S 5 (223)-2014 NGN NG & I SNG 1

NGN NG HC V VIT NG HC

THC TRNG S DNG TING VIT PHI CHUN

CA GII TR HIN NAY NHN T GC
NGN NG HC X HI
NON-STANDARD VIETNAMESE OF THE YOUTH
FROM VIEWPOINT OF SOCIOLINGUISTICS
NGUYN VN HIP
(GS.TS;Vin Ngn ng hc)
INH TH HNG
(ThS;Vin Ngn ng hc)
Abstract: This article deals with non-standard variants of language among teenagers
nowadays and their impact on the so-called pureness of Vietnamese. The authors give a total
picture of how teenagers language is different with standard language in terms of slang, code-
mixing and code-switching, borrowing and symbols used in daily communication. The authors
also make a survey on this phenomenon and come to suggest some solutions to protect
Vietnamese language in process of globalization.
Key words: non-standard Vietnamese; social dialectology; pureness of language; teenager;
slang; code-mixing; code-switching; borrowing.
1. Dn nhp cm t khc nhau v yu cu ngi s dng
Ngn ng gii tr l mt hin tng ph nh du nhng cm t khng ng tiu
bin trong x hi, khng mang tnh c bit i chun. Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy mt
vi gii tr ca bt k nc no. iu ny na s thanh thiu nin khng nhn ra s khc
c th hin r trn cc din n, blog c bit gia ng php ting Anh chun v ngn
nhn, ni gii tr chia s, bc l cm xc ca ng thng tc. Beth Black - tc gi ca nghin
mnh. cu mi ny nhn nh: "C th nhng hnh
Trn th gii, ngn ng gii tr c coi l thc ting Anh phi chun, t c cng nhn
mt dng ting lng m mt b phn thanh s tm ng vo ting Anh chun, c bit
thiu nin s dng. Tuy nhin, xung quanh a ra quan im rng thanh thiu nin l
vn v loi ting lng ny cng c nhiu nhng ngi sng to ngn ng v mang li
lung kin khc nhau. Trong bi vit nhng s thay i trong phng ng chun".
"Standard English in decline among Tc gi bi bo cng dn ra kin ca Ian Mc
teenagers" (Ting Anh chun bin i trong Neilly n t Hip hi quc gia ging dy
tng lp thanh thiu nin), Graeme Paton ting Anh: "i vi rt nhiu ngi - khng
(2008) cp n vn nhiu ngi Anh lo ch nhng ngi tr tui - ngn ng hng ngy
ngi rng vic s dng cc trang mng x hi ca h l ting Anh trong mi trng mi -
v tin nhn in thoi ang ph hy k nng ni cc cu trc phi vn phm c chp nhn
c ca tr. Graeme Paton cng dn ra nghin hn. iu ny chc chn s ko theo s suy
cu mi nht ca i hc Cambridge khi kho gim ca cc cu trc tiu chun" [12].
st hn 2000 thanh thiu nin ti 26 trng David Crystal, nh ngn ng hc thuc i
trung hc Anh. Nghin cu ny a ra cc hc Reading, khc vi nhiu ngi cho rng
2 NGN NG & I SNG S 5 (223)-2014

