Ministry of Science and Technology Department of Technical and Vocational Education CE - 03024 Design of Steel Structure Semester - Il Problems and Solutions B.Tech ( First Year ) Civil EngineeringNo.t pfs abouk the differant types of Jomts an > welding connection. The type of joint depends on factors such as the size and shape of the members coming into the joint, the type of loading, the amount of joint area available for welding, and the relative costs for various types of welds Butt Joints The butt joint is used mainly to join the ends of flat plates of the same or neatly the thicknesses. The principal advantage of this type of joint is to eliminate the eccentricity devel- oped in single lap joints as shown in Fig.4.3.1b. Their principal disadvantage lies in the fact that the edges to be connected must usually be specially prepared (beveled, or ground flat) and very carefully aligned prior to welding, Little adjustment is possible and the pieces must be carefully detailed and fabricated. (a) Butt joint (©) Lap joint I (©) Tee joint (2) Commer joint * (e) Edge joint Fig: 4.3.1 Basic types of welded joints. Lap Joints The lap joint, shown in Fig. 4.3.2, is the most common type. It has two principal advantages. 1. Base of fitting 2, Ease of jointinga o @ Figure 4.3.2 Examples of lap joints. Tee Joints This type of joint is used to fabricate built-up sections such as tees, I-shapes, plate girders, bearing stiffeners, hangers, brackets, and in general, pieces framing in at right angles as shown in Fig. 4.3.1c. It permits seotioiis to be built up of flat plates that can be jointed by either fillet or ~ groove welds. Corner Joints Corner joints are used principally to form built-up rectangular box sections such as used for columns and for beams required to resist high torsional forces. Edge Joints Edge joints are generally not structual but are most frequently used to keep two or more plates in a given plane or to maintain initial alignment. Asthe reader caninfer .* the previous discussions, the variations and combinations of the «five basic types of welds are virtually infiniteNo.2 @ EXAMPLE 5.14.1 Determine the effective throat dimension of in, fillet weld made by (a) shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and ot submerged arc welding (SAW), in accordance with the AISC Specifications (1.5, 1.15]. SOLUTION (a) t, = 0.707a = 0,707(0.4375) = 0.309 in. (b) 1, = 0.707a + 0.11 = 0.707(0.4375) + 0.11 = 0.419 in. ‘These values are in agreement with those given in Tables 5.14.2 (for SMAW)- and 5.14.3 (for SAW). . No-2b Determine the design shear strength $R,,, of a 2-in. fillet weld produced by (a) shielded metal arc welding, and (b) submerged arc welding. Assume E70 electrodes having minimum tensile strength Fexx of 70 ksi are used, according to AISC LRFD Specification.SOLUTION (a) SMAW process. f, = 0.707a = 0.707(0.375) = 0.265 in, According to Eq. 5.14.6, @R yw = $_(0-60F exe) = 0.75(0.265) (0.60)70 = 8.35 kips/in. (b) SAW process. 1, = @ = 0.375 in, Ryy = $1,(0.60F exx.) = 0.75(0.375)(0.60)70 = 11.81 kips/in. ‘These values agree with those in Tables 5.14.2 and 5.14.3. . P22. Determine the design shear strength $R,, for a 3-in.-diam plug weld using E70 electrode material. Use AISC LRED Specification. SOLUTION Assuming the weld diameter D satisfies the limitations of LRFD-J2.3.b relating to the dimension of the piece in which the plug weld is made, R, = 0.75(area of faying surface, 7D?/4) (0.60F ex) = 0.75(0.4418)(0.60)70 = 13.9 kips .No.30 For the plate tension member (Fig 5.16.1) carrying axial service loads of 60 kips live load and 12 kips dead load, select the required thickness of the plates (A572 Grade $0 steel), the proper electrode material, and specify a proper AWS prequalified groove: joint. Use Load and Resistance Factor Design. SOLUTION (a) Compute the factored load to be carried. T, = 1.2(12) + 1.6(60) = 110.4 kips — a Ok LL BOK LL 12k DL 12k DL, Figure 5.16.1 Example 5.16.1.Figure 6.16.2 Design sketch for Example 5.16.1. (b) Compute the thickness required for the plates. 6T, = oF,A, = 0.90(50)4, (yielding limit state) $T, = oF,A, = 0.75(65) 4, (fracture limit state) Since there are no holesand-no’eccentricity of loaditig; the effective net area A, equals the gross area Ay. Thus, from the above two equations it is noted that 0.90(50) < 0.75(65); therefore, qT, 0.90(50) AS Required 4, Required 1 O4lin. Use % x 6 plates . (c) Select electrode and an AWS prequalified joint. From Table 5.13.1, use F7X-EXXX (Fexx = 70 ksi) flux electrode combination. Referring to AISC LRFD Manual [1.17] section “WELDED JOINTS” .or AWS [2.25] Table 2.9.1, select a prequalified single-V-groove weld designated B-L2a-S The designation B refers to a butt joint, L refers to limited thickness of material for this weld (in this case 2 in. maximum), and $ refers to submerged arc welding. The weld requires that a backup plate be used. The details and welding symbol are shown in Fig. 5.16.2. . No. 3b Ni Oe Repeat Example S464, except use A572 Grade 65 plates, a square-groove weld, and submerged arc welding (SAW). SOLUTION (a) Determine the required plate thickness. Required 4, = Fe OE sag equired Ay = Taq(gsy ~ 5gg ~ 18950im- 1.89 Required = =~ = 0.31 in. Use 4 x 6 plates. (b) Select electrode and specify the proper prequalified joint. From Table 5.13.1, use F8X-EXXX flux electrode combination. From LRFD Manual [1.17] or AWS [2:25] Table 2.9.1, select the square-groove weld designated= — a B-L1-S (LRFD Manual p. 5-181) as indicated in Fig. 5.16.3. This weld has zero root opening and is prequalified for material no thicker than 3 in. .No.4 Design the fillet welds to develop the full strength of the angle shown in Fig. 5.16.8 minimizing the effect of eccentricity. Assume the gusset plate does not govern and the SMAW process is used. Use AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design. SOLUTION (a) Compute the sirength of the member. Referring to Table 3.5.1, the effective net area A, is A, = UA, = 0.854, = 0.85(3.61) = 3.07 sq in. This is from LRFD-B3 category b following LRFD Eq. (B3- The design strength of the angle member is the smaller of the following 67, = 0.90F,A, = 0.90(50)3,61 = 162 kips OT, = 0.75F,A, = 0.75(65)3.07 = 150 kips (controls) (b) Select weld size and compute strength. Min size fillet weld = 2 in. (Table 5.11.1) Max size fillet weld = }- 4 = din. (Fig. 5.11.2) Use <-in. fillet weld with E70 electrodes, The design strength @R,,,, is OR yy = $t,(0.60Fexx) = 0.75(%)(0.707)42 = 4.18 kips/in. which cannot exceed the shear rupture strength of the base metal. Max $R,,,. = $1(0.60F,) = 0.75(0.375)(0.60)65 = 11.0 kips/in. The weld controls. 