E

E (
)
.
:
-
-
-
-
-

:
 - - --
- - -

....................................

B12
 : B12

23
.
6
( 6)

.

23 ( DNA )
thymidine
triphosphate .DNA

remethylation of homocysteine
.methionine
gastric glands (
) intrinsic factor


.trypsin

(
23
pancreatic deficiency disease
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(
3
transcobalamin II ).

(
ectopia lentis
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myelin
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 ....................................

B9

.
.


.
) )neural tube defects
.NTDs

.NTDs
:

homocysteine .
homocysteine
.

.homocysteine
.homocysteine
peripheral
vascular disease .

- * :

* -
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)23
 * - () (
)
* -
* - ()

( : ) :

.
homocysteine
.
.
.
245611
.

malabsorption disorders
.
.

triamterene, anticonvulsants,
.sulfasalazine cimetidine
 mcg 511 :

.
. FDA

mcg 211 .

.
mcg 511-411
.

....................................

B7
 : B7

.8
.

:
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gluconeogenesis
.
.3 - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
.
.4 - Propionyl-CoA
carboxylase .
.5 - Beta-methyl-CoA
carboxylase
.
 :

.

.

.2
avidin 8

.

.3 Total parenteral nutrition

.

.4 anticonvulsant drugs

.5 .
.
 :

seborrheic dermatitis
.alopecia

hyperesthesias
paresthesias myalgia
hallucination.
nausea anorexia .vomiting

....................................

B6

7


.

.

( )
phosphorylase

%91-81 7 .

peripheral
.neuropathy

.
 ( )
.

isoniazid
.
7
ataxia
paralysis .numbness

....................................

B5

: B5
 :

6
.

.

( ATP ) -5.

)coenzyme A (CoA Acyl Carrier
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.
.

6
.

.

. 2::8
.6

....................................

B3

: B3

4 .
4 :

.

( )+NAD
( )+NADP cytosol
( )

.
lactate dehydrogenase
malate dehydrogenase
.
2
71
tryptophan
pyrrolase .

.

. .
4


.

....................................

D
 :

.
.

.

:
.


.

.
 .
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-
-
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.



.

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( .)Osteomalacia

.
.

.
.


.


.
.

.


.

()
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( )Multivitamins
 511-311 ( ) 21-6
511 .
.

615111 25361
.
.

....................................

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: B2
 3
.
.

.

.Free Radicals

.
.3
3
.

3
.


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xanthine oxidase
succinate dehydrogenase
.


( )
.
.
.3

.

()()
4 1.85-1.91.4-1.5 7
2.21.:8 212.42.32
2.72.922.5 2.3
2.22.42 2.52.72.2 2.8
2.62.92.5
 :

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().
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.
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.
.
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/ .

....................................

L L-gulonolactone
.

:

3+ 3+

.

( )
prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase
. Collagen
tyrosine
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bile acids
-8.

(
) .

.

 .
scurvy
:

Subcutaneous hemorrhages



.


.
5-4
.

....................................

A
 : A

(
.) .


.

.

[ .]9
.

.
Retinol

.
Retinal
Retinoic .
 Provitamin A Carotenoids

.

%37 %45
.
beta-
carotene alpha-carotene lutein
zeaxanthin lycopene
.cryptoxanthin 674
%21 .


.
.

.
.

.
.


.

:

.

.
.


.



| |
.

.
.
2 3 .

:2
( )
4 385296656 4
235436356 261121
23957 ( % 4.36)
3376 235:6
 :3

( )
335678561
245529381
225569341
:56692:1 ( 8)95777286

265931226 65522221
23592466
3517451

22564341
2576246
22537336 22536336
2516131 7
92:26
58421 42:7
4247

:

. 3615111
6115111
.

. Zinc

.
retinol binding protein
( )RBP .

.

.

.
.
.



. A

.
.



.


.

.
.

.


.
.

....................................

P
 : P

- - - -

....................................
 B1

: B1

( )thiamin
2 ()thymine
.

.


.

:

*
*
( )
* (
)
*
* ( ).

25.

() (
pyruvate ) ketoglutarate
transketolation pathways
(
).

:


. 3711

" ".

*
.
*
( )
*
() ( Wernicke's
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( )Korsakoff syndrome

.
-.

 .
.
:

*
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8 .
* .

.
.

.
.