ting lng ch c ngha tiu cc, ng li ch
coi n nh l th ngn ng "khng chnh thc,
khng t tiu chun t vng" hay l "bit ng
ca mt nhm c bit" v n ch l cch gii tr, ngn ng 9X, ngn ng teen, ngn
gii tr tch mnh khi nhng ngi ln tui
hn, ng thi n cng th hin s on kt,
thng nht vi nhng ngi cng nhm [9].
Vanessa Barford, trong mt bi vit c tiu
"Mind your slanguage" ng trn BBC
News t ra vn rng nu vic cm ting
lng khng phi l gii php tt th hy tm ra
"cha kha" hiu n tt hn - v iu ny
cng c thc hin ti mt trng i hc trong gii tr cc th h 8X, 9 X v c th l
pha nam London, thng qua vic a ting
lng vo cc gio trnh. Nhng ngi ging
dy, nghin cu i vo phn tch ngn ng,
suy ngh v vai tr hot ng ca n trong cc
cuc tr chuyn, cc dng kt hp ca n
c th nhn dng, tm hiu mi quan h gia
ting lng vi cc gi tr ca nn vn ha
hng n vic ging dy cho ngi nc
ngoi. Ni nh Zephaniah, chng ta nn hc
cch s dng ting lng cho ph hp bi v
cho d thch hay khng, cch chng ta ni
chuyn cng s nh hng n cch mi
ngi nhn chng ta v iu ny c th dn
n nhng h qu rt nghim trng; "Ting
lng cng nh v thut. V vy, min l bn c
nn tng vng chc, bn c th t do ng
bin" [18].
Trc thc trng nh vy, ting lng ca
tng lp thanh thiu nin cng thu ht c s
quan tm nht nh t cc nh nghin cu. Cc
nghin cu thng tp trung vo mt s ni
dung nh: (1) Phn tch, m t cc bin th m
gii tr thng s dng trong giao tip, (2) So
snh ngn ng ni v ngn ng vit ca thanh
thiu nin, (3) S khc bit ca ngn ng gii
tr vi ngn ng chun v mt t vng, ng
m, ng php v c ng dng, (4) Mi quan
h/ s tc ng gia cc bin th ngn ng
gii tr vi cc nhn t x hi,
Vit Nam, ngn ng m gii tr hin
ang s dng c gi bng nhiu ci tn
khc nhau, ty thuc vo s nhn mnh mt
nhn t no lin quan n loi ngn ng
ny. Chng hn, cn c vo i tng s
dng, c cc cch nh danh nh: ngn ng
ng tui teen, ting lng tui teen; cn c vo
phng tin s dng (my tnh v internet), c
cc cch gi tn khc, nh: ngn ng "a cng"
(@), ngn ng cht, ngn ng mng; cn c
vo ngha ca vic s dng, li c cch t
tn khc l ngn ng "snh iu". Mt s thc
khng th khng thy, l loi ngn ng ny
l mt th ting lng, c s dng rng ri
c th h 10X ti y.
Trc s ph bin ca ngn ng gii tr,
c nhiu lung kin tri chiu khc nhau,
song c th quy thnh 3 nhm: (1) Nhm tn
ng, (2) Nhm ln n v (3) Nhm nhn nhn
vi thi dung ha.
Nhng ngi ng tnh, ng h th cho
rng ngn ng gii tr c o, mi l, sng
to, a dng, d thng, ng yu, gn
gi,Ngn ng ny th hin s tr trung,
nng ng, nh nhnh, vui ti, phong cch,
c tnh,N c th gip x stress, tit kim k
t, thi gian v cng sc nhn.
Nhm nhng ngi ln n vic s dng
ngn ng ca gii tr hin nay cho rng l
th ngn ng k d/ k quc/ qui d, bin dng,
mo m, lai cng, hn tp, v nguyn tc/ v
ti v, khng ph hp vi sc thi ting Vit
H lo ngi ngn ng b ri lon, ting Vit
ang mt i, ting Vit b thoi ha, iu
ny th hin thi quen xu, l s "bo hnh"
i vi ting Vit, thm ch cho l biu
hin ca s sa st v nhn cch, c th lm
mt gi tr vn ha Vit v cho rng y l
tnh trng ng bo ng, cn ln n nu
khng mun mt gc, mun gi gn s trong
sng ca ting Vit v gi gn bn sc vn
ha
Mt s khc khng by t thi tn ng
nhng cng khng kch lit phn i vic s
dng ngn ng ca gii tr. H cho rng ch
cn khng lm dng th vic s dng ngn ng
S 5 (223)-2014 NGN NG & I SNG 3