2 he Lex4x3 (F, = 50ksi / To | A361 in? | y= 186in. + i tT, Lc Figure 5.16.8 Example 5.16.6 IFy tae : Lots ago te — Fy Figure 6.16.9 Balancing the welds (©) Determine the lengths of weld to be used for the connection. Referring to Fig. 5.16.9, Fy = OR yLy = 4.18(6) = 25.1 kips From moment equilibrium about the back of the angle (at F,), 150(1.94) — 25.1(3 f= OE) 10) a6 vps Summation of forces gives Fy = T,- Fy — Fy = 150 — 36.0 ~ 25.1 = 88.9 kips Use Yin. Use 22 in. Use welds as shown in Fig. 5.16.10, though for better economy the largest welds that can be placed in one pass are preferred and this would also reduce the connection length. 7 No.$ Rework . AJo.4~ if the weldsat the end of the angle is omitted, and the SAW process is used instead of SMAW. Figure 54840 Salutinne fine Beameate #964walt Lex 4x3 1,94 % “F Figure 5.16.11 Forces acting for Example 5.16.7. SOLUTION This time try % in. as more economical and which’ can still be placed in one pass. Using the forces in Fig, 5.16.11. 150(1.94) . F, = p= 48.5 kips Fy=T,- Fy - Fy = 150 - 48.5 = 101.5 kips Ry = $1,(0.60F exx) = 0.75($)42 = 9.84 kips/in. which is less than the shear rupture strength (11.0 kips/in.) of the angle; therefore, the weld controls. * Lae = Use 5 in! La=— Use 11 it Use welds as summarized in Fig. 5.16.12. . SSK FX Ityp.) is ae Figure 5.16.12 Solution for Example 5.16.7.Figure 6.16.14 Example 5.16.9. No. Design an end connection to develop the full tensile strength of a C8x13.75 in a lap length of 5 in. The channel of A572 Grade 50 steel is connected to a and the fillet welds are to be made by the SMAW process 3-in, Use Load and Resistance Factor Design. 3-in, gusset plate, and may not exceedSOLUTION (a) Compute the design strength of the channel. From Table 3.5.1, the effective net area A, is 0.8545. 9T, = 0.90F,A, = 0.90(50)4.04 = 182 kips $T, = 0.75F,A, = 0.75(65)(0.85)4.04 = 167 kips | (b) Select fillet weld size a and compute length required. | Min a= gin. (Table 5.11.1) Max a = 0.303 - 4 = 0.24in., say tin. (Fig. 5.11.2) While }-in. weld must be used on one end along the channel web, }in, weld could be used along the flanges. It is better not to mix the fillet sizes, so try } in. all around. Rix = Ot,(0.60F ex) = 0.75(4)(0.707)42 = 5.57 kips/in. which cannot exceed the shear rupture strength of the base metal, Max 6R,,,. = $(0.60F,) = 0.75(0.375)(0.60)65 = 11.0 kips/in. The weld controls. Since the length all around is only 26 in., additional capacity from fillet weld in a slot, slot welds, or plug welds, is necessary. (c) Slot weld. Try a slot weld in accordance with LRFD-J2.3.b. Min width of slot = (1+) (rounded to next odd in.) 0.303 + 0.3125 = 0.6155, say Zin. Max width of slot = 2+ (weld thickness) = 24(0.303) = 0.68 in. Load T, to be carried by slot weld, Required T, = 167 — (26 — 0.68)5.57 = 26 kips Ty H-in. width of slot and estimate the slot area as rectangular even though the end must be rounded: 26 _ 0.75(11/16)42— Max length of slot = 10 (weld thickness) = 10(0.303) = 3.03 in Use a slot weld 1 x 2, The final design is shown in Fig. 5.16.15. Note that the interior end of the slot must be semicircular or have corners rounded to a radius not less than the thickness of the part containing slot (LRFD or ASD-J2.3.b). s | Length required = 12in,8X 13.75 Figure 5.16.15 Solution for(Example 5.16.10.) Mo. ©1 Wo.F, D'scuss aboub the vehavior of Lokervally stable Reams. ‘When beams have adequate lateral stability of the compression flange, the only stability limit state might limit moment strength is local buckling in compression of the flange and / or web plate elements ‘making up the cross - section. ‘The stress distribution on a typical wide - flange shape subjected to increasing bending moment is shown inFig’5.1.1 At bending moment in the service load range the section in elastic as in Fig. 5.1.1a, and the elastic condition exists until the stress at rhe extreme fiber reaches the yield stress F, (Fig. 5.1. 1b) Once the strain reaches ¢ reaches c, (Fig 5.1.2) increasing strain induces no increase in stress. This clasite- plastic stress-strain behavioris the accepted idealization fs structural steels having yield stress of ‘When the yield stress is reached at the extreme fiber (ig. 5.1.1 b). the nominal moment strength M, is referred to as the yield momet M, andis computed as M,, =M,=S,Fy 6.1.1) When the condition of Fig. 7.1.1dis reached, every fiber hasa strain equal to or grater than ey =F, /E, ie, itisinthe plastic range, The nominal moment @ ) @ © Figure 5.1.1 Stress distribution at different stages of loading entirely plastictameror Pee ron Suen J 1 1 t es Svan Figure 5.1.2 Stress- strain diagram for most structural steels. strength M, is therefore referred to as the plastic moment M, ands computed M,= Fy layA= BZ (5.1.2) whereZ = {,ydA may be called the plastic modulus. Iwill be observed that the ratioM, / M, is property ofthe cross-sectional shape and is indepen- dent of the material properties. This ratio is referred to as the shape factor & M, some (5.13) For wide- flange (W) shapes in flexure about the strong axis (x - x) the shape factor ranges from about 1.09 to about 1.18 withthe usual value being about 1.12. Onemay conservatively say the plastic moment strength M, of W sections bent about ther strong axisis atleast 10% greater than the strength M, when the extreme fiber just reaches the yield stress Fy,No.8 Select the lightest W or M section to carry a uniformly distributed dead load of 0.2 kip/ft superimposed (ie,, inaddition to the beam weight) and 0.8 kip/ft live load. The simply suported span (Fig. 7.4.1)is 20 ft ‘The compression flange of the beams full supported against lateral movement. Use Load and Resistance’ Factor Design, and select for the following steels: A36, A572 Grade 50; and AS72 Grade 65.1+ SOLUTION (@ Compute the factored load M,, fy= L-2Wp + 1.6 wy = 1.2(0.2) + 1.6(0.8)= 1.52 kips/ft Mu=w,L7/8 = 1.52 (20)? /8 = 76 ft-kips (not including beam weight) (b) A36 steel. Assume "compact section" since the vast