0 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 71
GV: L Th Kim Anh
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 C +D 00 0 0
01 0 0 0 0 01 0 0

11 A + C 11
10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 0 0 00 0 0
B+C 0 0
01 01

11 B+ D 11

10 0 0 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 72
GV: L Th Kim Anh
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 C D 00 1 1
01 1 1 1 1 01 1 1

11 A C 11
10 10
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 00 1 1
01
B C 01 1 1
B D
11 11

10 1 1 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 73
GV: L Th Kim Anh
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00 0 0
C
01 0 0
1 1 1 1 A 01
11 11 0 0

10 10 0 0
F F
AB AB
00 01 11 10 00 01 11 10
CD CD
00 1 1 1 1 00

01 01 0 0 0 0
D D
11 11 0 0 0 0

10 1 1 1 1 10

Bi ging mn K thut in t 74
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Nguyn tc rt gn hm dng ba K
-Tt c cc u phi c lin kt t nht mt ln, tr khi n
khng lin kt c vi bt ky no khc.
- Trng hp khng lin kt c, kt qu s c ghi di
dng mt tch chun nu o c gia tr bng 1, ngc li s
c ghi di dng mt tng chun nu o c gia tr bng 0.
- Chn cc lin kt ti a c th c.
- Nhng a lin kt ri c th dng lin kt na c
c t hp ti a c th c.
- Cc c gia tr l ty nh thi c th xem bng 0 hoc 1 c
kt qu l n gin nht.
- Khng to ra cc lin kt tha.

Bi ging mn K thut in t 75
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Rt gn hm sau

F( A, B, C, D) = (0,1,4,5,6,7,14,15)
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00
1 1
01
1 1 Lin kt tha
11
1 1
10 1 1

F( A, B, C, D) = A C + BC
Bi ging mn K thut in t 76
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Rt gn hm sau

F( A, B, C, D) = (0,2,4,6,9,11,12,13,15)
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 0 0 0
01 0 0
11 0 0

10 0 0

F( A, B, C, D) = ( A + D) ( A + D) (B + C + D)
F( A, B, C, D) = ( A + D) ( A + D)( A + B + C)
Bi ging mn K thut in t 77
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Rt gn hm sau

F( A, B, C, D) = (0,1,2,3,11) + d(6,7,9)
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 1
01 1 X
11 1 X 1

10 1 X

F( A, B, C, D) = A B + B D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 78
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Rt gn hm sau

F( A, B, C, D) = (0,1,2,4,5,6,8,9,12,13,14)
F
AB
00 01 11 10
CD
00 1 1 1 1
01 1 1 1 1
11

10 1 1 1

F( A, B, C, D) = C + A D + B D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 79
GV: L Th Kim Anh
Rt gn hm sau

F( A, B, C, D) = A B C + B C D + A B C D + A B C
0110
X010
000X F
AB
00 01 11 10 100X
CD
00 1 1
01 1 1
11

10 1 1 1

F( A, B, C, D) = B C + B D + A C D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 80
GV: L Th Kim Anh
IX.3 CC PHNG PHP THC HIN HM BOOLE
BNG S LOGIC
1. Cu trc AND-OR
S logic AND-OR c to ra t hm Boole c dng
tng cc tch.
V duT:
F ( A , B , C , D ) = AB + B C D
A B C D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 81
GV: L Th Kim Anh
2. Cu trc OR AND

S logic OR - AND c to ra t hm Boole c dng

tch cc tng.
V duT:

F ( A , B , C , D ) = ( A +B )( A + C + D )
A B C D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 82
GV: L Th Kim Anh
3. Cu trc NAND NAND
V du:
F ( A , B , C , D ) = A B + AC D
F ( A , B , C , D ) = A B + AC D
F ( A , B , C , D ) = A B . AC D

A B C D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 83
GV: L Th Kim Anh
4. Cu trc NOR NOR

F ( A , B , C , D ) = ( A +B )( A + C + D )
F ( A , B , C , D ) = ( A +B )( A + C + D )
F ( A , B , C , D ) = ( A +B ) + ( A + C + D )

A B C D

Bi ging mn K thut in t 84
GV: L Th Kim Anh