gii tr cng khng nh hng g nhiu, quan vy -> d, bit -> bt, v -> da, tri i -> tri
trng l phi bit dng ng ni, ng lc. ui, chiu -> chu, m -> m, cht -> cht,
Chng hn, i vi giy t hnh chnh, giao (3) S dng ting Anh chen ting Vit
tip mang tnh nghi thc, cc bi kim y l li s dng ngn ng na Ty na
tra,th tuyt i khng c s dng cc k ta hay ting bi trong giao tip. Hin tng
t sng to ny vo. H cho rng ci g x hi "snh ngoi ng" ny nhiu khi b lm dng
khng chp nhn th s b o thi, khng mt cch v ti v, gy phn cm. Chng ta
nn nhn 9X v ngn ng ca th h 9X mt thng xuyn bt gp cc cch ni, nh:
cch phin din. Ngn ng gii tr cng ch book phng (t phng), thank you anh
l mt dng ting lng, n xut hin theo (cm n anh), sorry anh, em forget mt (xin
tng giai on, n t xut hin v cng s t li anh, em qun mt), Thm ch, cch
mt i theo quy lut ca n. Vic s dng chm xen ting Anh ny cn c s dng vi
ngn ng ny cha hn l mt iu ng ch mt cao, chng hn: Tun ny t bn lm
trch. case study cho mn OE. ang thi Micro mun
Trong bi vit ny, bng vic kho st die lun y, cha k leader c nhc nh mi
thc trng s dng ngn ng gii tr, chng v present cho mn b gio Nancy.
ti mun a ra mt cch nhn nhn tha ng Cch ni chm xen ny, d c chp nhn
v cc hin tng b coi l "phi chun" di hn i vi nhng thut ng khoa hc, cng
gc ngn ng hc x hi. iu ny s gp ngh thng tin (v d: email, folder,) v cha
phn pht hin v ch ra xu th bin i ca c thut ng tng ng hay thut ng ting
ngn ng, bn cht bn trong ca h thng Vit cha thc s ph bin. Nhng c nhng
ngn ng, t cung cp c s cho vic xy t c th tm thy t ting Vit tng ng
dng cc gii php iu tit ngn ng. nhng gii tr vn thng xuyn chm xen t
2. Thc trng s dng ting Vit phi ng nc ngoi vo.
chun (4) S dng loi "ch ci" t cc biu
2.1. Hnh thc s dng tng (symbol) hay cc k t ASCII trong ng
Gii tr sng to ra ngn ng ca ring dng vn phng Microsoft Word thay th cc
mnh da trn nhng kt hp ch - s, m, bng mu ch ci truyn thng, chng hn: A
ngha, chm xen, ht sc a dng. Di = Cl; B = ; C = ( ; D = ]) , V d: vCl
y, chng ti a ra mt s dng biu hin |Cl]\[ Cl ]\[ "Cl/v\ ]"(c ngha: v...
ph bin trong cch s dng ngn ng ca hon ton "tm tt"; ch gii: V = v, A = Cl, H
gii tr: = |, O = , N = ]\[, T = , M = /v\, I = ]).
(1) S dng nhng kt hp k l (5) S dng con s thay ch
V d: Bt nh con lt t, Chnh nh con Gii tr c nhng tha thun ngm, quy
c cnh, Lnh lng nh con thch sng, Ngc c ch ci ting Vit sang con s: A = 1, B =
nh con c, Chui c ni, au s cau, H l 2, C = 3, V d: 8 0? (c ngha: Chat
c s v, khng?)
(2) S dng bin m (6) Vit tt
Gii tr thng vit theo m c, nhng Gii tr tn dng ti a cc hnh thc vit
bin tng mt cch sai chnh t, khng ging tt. Thm ch cn kt hp gia bin dng, bin
vi ngn ng ph thng, cng khng ging m, chuyn i ch sang s, trc khi vit
vi bt k ngn ng no khc. tt. Nhn chung, vit tt l hnh thc kh a
V d: Dm -> zm, ri -> roi/ ri/ gi, dng m gii tr thng xuyn s dng.
m -> m, lm -> lm, quen -> wen, khng -> V d 1: Trong ting Vit, "tm bit", tng
hok, yu -> iu, thch -> thik, bun -> bn, ng vi "bye bye " trong ting Anh, nhng
4 NGN NG & I SNG S 5 (223)-2014

gii tr thng bin m thnh "bibi" hoc - Thi, ti Lng Vn Can y!