majority of rolled sections satisfy 2 <,, for both the flange and the web. the design strength $M, is SMa = eMy = bo Fy ‘The design requirementis Requirement 6,M,=M, My, 76012) = =28.1 in? Requirement2,= | F =O90@6) ~28:1in +2701 Mase = Figure 5.2.1, Example 5.2.1. Select from LRFD table " LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE". Try W12*22: Z,=29.3in} Check "compact section "limits 4, (Table 5.2.2): bf _ 4.03, 65 bt H4N<(A 0.8)0K Gm a= 30.425) Se d (a = Pes 8) < (4p = 2 = 107) OK w1s Note that the valve h/t, used is that tabulated in the LRFD Manual. If computed as (d-2k+ radius of 0.25)/t,, h/t = 41.6. Use of the LRFD Manual values ofthe property h/t, is therefore recommended Check the strength: Correct the factored moment M, to include the beam weight. W,= 1.2 (0.222) + 1,6(0.8)= 1.55 kips/t M,=76(1.55/1,52)=77.3 f-kips M,=M, =Z, Fy =29.3 (36) /12 = 86.9 fe-kips 4M, = 6,(87.9) = 0.90 (87.9) = 79.1 fi-kips>M, OK Use W12 x22, F, = 36 ksi. (c) AS72 Grade 50 steel, Select from LRFD table "LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE Z," TryMi4xi8: Z, .9in3 Check "compact section” limits 2, (Table 5.2.2) Mange = —— =$—————= 88 <8.1 NG 4 hyp = 7 43<794 OK Check the strength M,=76(1.54/1.52)=77.1 ft-kips M, = M, = Z,Fy = 24.9 (50) /12 = 104 fi-kips uM, = 4(104) = 0.90 (104) = 93.4 ft-kips>M, OK The sections significantly stronger than necessary butis the lightest section having the required M,, (d) A572 Grade 65 steel. 7012) gg pee Rie OF, 0.90(65) -97- Required Z,,14 Select from LRED table "LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE Z," TryWloxl4: Z,=17.4in3 Check "compact section" limits 2, (Table 5.2.2): Se Ea 88<81 OK ee eee Pe *nange 2ty 2(0.225) b e =543<794 OK Bred = Inthis case the controlling limit states local buckling ofthe flange, When 2, > A>, asabove, the section is classified as "noncompact" Check the strength. The strength is obtained by interpolation between M, and M, using Eq, 7.4.4 First 2, for the flange must be obtained (from Table 7.4.1) as 19.0, which exceeds byt, of 8.8 and the sectionis "noncompact": (62.4) Next M, and M, are needed M,=Z,F,=17.4 (6512 = 94.2 f-kips M,=S, (Fy -F,) = 14.9(65 ~ 10) 12 = 68.3 ft-kips Then fromEq. 5.2.4. 88-81 M,=942-(04.2~683)(——————) = 925 kis 19.0-8 . Which is0.98 M,, Ifin addition the web had 2.,>> A, then M,, would also have to be computed from Eq, 524.using 2, 2,, and 2, values for the web. The lower ofthe strengths relating to flange local buckling and web local buckling would be the correct value of M,, Continuing the check, M,=76(1 $4/1.52)=77.1 ft-kips M,=92.5 ft-kips pM, = oy (92.5) = 0.50 (92.5) = 83.3 ft-kips>M, OK Use W12 x 14, Fy = 65 ksi.20 No. g Select the lightest W section to carry a uniform dead load of 0.5 kip/ ft and a live load of 1.0 kip/ft ona simply supported span of 42 ft. Adequate lateral supports provided. The live load deflectionis limited to L/360. Use AS72 Grade 50 and Load and Resistance Factor Design. SOLUTION (a) Compute the factored moment M,. Estimating the beam weight at 70 lb/ft wy, = L2wy+ Low, = 1,2(0.5+0.07est) + 1.6(1.0) = 2.28 kips/ft M, = W,L7/8=2.28(42)?/8 = 504 ft-kipsa\ (©) Compute required plastic modulus Z,, to satisfy strength requirement. Assuming compact sec- tion, the design strength ,M, is OM, = OM, = ZF My 504(12) Required Z,,~ a a in quired OyFy _090(50) Select from LRFD table "LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE": Try W24x 55 Z,= 134 int ‘The section is compact for F,= 50 ksi. (c) Compute required moment of inertia I, to satisfy the deflection limit. The service load moment instead of the factored moment must be used since deflection is of concern when the structure is being used, not when failure is imminent. The service live load momentis M=wL?/8 = 1.0(42)°/8 = 221 ft-kips swe! = SML? 3846 48ET SML? _5(221)(42)°(144) 221K) rosin 49EA — 48(29000)(42/360) Select fromLRFD table "MOMENT OF INERTIA SELECTION TABLE": Try W24x 68 1,=1830in* Required I= Note that the section required to control deflection is larger than the section required for strength; ic., deflection controls. @ Check the W24>x 68 section w, = 1.2(0.5+0,068) + 1.6(1.0)=2.28 kips/ft M, — =503 ft-kips M, =M,=Z,Fy= 177 (50) /12 = 738 ft-kips pM, = $y(738) = 0.90 (738) = 664 f-kips>M, OK ‘As expected, the strength considerably exceeds the required strength. Check deflection: M (service live load) = 221 f-kips SML? _ (221)(42)?1728 L 1 ee Se 132in.< (<== 140in, ) OK 48E1 —48(29000) 1830 36027 No. 10 ( EXAl 5.4.1" (EXAMPLE 1) Determine the elastic shear stress distribution on a W24 x 94 beam subjected to a service load shear force of 200 kips. Also compute the portion of the shear carried by the flange and that carried by the web. (See Fig. (5.4.2) 007s popes. T woaxse ass I= 2700%n act o (0) ser sess Figure 5.4.2 Example 5.4.1. SOLUTION (a) Stress at junction of flange and web. V= 200 kips Q=9.065 (0.875) (12.155 - 0.4375) = 92.9 in.3 Fro0(0.515 7 124 Hs (web), v= 0.76 ksi (Mange) (b) Stressat neutral axis Q=92.9+ (12.155 -0.875)? (0.515) (0.5) =92.5 +32.8 = 125.7 in? 200(125.7) 2700(0.515) = 18.1 ksi23 (©) Shear carried by flanges and web. Using an approximate linear variation, V (flanges) = 2($}o 76) (0.875) (9.065) = 6 kips Vweb) = 200-6 = 194 kips Inthis case, 97% of the shear is carried by the web. (@) Average shear stress f,, on web. 200 — 8 6. 0ksi 24,31(0.515) which is 11.6% below the maximum value.24 No.4 ( EXAMPLES.42 >) Select the lightest W section of A36 steel to carry a live load of 19 kips/ft and dead load of | kip/ft (in addition to the weight of the beam). The sintply supported spans 5 ft. Lateral bracing is adequate for lateral stability. Use Load and Resistance Factor Design, SOLUTION Since the loading is heavy and the span is short, the designer should investigate shear as well as flexure. (a) Compute factored loads M, and V,, = 105 -2s" : wy = Lip Hew, =1.2(1) +16 (19)=32.0kipst M, =wL?