"pipi", v khi vit tt th cn "bb" hay "pp". - ''Ny, ht bao nhiu y,
V d 2: Chng ta cng bt gp hng lot cn Campuchia?''
cc hnh thc vit tt nh: [http://www.voatiengviet.com/content/hien-
Xin cho = Hi -> 2! tuong-phan-ngon-ngu-o-vietnam/1507491.html ]
Bn = You -> U (8) C tnh ni ngng v vit sai chnh t
Chc ng ngon = Good night -> G9 V d: T "nh th no" s c ni tt l
V d 3: "nh no", ri c ngi li c tnh ni sai
- Em yu anh, hn gp li, ng ngon nh! = thnh "d lo".
I love you, see you later, good night ->Ilu, Nhn chung, ngn ng gii tr ch yu
Sul, G9. thay i v mt t vng (hnh dng ch vit)
- Hn gp bn ti nay = See you tonight - v mt ng m (m thanh ca ngn ng),
>Cu 29. cn ng ngha, ng php hu nh khng
(7) Dng nguyn c mt cm t hoc mt thay i. S bin i ny khng ch din ra
t ghp hoc mt tn ring ca mt ngi, mnh m, trn din rng, m cn biu hin
mt a phng hoc mt nc, ch ly ra mt rt a dng v hnh thc.
t t trong (9) S dng ting lng
V d: Thay v ni lu, ngi ta ni H V d: xon (cng kch), b tay.com
Vn Lu (hay Hng Lu Mng); thay v (chu), chui/ chui c ni (sn, d), quy
ni ng (c), ngi ta ni H ng; (lm no ng ln), vi (qu),
thay v ni xa, ngi ta ni Natasha (ch 2.2. Phm vi s dng
ly m cui, Sha, pht m theo ging min S pht trin ph bin ca ngn ng gii
Bc l xa); thay v ni xinh (xn), ngi ta tr biu hin ch n khng ch c s
ni nh v sinh (m /s/ b bin thnh /x/); dng ring mt vng min no, m n ph
thay v ni tin, ngi ta ni tin; thay bin t thnh th ti nng thn. Ngn ng
v ni cn (li), ngi ta ni Bc Cn; thay ny xut hin lan trn trn cc trang in t,
v ni can (ngn), ngi ta ni Lng Vn cc din n, thm ch trn c mt s
Can; v thay v ni chia (tin), ngi ta ni phng tin gio dc - truyn thng nh bo
Campuchia. Kt qu, ta thy c mt mu ch, c bit l nhng t bo hng ti i
i thoi l lng nh sau: tng ch yu l gii tr.
- i g m H Vn Lu th?'' tm hiu phm vi s dng ngn ng
- '', ti ng H ng qu!'' gii tr, chng ti tin hnh kho st hn
'- 'T y n y c Natasa khng?'' 1000 phiu vi i tng l hc sinh, sinh
- Khng. , m hm nay em trng vin trong tui t 17-26, kt qu thu c
hi nh v sinh y nh! nh sau:
- Kho nnh! T na, i v, c tin, mua
gim em t bo nh!
- , m thi, by gi nhu i!
- , Bc Cn i, cc bn i!''
Tng
s
Gia nh Trng hc Nhng ni khc Mi ni Khng ni no
Hnh phiu
thc hp l
Tn T l Tn T l Tn T l Tn T l T l Tn s
s (%) s (%) s (%) s (%) Tn s (%) (100%)
Chm 62 6.7 336 36.3 533 57.6 12 1.3 69 7.5 925
S 5 (223)-2014 NGN NG & I SNG 5

xen
ngoi
ng
Cch
kt 85 9.1 359 38.6 485 52.2 24 2.6 66 7.1 929
hp l
Thay
i
70 7.6 340 37.1 498 54.3 25 2.7 72 7.9 917
hnh
thc t
S
dng
biu 73 8 290 31.8 535 58.7 16 1.8 84 9.2 911
tng
vui
Vit
tt 79 8.6 307 33.4 563 61.1 18 2 58 6.3 922

S
dng
s kt 58 6.4 250 27.5 514 56.5 13 1.4 132 15 910
hp
ch
Ting
64 7 287 32 588 65 27 3 62 6.8 910
lng
trng hc; 7,5% tr li khng s dng ni
70 no; ch 6,7% s dng trong gia nh v 1,3%
60 s dng mi ni.
Gia nh
50 Nh vy, c th ni, a phn nhng ngi
Trng hc
40
Nhng ni khc
tr s dng ngn ng ny u thc r phm
30
Mi ni vi s dng ngn ng ca mnh, h khng s
20
Khng ni no dng ty tin mi ni, t s dng trong gia
10 nh, c s dng nhiu hn trng hc (
0 c th l do trng hc l ni gii tr c th
Chm xen Cch kt Thay i S dng Vit tt S dng Ting lng
ngoi ng hp l hnh thc biu tng s kt hp
tip xc nhiu vi bn b cng trang la -
t vui ch nhng ngi c cch ni chuyn tng t nn
c th d dng hiu nhau), cn phn ln h
Kt qu kho st v mi trng m gii tr thng s dng trong cc mi trng khc.
s dng ngn ng ca mnh cho thy d l 2.3. i tng s dng
hnh thc no (chm xen ngoi ng, s dng Khi c hi v i tng m gii tr
cch kt hp l, thay i hnh thc t, vit thng xuyn giao tip bng ngn ng ring
tt,) th a phn gii tr u t khi s dng ca mnh, chng ti thu c kt qu sau:
trong giao tip gia nh, trng hc; phn ln Tn s
s ngi c hi u tr li rng h s dng i tng T l (%)
trong cc mi trng khc, s ngi tr li s Ngi t tui hn 317/ 1022 31
dng mi ni hay khng s dng ni no Bn b 836/ 1022 81.8
chim t l t hn hn. Chng hn, i vi
Hnh thc chm xen ngoi ng, 57,6% tr li Anh/ ch 219/1022 21.5
s dng nhng ni khc; 36,3% s dng Ngi ln (ng,
b, b, m,...) 40/1022 3.9
6 NGN NG & I SNG S 5 (223)-2014

V i tng s dng, a phn gii tr tr gii tr khng ch phn bit v phm vi giao
li l h ch s dng "ngn ng tui teen" tip m cn v i tng giao tip: vi ngi
vi bn b (81.8%), tip n l s dng vi ln tui hn vi ngi t hn v ngang bng
ngi t tui hn v anh/ ch (khong 20 - tui. iu ny phn no phn nh thc/ thi
30%), t ngi s dng vi ngi ln tui hn ca gii tr trong s dng ngn ng: thn
- thuc th h trn mnh (ng, b, b, m) mt, sung s vi bn b; tn trng vi ngi
(3.9%). trn; v ch thng xuyn s dng vi nhng
Nu nh cu hi trn v phm vi giao ngi ng nhm tui (t s dng vi anh/ ch
tip, gii tr tr li l h c s dng ngn ng v nhm t tui hn).
ring ca mnh trong phm vi gia nh v 2.4. Mc s dng
trng hc nhng cha c th i tng c Qua kho st v mc s dng, chng ti
giao tip th y, qua cu hi ny, chng ta nhn thy, ty tng hnh thc m mc s
c th thy a phn h s dng vi bn b, dng ca gii tr cng khc nhau, c th nh
ngi t tui hn. C th thy, nhn chung, sau:
Mc s dng Tng
s
STT Hnh thc Thng Thnh Cha bao
Him khi phiu
xuyn thong gi hp l
221 518 173 74 986
1 Chm xen ngoi ng
(22.5%) (52.5%) (17.5%) (7.5%) (100%)
212 511 208 73 1004
2 Cch kt hp l
(21.1%) (50.9%) (20.7%) (7.3%) (100%)
291 171 68 1004
3 Thay i hnh thc t 474 (47.2%)
(29%) (17%) (6.8%) (100%)
383 407 137 74 1001
4 S dng biu tng vui
(38.3%) (40.7%) (13.7%) (7.4%) (100%)
453 389 119 37 998
5 S dng vit tt
(45.4%) (39%) (11.9%) (3.7%) (100%)
179 378 286 161 1004
6 S dng s kt hp vi ch
(17.8%) (37.6%) (28.5%) (16%) (100%)
340 447 170 47 1034
7 S dng ting lng
(33.9%) (44.5%) (16.9%) (4.7%) (100%)
l thp hn (khong 20 40%), tip n l
60 nhng ngi cho rng h him khi s dng
50 (khong 10 20%)v ch c mt s t cho rng
40 Thng xuyn h cha bao gi s dng (khong 5 8%). C
Thnh thong th hn, i vi hnh thc chm xen ngoi
30
Him khi ng, s dng cch kt hp l, thay i hnh
20 Cha bao gi thc t, s dng biu tng vui, s dng s kt
10 hp vi ch vit, s dng ting lng, s ngi
0 tr li thnh thong s dng cao hn c. Ring
Chm xen
ngoi ng
Cch kt Thay i S dng
hp l hnh thc t biu tng
S dng S dng s S dng
vit tt kt hp vi ting lng vit tt, s ngi chn mc thng xuyn
vui ch vit
ln hn hn. S ngi cho rng hnh thc s
T bng biu trn c th thy, nhn chung, dng s kt hp vi ch vithim khi h s
i vi hu ht cc hnh thc, s ngi tr tr dng chim t l cao hn cc hnh thc khc.
li thnh thong h mi s dng ngn ng Nh vy, khng ring hnh thc no, phn
ring ca mnh chim t l cao (khong 40 - ln gii tr u thnh thong mi s dng, s
50%), s ngi thng xuyn s dng chim t ngi s dng mc thng xuyn khng
S 5 (223)-2014 NGN NG & I SNG 7