/8= s2.06%6 = 100f-kips V, “= WL/2=32.0(5)/2=80 kips With these heavy superimposed loads the beam weight will have litle effect. () Selecta section for flexure. Assume compact section"; then, OM, = O5My = O42, Fy, The design requirement i that 64M, =M, ; thus, My _ 100012) _ 37 9in i Z, Required 25 = 4 T= 9.9066) ‘Try W12x26 from LRFD "LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLE" as the lightest beam hav- ing Z, 237.0in3 (c) Check shear. ONq “4 O.5F/)Ay =0.90(0.6) (36) (12.22) (0.23) = 54.6 kips Since V, = 80 kips exceeds the shear strength provided by W12x26, the section is not adequate. The required web area A,, for shear is Required A, =—*—-=—80 4 12sqin $00.65) 0.90(21.6) From the bending moment requirement, the next heavier sections are deeper, such as W14 or W16. Ifa W16 is selected, its web thickness required will be 4.12/16 = 0.26 in. Try W16x31, Z, = 54.0in. 3 For shear, gb xo yx Ax to Gy V7 0-90(0.6)(36) (15.88)(0.275) = 84.9 kips which exceeds the factored shear V,, = 80.1 kips (including beam weight) and is acceptable Note that the Ivt,, ratio cannot exceed the valuein Table 5.4.1. h__ unsupported fieight, T _ 13.625 = —— =49.5 ¢ SQ. ~ Webthickness,t, 0.275 Saat This is less than the limit value of 69.7 and confirms the use of Eq. 5.4.9 for the nominal strength V,, in shear. The detailed discussion of the use of intermediate stiffeners when h/t,, exceeds the value from Tableae 5.4.1 appears in plate girders. Note that the value for h/t,, tabulated in the LRFD Manual for the W16x31 is 51.6 based on an underestimate of the radius at the junction of flange of web, when the large tubulated valueis available it should preferably be used. Use W16x31, F, =36 ksi.Nee * (EXAMPLE ss.1) . Determine the size of bearing plate required for an end reaction of 10 kips dead load and 20 kips live load on a W10x26 beam of A36 steel. The beam rests on a concrete wall having a 28-day compressive strength f'¢=3000 psi, Use Load and Resistance Factor Design : SOLUTION (@) Compute factored reaction R, and required R,, R, = 1.2 (10) + 1.6(20)= 44 kips Required R, = R,/ = 44/1.0 = 44 kips (b) Determine plan dimensions for bearing plate. The bearing length must satisfy the more severe requirement of Eq. 5.5.3(local web yielding) or Eq, 5.5.4 (web crippling). Solving the simpler Eq, 5.5.3 for the required bearing length N gives Nau 25 k=—4 __9. 500875) =2.5in. =a 36(0.260) == wiox26 eye Lee Figure 5.5.2 Example 5.5.1 Try a3-inbearing plate. As a practical matter, 3 jn. should be considered as minimum bearing length unless clearances reqiurea lesser length. Before checking Eq, 5.5.4 (web crippling), investigate the requirement for bearing on hte con- crete, The nominal bearing strength P, of concrete is given by LRFD-9 as P= 085 f.Ay where A, is the area of steel concentrically bearing on a concrete support. The requirement is that Pp 2 R, (ie, the factored bearing load), The strength reduction factor 6 for bearing is 0.60. Thus, solving for therequiféd bearing area Ay gives Required A, = Reatited Fp __Rylb _ 44/060 _ 28 24 in 085s’, — 0.85f', 0.8503) Fora 3-in, bearing length, the width B (see Fig. 5.5.2) would have to be 9.6 in. Since the beam flange ‘width is only 5.77 in., a width B smaller than 9.6in. is desirable, A 4-in. bearing length requires a width of 7.2 in. Try a plate 4 in. x7.5 in (Ay =30 sq in.) Now check Eq. 5.5.5(web crippling) on the W10x26: R, = 68(0.26)* [+95 ) (038) 36(0.44) 545 10.33)\ 0.44 0.26 Then the design strength $R,, = 0.75(54.8)=41.1 kips. Since this s less than the factored load R, = 44 kips, the bearing length N must be increased. A 5-in. bearing length N gives 6R, = 44.7 kips which exceeds R,, and is aceptable. Use bearing plate, N= Sin. x B = 6 in. (©) Determine the bearing plate thickness. The uniform (assumed) bearing pressure under factored loadis 44 = 1 AT ksi 56 ksi Uniform bearing pressure p The critical section for bending taken at the toe of the flange-to-web fillet, a distance k from the mid-thickness of the web, and the beam flange is assumed not to participate. The bending moment is treated as that acting on a cantilever beam. The factored moment M,, is 2 . 2 wm, 222-19 N_ L473 se Ng non @ For a rectangular section, the bending strength requirement is : OM, 2 My (b) where = 0.90 and M,=M, = ZF,. For a rectangular section of width N and thickness t Z=NU/4 © To satisfy Eq, (b) above, ZF, =3.32 N; thus, © OS0NCF, <9 3.32Nand for F, =36 ksi, the required thickness becomes % 3.32(4 Required t= | 222). a 0.90(36) Use Bearing plate, % x 5x 0'-6",30 0. 13, ces EXAMPLE 5.6.1 Select the lightest W or M section to carry service dead load moments M, = 15 ft-kips and M,=S ft-kips, and live load moments M, = 45 ft-kips and M, = 20 ft-kips. Consider that adequate lateral bracing is Provided. Use steel having F,, = 50 ksi. Use Load and Resistance Factor Design. SOLUTION (@) Compute factored loads M,,. nd Myy Myx = 1.2(15) + 1.6 (45) = 90 ft-kips .2 (5) + 1.6 (20) = 38 ft-kips (b) Using Method 1, determine required section modulus S, and select section. Equation 5.6.4 gives 9012) 3812) 0.90(50) " 0.90(50) = 24+108,/S, Required S, > From Table 5.6.1 the ratio S/S, can be expected to be on the order of 3 to 4: thus Sx = 54 to 64 in Using only the LRFD Manual [1.17], one must use the plastic modulus Z,, table, The section modulus S, may be approximately converted to Zx by multiplying by the average shape factor 1.12. For3\ this case the initial trial S, values of 54 to 64 would have become Z,, ~ 6] to 72 in.? and the same starting section of W16x40 would have been obtained. Try W10x 60: SJ/S, = 66.7/23.0=2.9 Required S, = 24 + 10(2.9) = 53 in. <66.7 in} OK For W10x 49, S/S, = 546 /18.7=2.92 Required S, = 24 + 10(2.92)=53.6in.3 <54.6in3 OK Use W10 x 49, Fy = 50 ksi. ‘Tfone had assumed a 10-in. depth as desirable and used Eq. 5.6.4 with a coefficient of 3.5 instead of 3, . Required S,=24+ 10.5d/o,) For W10 sections, d/bris either 1 or 1.25. Required S,~24+35=59in3 which would also have required a check of two sections. The more general approach using values seems most useful unless a specific depth is desired, (©) Use Method 2 and see fa lighter section will be acceptable. Since there is likely to be some inelastic deformation capability of I-shaped sections, Method 1 is expected to be conservative. Investigate the W10x 49 selected in part (b), Compute by/d = 10.00/ 9.98 = 1.00 Since 0.5 33. 33 572 Ve V3 Equation [5.14] governs: (4,132,000 _ (58 in x 0 44m) x 132,000 (hTte)? 