phi l a s. C th, vi mc s dng ny, tng, thm ch l ph cch. Cc "thnh ng

chng ta khng nn/ khng cn thit phi nng snh iu" kiu nh: "au kh nh con h",
n ln thnh hin tng bo ng, nguy cp "Ght nh con b cht", "To lao b ao"
m cn bnh tnh nhn nhn tng hnh thc. cng v th m xut hin. Cng giai on
3.Ting Vit phi chun di gc nhn ny, do c im tm sinh l, gii tr cng d
ca ngn ng hc x hi b cun theo tro lu mi, nht l nhng tro
3.1. i tm l do s dng ting Vit phi lu mang c trng phong cch la tui.
chun ca gii tr Thng thng, vic theo tro lu c gii tr
tm hiu v nguyn nhn ti sao xem l ph hp, khng lc hu hay d bit.
tui ny gii tr li hay s dng li din t (2) Ngn ng gii tr th hin c s vui
nh vy, chng ti a ra cu hi v l do s ti, hn nhin, nh nhnh, s sng to, vi
dng "ngn ng 9X", l do c la chn mc ch to s vui v, gn gi, thu hp
nhiu nht l Ty hng, khng c g c bit khong cch trong giao tip. Hn na, vi
(42.5%), tip n l cc l do khc Gim thiu nhng k t sng to ny, gii tr c th d
s k t phi g (41%), Th hin cm xc, thay dng biu l cm xc ca mnh. Trong nhiu
li mun ni (38.1%), To s mi l trong trng hp, n lm gim bt s nghim tc,
cch ni/ vit (32.1%), cc L do khc chim t kh khan, nhm chn so vi ngn ng bnh
l khng ng k (4.8%). iu ny c th thng. Chng hn, "hem bit u n" (khng
hin c th trong bng sau: bit u n), d khin ngi ta hnh dung n
T l mt a con nt nhng nho, nng nu, d
L do s dng Tn s (%) thng. Nh vy, ngoi thng tin thun ty th
To s mi l trong
ngn ng gii tr cn th hin rt r thi ,
cch ni/ vit 322/1002 32.1
Gim thiu s k t cm xc ca nhng i tng tham gia giao
phi g 410/1002 41 tip.
Th hin cm xc, (3) Bng vic s dng ngn ng gii tr, c
thay li mun ni 382/1002 38.1 th gim bt s ln nh k t. iu ny gip
Ty hng, khng c tit kim thi gian, cng sc. C ngha l i
g c bit 426/1002 42.5
vic giao tip bng k t, trong mt tin nhn i
L do khc 48/1002 4.8 c th truyn ti c lng thng tin nhiu
L gii thm v nhng l do ni trn, chng nht, nhanh nht vi s k t t nht nu bit
ti a ra mt s nhn nh v nguyn nhn s cch. V d: khng = ko, k; bit = bit; tnh yu
dng nh sau: = ty; xin cho = hi, 2; Good night to you =
(1) V mt tm l, la tui ny, gii tr G92U; Bn bao nhiu tui, gii tnh, u =
thng thch chng t bn thn, mun c what is your age, sex, location? = ASL?;
khng nh s c o c nhn bng nhng nhng = ~ ; khc = #, ... Do , thay v s
iu mi l. Ngoi vic th hin bng cch n dng cch vit thng thng, gii tr thng
mc, kiu tc, cc tr gii tr, th ngn ng la chn cho mnh cch vit tt, cch thay th
cng l mt trong s nhng cch gii tr cc k t chun bng cc k t gn ging. Tuy
khng nh "ng cp" v c tnh ca mnh. nhin, vic sng to ra cc k t khng phi
Mt s em cn cho rng l "b nhn din bao gi cng gin tin hn, m li rt phc tp
thng hiu" ca "tui teen". ng thi, nu n mc ngi ngoi khng th hiu ni.
ni v s nhanh nhy trong vic khm ph, Trong trng hp ny, mc ch bo mt
nm bt ci mi th gii tr lun l i tng c t ln trc.
i u. a phn gii tr rt hng th vi (4) Nh c cp trn, ngn ng m gii
nhng cng vic sng to, giu tr tng tr sng to ra l ngn ng c tnh bo mt cao
8 NGN NG & I SNG S 5 (223)-2014