28.0" |The design shear strength 9,V, = 0.50 % 204.4 kips = 184.0 kips,No. 15- 3 Dekermime Me size of veaumg plate aeggutred ker an end asaction of 380 ktps dind Sead and 2oo bps Live foad om a W. 14x120 bear of aac steel. The beam rusts Om coneute coal having a 28-day compretnive strength gL= 3000 8. Use Load and Resistance Factor Deron.ay Bani gasteresipst cose pote -be= = Ei= _ cl, Wun po 8-26 Seed. _ OL= 35D ps, LL- 200 kes - sab 2S hak Ors \ebx 390+ 1.G@x% 202 340 lps Wty x (20% a= 334" _ to dubermins ono. baie olole area Ay mf carurming the pedestal is eracthy Were linnsnsiond of va, pase Gate: 0.8 Pea 0,8 «1M Ca. 926 Dred ont seas ER RE ae ae zi". 24" & a ae Aye tie 2H FON" \38 bie o.ss gh 2-8) Pex 40.85 «hE w By x FYO = O-6 xovgsx 34 Ax 1-24 Aye 380.87 Toy. 18". 22" —— By Ap Cesc) « C2246) O92 JP yuo > sex -ter 3x Mees Bis ta2 n 7 ing, (2 BN glade Ktdemese- Cby Hay canhlev en mmtred)* paring CDE" gea) egal @l- 45rtw Ue = a5 © B78 b) Sit cite eitycey y= Saket oe . Pu non? ased. te | Se 6.0. Fy | exon 3-22 " See 12 ,arvx- 436 t ff 6 bx Nx td Ure: |8 Xo aeNo.ae 34 wed support widtr ak A and & Use 3! gor mimionum support Dekermime reget geo the beam shown. width alo. use Ase steel. oodSiS ako fe(ols Dengrn o base elah phe e gee: W 14x 159 column of ass steel fo cary gactored axial Leeds of yookps daod Load, a45 MPF Die Lead, and 100 es coimd Dood, Assume a concute pedastal iyith be onde we vase etate aeeaatel, oll hace 2 dim gim. Larger han, wae .bose. pote ~ The steel ts 9-36 and te concrete enscor each direction - pos Ge ekeqe 7 Mat | feck ¢ Bey” | ackoved Lag d == | Gacnore uF | | Pus 2 ELE LL | 21.2 ryOOr N-Ex 2452 Gro kps Qce v2 D+ OS LE 163 BL = \.2x YOO + OFx 29S + 1.3% 100= Fue K's. | ' Pus qro kes ¢ cond.) a whan. wwe ole ance A,, gornnne iene pedestal is exactly re climtntiens | gf the bate @ete: , e | A= ce = {20 eas Fb O-Gx -25%3 i = Sol “ ' BLD o8 Oe 08x IS. OS = 12.452 | o.ag d= casx 48 = ig, 281 “ Tay B24". , we27s conccste gededll— 22 *21ay = 4esu- ate datetime glade canbiercn oncthed om= 0 SC 23_ 14.231) = 4-38 comboiile) - me ose ae eee Ye SP 2% G20 * ¥.38 LUx23 x= 9 VBE " eles.Mo. 18 ‘A W24 x 94 beam on a 6-ft span (see accompanying figure) underpins a column that brings 85kips dead load and 210 kips live load to its top flange at a location 2.5 ft from the left support. The column bearing plate is 12 in. measured along the beam, and the bearing plates at the end supports are each & in. Investigate this beam of A36 steel for (a) flexure, (b) shear, aid (c) satisfactory transmission of the reactions and concentrated load (ie., local web yielding and web crippling). Specify changes (if any) required to satisfy the'AISC Specification. 2s | re. 40aus 85 Wps ze LL 210 Kes |e | — 12" 5 WD. 24 gy, a és @ V2 Dea VELL = god Pus * uaa eS 2 NEF BO = use les y3e Ips | Com Ste ogy KILE eae 34 S as - as as Sak y= V2" O44 toe + se = 0, ne e1KT -—_ - oA ws Siw 2 SAD Rax @ = 438% 3-54 ieeqy ef 182.835 U2 xS xB fe ek eee ens = 182.835 Re weag, Sure BSSe 84 kKes* opts min Oa AY\ Ww. zy ray COD chece Fee [Pemures— Ome com eat sethen;. 2 6es.8 E-KT eaq.rsk OMm= > BRE = 0.4% 254 x 3S xt Soe eee ue com gah sect. edt gepee ) Compute factored moment M ,,,. Estimating the beam weight as 0.13 kips / ft, the moment Mazis w L? = ~ [2.88 +1.2(0.13){28)' =298 ft-kips (©) Consider the torsion eect. The factored uniformly distributed torsional moment is = 2.88(7) = 20.2 in- kips / ft Consider m, / h as uniformly distributed lateral load acting on one flange of the beam, Then using the flexure analogy, the lateral bending moment acting on one flange is 120.2 1976 ==(28)' =—— fikips pa Or without regard to the modification factor53 As a first approximation, assume h = 14in. and £ = 0.5 (approximation from Table 6.4.3, for AL w 3), Thus the modified flexure analogy gives My. B = -o5 (2%) 70.6 ft-kips ‘The design acceptability criterion is M, Ma Mo og p ws te? . S, and then, . 5S, epied 5,2 May Ma (Se 3 OF OAL = 298012), 2(70.6)12 * 9.90(36) * 0.9036) aan ) in which the ratio s,/s, is estimated at 3 for medium weight W14 sections, and M;is doubled to give an equivalent moment acting on two flanges. This would indicate a W14 x176 having an s, = 281 in’, Since the actual s,/s, ration for W14 sections in this weight range is 2.6, the required s, is then reduced to 245, indicating W14 «159. Using torsional properties in the AISC Manuals [1.7, 1.17] for the W14 «159, /GJ/EC, = 1/683. Thus, AL = 28(12)/683=49 Assuming fi is reduced to about 0.3, which further reduces required s,to about 190 in’. Try W14 x 132. AL=28(12)/73.2=4.59 f =031 (Table 6.43) 2 spay Myo p ME 203) 20-208) _ 45.1 fxips 8(14,66 -1.030) ‘Check design strength criterion under LRFD-H2. Compute the factored normal stress Mg Muy _ 298(12) , 45.1(02) 5, 2 | 74512 = 1714145 =31.6 ksi «(G,F, = 32.4ksi) OK54 Ise W14 x132 Where high torsional strength is required, the wide W14 sections are most suitable, For the same weight per foot, deeper sections give a reduced stress from ordinary flexure but an increased stress from restraint of torsional warping, The W21 «132 (f,,= 29.4 ksi) and the W24 x131 ( f,, = 30.7 ksi) give about the same maximum normal stress as the above selected beam, The differential equation solution gives for the factored normal stress f., due to warping torsion 14.3 ksi as compared with 14.5 ksi computed above. The maximum factored flange shear stress f,, is 16.6 ksi, while that in the web is 13.5 ksi, both computed from the differential equation solution These are acceptable under LRFD-H2, Suy™ 166 bsi<[4yr,= J, (06F,)=19.4ksi]s5 nally fixed ends to carry two concentrated loads of 20 kips (5 kips dead load and 15 kips live load) acting eccentric to the plane of the web by 6 in, as shown in Fig. Assume for conservatism that for ordinary flexure the beam is simply supported. Use A36 stecl. Use Load and Resistance Factor Design. her ay ° seo ze [io Sena 120 tains (9) Teo mspoor ang fewure py tet Being ramen Solution (a) Compute factored loads eccentrically applied. Wy = 1.2(5) + 1.6(15) = kips (b) Compute factored moment My. Estimating the beam weight as 0.15 kips/fi, the moment Myy is Max = Wy(12) + pee 30(12) + zu 2(0.15)](36)° = 389 fi-kips (©) Consider the torsion effect. The factored concentrated torsional moment isi tasted << ob a ay ena ie ly sé Ty = 30(6/12) = 15 ft-kips Considering T,/ h as the analogous lateral concentrated loads acting at one flange, the fixed-end moments are computed; thus, Tab? Tab 45 Ma (at ends) = 2 S ae = 80.0 + 40.0 = 120 ft-kips (24412) and in the positive moment zone (midspan region), TL Mh (at concentrated loads) = 120.0 = 15(12) - 120.0 = 60 ft’-kips The above moments are computed without regard for the reduction factor; the flexure analogy gives Mih values as shown in Fig. 8.8.2b. These values are more appropriate than using the expression in Table 8.6.5 because that expression is for one concentrated load. The f values from Table 8.6.5 are reasonable, hovever, since the effect of one load on the torsional stress at the other load is small. Estimating average XL at about 3, and using al = 0.3L in Table 8.6.5 for end ‘moments, the modified analogous fixed-end moments become Mh (at ends) = 0.88(80) + 0.84(40) = 70 + 34 = 104 ft-kips For positive moment at 12 ft from the support, refer to Table and estimate B as 0.9, though the exact case being treated is not covered in any of the f tables. Thus Mi (at z= 0.3L which is known to be conservatively high (see Fig. 8.8.3) because the value = 0.9(60) = 54 fi?