vi ngi ln hoc ngi khng cng nhm.
Gii tr coi l nhng "pht minh ngn ng"
gip h trao i, chia s "ni b" vi nhau m
ngi ln kh c th hiu v kim sot c.
Chnh v nhng l do trn m "ngn ng
tui teen" c hnh thnh v ph bin, nhm
tha mn nhu cu ca bn thn v th hin c
trng ca la tui ny. N cng th hin s
thng minh, sng to, tr tng tng phong
ph, nhanh nhy, linh hot, ca gii tr hin
nay.
3.2. Mt s gii php cho vn s dng
ngn ng gii tr di gc nhn ca ngn ng
hc x hi
Trc thc trng ngn ng gii tr hin
nay, liu c nn ph nhn ht "nhng bin tu"
trong ngn ng gii tr? Nu khng ph nhn
ht th nhng hin tng no c th chp
nhn? Chp nhn trong phm vi no v vi
i tng no?
(1) V phm vi s dng (s dng u?
vi i tng no?), cn phi xt n tnh quy
thc - khng quy thc, tnh trang trng - sung
s, la chn vic s dng ngn ng cho
ph hp.
i vi mi trng quy thc (trng hc,
cng s, ta n,) hay giao tip vi ngi
trn, ngn ng i hi phi c s chun mc.
l php ng x c vn ha, th hin thi l nhng sng to hi hc vi mc ch chnh
lch s ca ngi ni. Nh vy, cc n t,
vn bn, hnh chnh; cc bi thi, kim tra,
giy xin php, bn kim im, trng hc
u khng nn s dng ngn ng m gii tr
ang dng.
Vi cc sch bo, phim nh, cng khng
nn lm dng ngn ng gii tr. Mc d, trong
chng mc no , cch vit/ cch ni gn
gi vi gii tr, phn nh ng phong cch ca
gii tr hin nay. Song, nhng hnh thc n
phm ny vn l th chuyn ti ci hay, ci
p, nt vn ha n vi ng o cng l su ng t",[16].
chng, khng ch ring gii tr, nn vic s
dng ngn t cng nn cn nhc sao cho ph
hp. Vic lm dng, chy theo th hiu ca
mt s t ngi, c th lm cho c mt th h
c nhng nhn thc lch lc, thm ch c th
lm mt i nhng gi tr nhn vn su sc ca
tc phm [17].
i vi mi trng khng quy thc (giao
tip sinh hot hng ngy/ khu ng, tin nhn
in thoi, mng x hi,) hay ni chuyn
vi i tng l bn b, ngi t tui hn,
th khng cn phi i hi kht khe v tnh
trang trng hay chun mc ngn ng. Trong
nhng trng hp ny, nn tn trng quyn t
do la chn cch din t v th hin c tnh/
phong cch ca mnh. Thit ngh, khi gii tr
vn c th s dng, c th hiu c th m
h to ra, c ngha l ngn ng vn ang thc
hin chc nng l phng tin giao tip.
Vi mt mi trng khc, i tng khc, h
s t nhn thc iu chnh ngn ng. t
hn, khng ai li c din t iu mnh mun
truyn t thng tin, chia s tm t, bng
th ngn ng m ngi khc khng hiu.
(2) C th ni, ngn ng "tui teen" d n
su vo li n, ting ni, cch hnh x ca
gii tr, k c trong mi trng hc ng.
l l do v sao nhiu ngi lo ngi v kch lit
ln n cch s dng ngn t "bin d" ca gii
tr. Song, nhn nhn mt mt khc th c
nhng yu t c th chp nhn c (vit tt
tit kim k t, th hin c tnh,), bi
l vui th, gii tr. Chng hn, i vi cc cu
c to ra nh s hip vn: Chun khng cn
chnh, Cp trn gin mp, Nhc nh con
trng trc Ni nh tc gi Phm Vn Tnh,
"gii tr sng to ra cc thnh ng hin
i da trn vic s dng cht liu dn gian",
n khng khc g cc cu ng dao hay cc
cu ca ming m chng ta vn thng ni,
nh: "Chim ri l d so su. So su l cu
so en. So en l em tu h. Tu h l ch b
cc" hay "Mt t da l ba ng su, mt t mu
Nhiu ngi lo ngi rng, vic khng cm
mt cch trit ngn ng gii tr hay vn
cho chng mi trng tn ti s lm
phng hi v nh hng t nhiu khi s dng
S 5 (223)-2014 NGN NG & I SNG 9