-kips 54 includes the effects of both concentrated torsional moments. (Torsion Analysis of Steel Members [8.8], Case 6, indicates that T, applied at z = 0.3L has, negligible effect at 0.7L). (d) Select the member. Assume h ~ 14 in., which makes Mr= 54(12)/14 = 46.3 ft-kips Required S, > Ma, Mu s.| oF, OF AS) = 389(12)_, 2(46.3)(12) 0.90(36) 0.90(36) = 144 + 86 =230 in? 25)2 & & 54 A preliminary check of Table 8.6.5 gives about 0.8 for af estimate. This would reduce the required S, to 213 in.* and indicates a W14x132, Try W14x132: Sy = 209 in. AL = 36(12) /73.2 = 5.90 Using Table 8.6.5, find B = 0.74 which gives Mh 60(12) Mr(at2=0.3L)= B——= 074 9002) __ 5914 Mrfetz: 0° A Og 16g - Ries 2(39.1)12 a3 dS, = 144 + 2G2DI2 (5 9) - 99. Require Tonge) 28) 28% ‘Thus the next heavier section is indicated; Use W14x145, For a more accurate check of the W14x132 using Torsion Analysis of Steel Sections [8.8], Case 6 for AL = 5.90 at z= 0.3L, Ref. 88) 7, 037(15) = ta 339 1? ke (ee } A (17 732)12 nee My =33.9(12)/ 13.63 = 25.8 ft-kips 389(12) 209 Since fin does not exceed oyFy = 0.90(36) = 324 ksi, the W14x132 would be acceptable by the more exact check. fan Also, the stress under factored moment at the supports must be checked. Using Table 8.6.2, find B, ~ 0.68 and Bp = 0.61 for AL = 5.87 (W14x145) and al. = 0.3L. Then Mh = 0.68(80) + 0.61(40) = 54.4 + 24.4= 78.8 ft2-Kips Mr = 78.8(12)/ 13.69 = 69.1 fi-fips Thus the factored moment Mr about the y-axis resisted by one flange gives the factored fim ey =19.0ksi < (9, F, = 32.4ksi) OK S,/2 873/2ee ee ae ee ae aaa a a aa ea ate : S8 No, 22 A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Fig. The uniform load is 15% dead load and 85 % live load, and the concentrated load is 40% dead load and 60% live load. The beam has transverse lateral support at the ends and every 7'-6" along the span. Select the lightest W section of 36 steel, using Load and Resistance Factor Design. rw Ik/ft (superimposed) Lateral support of ‘compression flange Vertical mopar Solution (@) Determine the factored moment My at mid span and the required nominal strength Mp. Using LRFD-A4.1, Formula (A4-2), ‘We = 1.2(0.15)(1.0) + 1.6(0.85)(1.0) = 1.54 kips / ft Wa = 1.2(0.40)(36) + 1.6(0.60)(36) = 51.8 kips 518G0) 4 M= : (1.54307 + 562 fi-kips Since the LRFD requirement is > Mn 2 My ‘where $) = 0.90, the strength reduction factor for flexure, the required nominal strength is Required My = My /» = 562/ 0.90 = 625 ft-kips (b) Estimate whether or not lateral supports are close enough to design the beam using plastic analysis (LRFD-F1.1) or to use the full plastic moment strength Mp (LRFD-F1.3) without plastic analysis. To use either of these provisions the section must be "compact" for local buckling in accordance with LRFD-BS. Since the beam is simply supported, plastic analysis (as described in Chapter 10) does not apply. Assume the beam will be in Case 2, where M, = My. The maximum laterally unbraced length Ly is given by Eq. 9.6.3, “300a If one assumes that ry * 0.22 br (text Appendix Table A1), L, _75(12) 50(022) 11 Min be= =8.2 in. ifL)=7.5 ft Assuming the flange width is at least 8.2 in. The strength can reach the plastic moment My. (©) Select from LRFD Manual, "LOAD FACTOR DESIGN SELECTION TABLe." This is an efficient procedure when the designer is certain that the section is “compact” and that Ly . The required plastic modulus Z, is Required My = Required M, = 625 fi-kips Required, 6 Required Z, = — 2 <=" = 208 in.’ 36 The lightest section that has Z, >208 in.’ is W24x84 having Z, b> 8.2 in, 224 in; in addition (d) Check the section. The dead weight of the beam must be included; it could have been estimated at the beginning of the design. ‘My (dead load) = 1.2(0.084)(30)7/8 = 11 ft-kips My = 562 + 11 =573 ft-kips My = Mp= Z,Fy = 224(36) / 12 = 672 ft-kips Lp =50ry=S0(1.95V12=8.1 A> (Ly=7.5 8) OK ‘The other requirements (see Table 9.6.1) for " compact sectior "are satisfied, [4oMa = 0.90(672) = 605 fi-kips] > (My= 573 ft-kips) OK In this case the strength provided is nearly 6% high; however, the W24x84 is the lightest section satisfying the requirements. The flange and web of this section satisfy the "compact section” requirements to prevent local buckling; that is, 2 < Ap as given in Table 9.6.1 Use W24x84.No. 23 Select the lightest W’ section for the simply supported beam of Fig. 7.6.2, The superimposed load is 0.2 kip / ft dead load and 0.8 kip / ft live load. Lateral support is provided at the ends and at mid span Assume deflection limitations need not be considered. Use A36 steel and Load and Resistance Factor Design. ; | iGwasasenee pes | eI TI ns none Solution (@) Determine the factored moment M.,, at midspan and the required design strength ¢,M,,. Estimate the beam weight about 90 lb/ft Using LRFD-A4.1, Formula (A4-2), =1.2(02 +009) + 1.6 (08) = 1.63 kips/ ft M,, = 1.63 (50) /8 =S09 ft—kips Required 6M, = M, 09 fi —kips () Use the LRFD beam curves, " BEAM DESIGN MOMENTS" These curves are plots of the design moment strength ¢,M, vs laterally unbraced length L, for rolled 1” and M_ shapes for F, =36 ksi and F, =50 Ksi. The curves are the nominal strength Mf, relationship shown in ” Fig.7.4.1 multiplied by the strength reduction factor 9, (=0.90 for flexure) The moment gradient factor C, =1.0, the most servere loading case, is used for the curves,6\ For this example, C, =1.75 in accordance with Bq. 7.4.11 (LRFD-F1.3) Since all of the strength equations are linear inC,, L,/C,, can be used just as if C, were 1.0 for the purpose of using the LRED eurves. For this example, fe DB sia3k 1.75 G Entering the curves with required 4,M,=509 ft—kips and L, /C, =1433 ft, find W24x84, @M, = 520 kips ‘This may well be too conservative, M,, increases linearly with C,. WhenL, 189in? is W24x76 having Z, = 200in? (@ Check the W24 x 76 section. Including the dead weight of the beam, 61(50)* /8 = 503 ft~kips 23.4fi<(L, =25ft) M, = Z,F, = 200(36)/12 = 600 ft— kips Since L, > L,,M, =M,, which increases with C, but cannot exceed CoM, nor Mp. Compute Mer using Bq.7.4.12 which includes Cs, OSX) A i REX, Me Me" TIr, Val aeeu .15(176X1760 V2 , , :760)*18600 603 ft—Hips ss 156(12) 2(056)*(10) Since M-, (603fi-kips) exceeds the upper limit M, (600 fi-kips), the nominal strength My is M,M, = 600 ft—kips (@M,, = 0.90(600) = 540 ft kips) > (M,, = 503 ft Kips) Note that CM, is 667f-4aps; thus M, is the upper limit. The W24 x 76 is the lightest section OK satisfying the requirements. In addition to what has been checked. the section must be "compact" to assure that the computed strength is correct. As ate nearly all A36 setions, this section is "compact: for local buckling, that is, it satisfies the limits for web and flange given in Table 7.4.1 Use W24 x 76.63 no. 24 Given the welded I-shaped section as shown in Fig. used as a 45-ft simply supported beam laterally supported at the one-third points. Determine the service live load the beam may be permitted to carry if the dead load is 0.15 kip/ ft including the beam weight. Use load and Resistance Factor Design. The steel has Fy = 65 ksi. Co — Frangos — § x 18 Late TT, ws fis | as Lateral supports ——7, 45:0 vertical =— suppers Solution (a) Compute cross-sectional properties, Area, 4 a1 $45) 19-(29)(16-5)] = oa & Sll+-9 (16) - (26) (16 76 4003 in. 28.1 sqin, I on 18S 04m? d/2 13625 (4.6)* (0.625) = 427in.* VA V281 J= 305 625)? + 26(0.3125)°]= 2.87 in.* 3.89in. _ # [EGIA __2_[29,000(29,000(2.87)281 apa | BIG ome =1220 ksi mw s,V 2 294 2.62) * 850(_ 294(2.6) ) gee BESO) AAC 9) 0.0584 in.tikips 427 [ae Ccsianaeoy (b) Investigate the local flange buckling and local web buckling limit states. Check 4 < 4p according to LRFD-BS.1; the limits are given in Table 9.6.1. For flange local buckling, (i Big 18]> a Oot, 0625 — NG For web local buckling, 26 g32|o(1, «2a al No , 03125 ) Cee } Thus, the section is not "compact" with regard to either the flange or the web. Next, check whether the flange and / or the web must be classified as "slender" elements; that is, determine whether A exceeds A, (LRFD-BS.1 and Table 9.6.2). For flange local buckling, -u2a) a, We so OK ) fF, ~ 165 For web local buckling, (- -n2)-{:,-2 is OK "VK Thus, the slendemess ratios 2 for both the flange and the web lie between Ap and Ay; the section is "noncompact" with regard to both the flange and the web, and two of the possible controlling limit states for nominal strength will be local buckling of the flange or the web in the inelastic range as shown in Fig. 9.6.2. (© Compute the plastic moment strength M, and the moment strength M, at the elastic limit (see Fig. 9.6.2). My = ZaFy = 319(65)/12 = 1728 ft-kips M, = (Fy- Fr) Sx = (65-16.5)294/12 = 1187 ft-kips (@ Compute the nominal strength M, Basted on the limit state of local buckling of the flange flange.[9.6.9] 128-8, My=1728 - 1728 -1187) ( 1370 fi-kips 152-81) (e) Compute the nominal strength M, based on the limit state of local buckling of the web. Using Eq. 9.6.9, My = 1728 - (1728- sn 300 300(3.89 / 12) F ksi? vos Since Ly =15 ft exceeds Ly, the lateral-torsional buckling limit state must be examined further. Compute L, using Eq. 9.6.6, with ry = 3.89 in,, X;= 1220 ksi, X2 = 0.0584 in.“ kips’, F, = 16.5 ksi for a welded section, and F, = 65 ksi, =12.1 ft lg 1X, ered 7 is @-F 1+ Jl+X,(F, - Fy thus, the nominal strength M, based on the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is linearly interpolated between M, and M, according to Eq. 9.6.4 using 9.2 ft = 1.0 for the center 15-ft laterally unbraced segment of the 45-ft span of this example, L,-L,) Z| \s™, Ma= ola, -(M,-M, [9.6.4] pot) = 1636 ft-kips Ma= alias ares usr (@) Final evaluation. The nominal strength My is the lowest value among the possible controlling limit states. 1370 ft-kips for flange local buckling; 1678 ft-kips for web local buckling; and 1636 fi-kips for lateral-torsional buckling. Thus, M, = 1370 ft ooM, = 1233 ft Maximum My = OpMy= 1233 fi-kipsM.= My =12Mp+ 16M. Mp = 0.15(45)"/ 8 = 38 fi-kips —M.=12M, _ 1233-12038) = 742 fekips 16 16 8M, = tw HD) 03 kines ft PO a5FNo.2 Cixample 77.1) Determine the nominal strength M, for a channel, C12 x 20.7 of steel having F, =SOksi, used on 2 span of 24ft with concentrated loads at the one-third points as shown in Fig, 7.7.1. It is assumed that the loads act at the shear center of the channel. pepe pee —_ <0 —1 pcg po eo bg Liters Im Figure 7.7.1 Example 7.7.1Solution, (@).Determine whether or not the section satisfies the "compact section’ requirements. For local buckling limit states the flange and web must satisfy the same requirements as for I-shaped sections; ie, A <2, as given in Table 7.4.1. For the flange, OK For the web, 2 must not exceed /.» as given in Table 7.4.1, as follows: 9.75 40 a2 =346|<| 4, =905| OK 0.282 ) hi ( OE } Note that neither 6, /t, nor H, /t, is given in the LRFD Manual as a property for channel sections. Thus, for h, the authors recommend using the dimensional property T to compute the ratio, The webs of channels usually have low ,/t, so that one might almost assume 2.