trong nhng mi trng quy phm. Minh
chng l hin tng hc sinh s dng ngn
ng "tui teen" trong v ghi, cc bi kim tra,
thi c trn lp. Thc t, hin tng ny l c,
nhng nhng thit ch, quy nh trong nh
trng s l cch gii tr hn ch s dng
chng. Mt hc sinh s dng mt cch lm
dng ngn ng gii tr trong bi thi c th b
tr im, b im km hay b ph bnh trc
lp. T nhng hnh thc , nhng hc sinh
tng vi phm c th t rt ra kinh nghim cho
mnh nu khng mun tip tc chu nhng
hnh pht .
(3) Theo kt qu kho st, ty mi trng,
ty i tng m gii tr c s iu chnh
trong vic s dng ngn ng. Bn thn ngn
ng gii tr khng c sc mnh thay i
c h thng ting ni v ch vit ting Vit
hin nay, hn na ch vit ting Vit tng
i n nh nn cng kh c th c xy ra
nhng bin i ln c. Do , nn bnh tnh
nhn nhn chng, cng khng nn ly ngn
ng c lm chun nh gi ngn ng gii
tr l lch chun. Thi gian s quyt nh s
tn ti ca ngn ng tui teen. Ni khc i,
ngn ng ny s c s dng, v tri qua c
ch sng lc v o thi ring ca n. C
nhng yu t s i vo x hi mt cch ph
bin, lm phong ph hn ting Vit, song,
cng c nhng yu t s c s dng tha
dn ri mt i. Nh vy, nhng yu t ngn
ng mi, ban u i khi ch l nhng cu ca
ming, nhng c cng ng tha nhn th
chng c th c a vo t in hay s
dng trong mt s kiu loi vn bn nht nh;
cn nhng yu t ch s dng ph bin trong
mt nhm ngi, nhm tui, nu khng c
c cng ng chp nhn th n cng khng th
tr thnh ngn ng chnh thc c. ng
thi, c ch t iu tit ca ngn ng cng s
gip cho n t cn bng, t iu chnh, khng
"ri lon" n mc "bo ng" nh nhiu
ngi vn ngh.
Hiu c s vn ng trong ni ti ca
ngn ng, chng ta khng nn v cng khng
th cm c vic s dng ngn ng teen.
Gii tr s vn tip tc s dng nu n vn
m bo c mc ch giao tip v tha mn
nhu cu khng nh phong cch la tui. Vic
chp nhn v nhn rng n n u l ph
thuc vo thc x hi. Chng ta ch nn gio
dc gii tr nhn thc c c vn
ny v bit ng x c vn ha. Ngha l gip
gii tr hiu c vic s dng ngn ng ny
trong trng hp no (i tng, hon cnh,
mc ch,) th c chp nhn, cn trong
nhng trng hp no th khng c chp
nhn. Qua , gii tr s t nhn thc c v
thu hp ngn ng ca mnh cho ph hp vi
mi trng quy thc.
Nh vy, "p lc ca thi quen trong s
dng ngn ng l v cng ln. Chng ta
khng nn tung h nhanh chng, cng khng
ph nh nhanh chng, m phi bnh tnh, tm
hiu v ht nhn gi tr v bn cht ca n
mt cch n ha" [Phm Vn Tnh,13]. V
bn cht y l, ngn ng lun trng thi
ng, cc yu t hin ti lun khng ngng
bin i hoc tim n s bin i, lm xut
hin cc yu t mi. Gia trng thi cn bng
v khng cn bng, cn bng l xu th, khng
cn bng ch l s bin ng (c th lc mnh,
lc yu hn cn bng) di tc ng ca bi
cnh ngn ng - x hi. V tnh bin i ca
hin tng ngn ng, cn phi cn nhc k
lng c ci nhn khch quan, khng nn
ph phn mt cch cng nhc cc hin tng
ngn ng mi, v cho rng mi bin i u l
phi chun. "Chun ha ngn ng ni chung v
chun ha ting Vit ni ring [] cn phi
thun theo tnh t nhin ca ngn ng, thun
theo xu th pht trin ca x hi" [Nguyn
Vn Khang 2003, tr.53].
4. Kt lun
Tm li, di gc ca ngn ng hc x
hi, vic sng to v s dng ngn ng ca
gii tr ngy nay l hin tng khng l. Bi
ngn ng khng c nh m lun lun bin i
(s mt i v s thu np cc yu t), v ngn
ng ca gii tr chnh l biu hin ca s bin
10 NGN NG & I SNG S 5 (223)-2014

i . S bin i no cng tim n nhng teenage talk, Corpus compilation, analysis and
yu t tch cc v tiu cc ca n. V th findings. Studies in Corpus Linguistics.
nn lng nghe, bnh tnh nhn nhn ting ni 7. Anna-Brita Stenstrom, From slang to
ca gii tr, khng nn quy kt tt c nhng slanguage: a description based on teenage talk,
http://aggslanguage.wordpress.com/slang-to-
cch ni "ph cch" ca h l biu hin ca
slanguage/.
s "thiu chun mc", "khng nghim
8. Butler, J (1997), Mind your slanguage:
tc", nh hng n "s trong sng ca Kids reveal their new lingo. In The Mirror,
ting Vit". Ni khc i, chun ngn ng Friday July 18.
khng c ngha l iu chnh ngn ng 9. Catie Holdridge, The slang debate,
"nht thnh bt bin", m hy chng t http://www.writing-skills.com/tag/teen-speak/.
bin i v t iu tit. Khng c ngn ng 10. Eble, C (1996), Slang and sociability: in-
no l chun ngay t u v chun "mi group language among college students, The
mi", bi ci chun ca hm nay c th University of North Carolina Press.
khng cn chun vo ngy mai hay ci 11. The bergen corpus of London teenage
khng chun ca hm nay c th tr thnh talk (COLT). http://www.hd.uib.no/colt/.
chun ca ngy mai. Cng khng phi mi 12. Graeme Paton (2008), Standard English
in decline among teenagers,
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mnh v c chp nhn rng ri. X hi s 7/Standard-English-in-decline-among-
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tng th s em li gi tr tch cc v ngc 14. Nguyn Vn Khang (2012), Ngn ng
li. hc x hi, Nxb Gio dc.
TI LIU THAM KHO 15. Nguyn Vn Khang (2003), K hoch
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