< 2,. This channel isa "compact section" forthe local buckling limit states. (©) Examine the lateral-torsional buckling limit state, Plastic moment strength can develop when 1, : in addition br> p-cy im. @ Check the section, The dead weight of the beam must be included; it ould have been estimated at the beginning of the design, Mg (dead load) = 1.2(-036)(28/78 =8-4fft-kips M,= 513-524 8-94 = 522.ye k-{r Ma = My = Z,Fy = 200(36) / 12 = 600 ft-kips Ly =50r)=50 (1.92/12 = 8.0ft> (Ly=7-0f) OK The other requirements (see Table 9.6.1) for" compact section" are satisfied. [sM, = 0.90(600) = 540ft-kips] > (My= 522-46 OK In this case the strength provided is stightly high; however, the W24x. is the lightest section satisfying the requirements. The flange and web of this section satisfy the "compact section” requirements to prevent local buckling; that is, 2 < 2p as given in Table 9.6.1. Use W. 24 19eyy wo, 28 Given the welded I-shaped section as shown in Fig. used as a 45-ft simply supported beam laterally supported at the one-third points. Determine the service live load the beam may be permitted to carry if the dead load is 0.15 kip/ ft including the beam weight. Use load and Resistance Factor Design. The steel has Fy = 65 ksi. c ranges — $ x8 Le woo x0 Lateral r ‘suppor c 45-0 Vertical wage supports Solution (a) Compute cross-sectional properties. Area, A= 28.1 sq in L 5.5) f 5 k= = (26+3+3) 16) - (26)'| 16-—] | = 4003 in.* al $42) (16)- (29)'(16-5) = 4003 n i, 4003 = = 294in.? d/2 13625 y=2 (as) (0625) =-427%n T wil Pes | 220, W" Va “V281 4as.0625" +26(03 125)'] = 2.87 in# 89in. _z [EGJA __2_ [29,000(29,000)2.87)281 _, SV 2 294 2.6(2) 1220 Ki Ta 294(2.6) 427 2 CO) \"~0,0584 in-fkips® aS “aseetas Meipsos (b) Investigate the local flange buckling and local web buckling limit states. Check 2 < 2p according to LRFD-BS.1; the limits are given in Table 9.6.1. For flange local buckling, b/2 (22/2 16/2 y5)./, ( , 0625 65 == 8-3 NG i | For web local buckling, 0. one] NG i Thus, the section is not "compact" with regard to either the flange or the web. Next, check whether the flange and / or the web must be classified as "slender" elements; that is, determine whether 4 exceeds 2 (LRFD-BS.1 and Table 9.6.2). For flange local buckling, a --pits_- 1604] OK "fF, 16s For web local buckling, aa Thus, the slenderness ratios 4 for both the flange and the web lie between A) OK and 2,5 the section is "noncompact" with regard to both the flange and the web, and two of the possible controlling limit states for nominal strength will be local buckling of the flange or the web in the inelastic range as shown in Fig. 9.6.2. (©) Compute the plastic moment strength M, and the moment strength M, at the elastic limit (see Fig. 9.6.2). My = Z,Fy = 319(60)/12 =1595 ft-kips M, = (By- Fy) Sx = (60-16.5)294/12 = 1065. FS. (4) Compute the nominal strength M, Basted on the limit state of local buckling of the flange flange.ae a-a, ‘Ma = Mp - (Mp - Mr) a,-A, (9.6.9] 12.8 -8.3q 18-03 —8.3q () Compute the nominal strength M, based on the limit state of local buckling, of the web. Using Eq. 9.6.9, M,=1595—(1595— 1085478)( SSF = =>) = 1587.8 kf My =1595.— (1595—1065- F5)(— )= 42q1.1 kr ( Examine the lateral-torsional buckling limit state. Compute Ly using Eq. 9.6.3, 300 300(389/ 12) =12.55 - FP .ksi * veo uy Since Ly =15 ft exceeds Lp, the lateral-torsional buckling limit state must be examined further. Compute L; using Eq, 9.6.6, with ry = 3.89 in,, X= 1220 ksi, Xz = 0.0584 in.‘/ Kips”, F, = 16.5 ksi for a welded section, and Fy = 60 ksi, N+ f1+X,(F,-F) = 30.q) Kr thus, the nominal strength M, based on the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is linearly interpolated between M, and M, according to Eq. 9.6.4 using Cy = 1.0 for the center 15-ft laterally unbraced segment of the 45-ft span of this example, [9.6.4] 18-12-55 fins 5) iseu.y e-AE Mao Lofi5a5— (1595-1065.95) Sa ae (g) Final evaluation. The nominal strength Mg is the lowest value among the possible controlling limit states.12q1-f-kips for flange local buckling:158}-8f-kips for web local buckling; and 152t-4ft-kips for lateral-torsional buckling. Thus, My =12Q/|R-kips duMn ="62 fi-kips Maximum My = $M, ='62 ft-kips> My =1.2Mp+1.6M: Mp — =0.15(45)/ 8 = 38 fi-kips 697-8 ET 8M, 6978) 2.ge elt B (45)? WLNo. 29 Select the lightest W or M section to carry a concentrated load, uniformly }& distributed load and total factored moment as shown in Figure. The simply supported span is 18-0". The compression flange of the beam is fully supported against lateral movement. Use Load and Resistance Factor Design, and A-36 steel. No need to check web yielding and web crippling at supports and concentrated load. shosssee Unfactored d= 2.5 kips Unfactored Ll = 3.0 /f moment m= 85 kips-ty Unfactored d.!= 0.9 k/ft (in addition to own weight) Unfactored = 0.8 k/ftPu = )-2x2-54 1.6% 3.0 Wu totat fadored Was 1.2% 6.44 1640.8 ging vo G3") Rg x18 — 8S -G3% yo) — (2-36 * 18 x E9- + ee ee eqeo OTD R= - 19-98 Fes foe = 8 Kees: 23.36 EN q)=°.eax. My= NGQe62e aed cs \c, froen CRED tO, ’ B- : ay We any gp 2, ter 03> 62.8203 ok bi ae ee Chak commpade settion Linmiks: | eS ees 4-0 € 10-8 ae hs ; he & 10 Sle ae teae “check dor shear sregth. Cw-ieeus) OVm= % (0-6 Fy) Au 2 069 10-6 x BOX I20EK 0.335 <. yesy reps > Va 8013 ONe:- on eao Chee. hides Liovid, ‘ B+ Heo ogy ce She for Pye 36 ‘ess, man Be 64-9 C owen, bl ho tieals). © Check in cbuceng beam cwn at. Wak 2.2 E412 0604S = 2H! elle Res 30.35 Kes , Ras to.43 Mes recon, Ms IH. Ie LP ‘ dee Wz uS, OMne PREF x CH. TK EH aeqe.28 k-¥ = 194.64 lep- Ke > ee $Vin= 78.54 DYue soa bees Ae Use W tax qo — =—Be N90. 30 Select the lightest W or M section to carry a concentrated load, uniformly — distributed load and total factored moment as shown in Figure. The simply supported span is 180", The compression flange of the beam is fully supported against lateral movement, Use Load and Resistance Factor Design, . No need to check ‘web yielding and web crippling at supports and concentrated load. Use A.63.2. Qrade So steel. : Unfactored d= 2.5 kips Unfoctored Ld 3.0 k/t total factored moment my = 85 kips-fy Unfactored d.!= 0.9 k/ft {in addition to own weight) Unfactored L! = 0.8 k/ft83 totat fadered Was 12x OGt 640.8 = 2.36 eA Em_gzo C a) 4p Qgxtk — 85 —Gar re) — (236% eng =o gs 86d HPS ae ero 61) Rou 19.98 es Eye:te ‘ — max. Mus 16462 _azgiedt G to be used. Raed: tae Cae sechton. g Mme EMP ~ > Behe Mu 169. 62 AI neat. 2° ——> = Ge 3 0-G x 5° By = Y2S2 ee) foo URED table, ty We anya, ——. bx= 5465 03> q5.23005 OK Check como pack section fermils: | Ss Sep : 2 ok 4-8 €o4 ae be >. 304. < qas St twocheck dor shean strenpth - Cw-i2xyo) P\m= 4 (0-6 Fy) Ay 20.4 40.6 x FOX MAG K O- 24S < got bres > Yum 3003 SNe: +o To chet hls es ee oe 50 ket, man. Bs Sat. Cowen. Pl hs dum? Shae for Pye — check including bean ten ash. Way = 2.2 O41.2 4 0-040 = aU er Rez 30.45 Moe Ros 10.43) kegs! amen. PMS 141.6 Ie [Py gee wl i2x4o, Me > phys q x 5.52 x 50 2589.5 = 215,62 Io- Kr D Ma =tH 6 ley a ka $Vm= 95-1, Dus 30.35 kes Ce Use W.12x4o Se