Bat Dang Thuc - Pham Van Thuan PDF

Chng 4
Bt ng thc dng thun

nht bc
n
ua
Tnh thun nht bc (ng bc, thun nht) l mt tiu chun u tin phi
tnh n khi so snh cc i lng. Cc bt ng thc c in ta bit nh
bt ng thc gia trung cc i lng trung bnh, Cauchy, Holder, Minkowski,
Chebychev, . . . , u l cc bt ng thc dng ng bc. 1
Trong chng ny, chng ta s cp ti cc phng php c bn chng
minh bt ng thc ng bc, cng nh cch chuyn t mt bt ng thc
th
khng ng bc v mt bt ng thc ng bc. Nm vng v vn dng nhun
nhuyn cc phng php ny, chng ta c th chng minh c nhiu lp bt
ng thc s cp.
pv
4.1 Bt ng thc dng thun nht bc

Hm s f ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) ca cc bin s thc x1 , x2 , . . . , xn c l hm thun
nht bc m nu vi mi s thc t ta c
f (tx 1 , tx 2 , . . . , tx n ) = tm f ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ),
vi t R {0}, v xi R, i = 1, 2, . . . , n, m, n N, m 6= 0, n 2. S t nhin m
c gi l bc ca a thc ng bc.
Bt ng thc dng f ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) 0, vi f l mt hm thun nht c
gi l bt ng thc thun nht (bc m). Khi nim bt ng thc ng bc lin
quan cht ch vi a thc ng bc. Th d, hai a thc sau l hai a thc ng
1 y l mt chng trong cun sch Bt ng thc, Suy lun & Khm ph xut bn ca tc gi
Phm Vn Thun, L V.
119
4.2. ng bc ho bt ng thc 120
bc ng bc
g( x) = x5 + y5 + 8x2 y3 , f ( x) = x2 y + 4yx2 3x3 + 10y3 .
Tng n thc trong a thc th nht c bc l nm, cn mi n thc trong

a thc th hai c bc l ba. Cng cn ch rng a thc kiu nh f ( x) =
( x + 2y)3 + 101x2 khng phi l ng bc.
4.2 ng bc ho bt ng thc
Vi nhng bt ng thc c iu kin, ta c th chuyn v dng bt ng
thc ng bc. iu kin cho trc thng l mt h thc lin h gia cc bin
s. T gi thit cho ta c th vit bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng
n
ng bc.
Bi ton 4.1. Cho cc s thc khng m a, b tho mn iu kin a + b = 2, chng
minh dy bt ng thc ua
2 a 2 + b2 a 3 + b3 a 4 + b4 .
Chng minh. Ta ln lt chng minh tng bt ng thc. Mi v bt ng thc

hn km nhau mt bc; m ta cng thy rng biu thc iu kin cho trc c
dng bc nht. S dng gi thit ny ta lm cn bng bc ca cc bt ng thc.
th
Trc ht ta chng minh 2 a2 + b2 . Tht vy, nhn hai v vi hai, v vit
n di dng tng ng ( a + b)2 2( a2 + b2 ). D dng quy bt ng thc
ny v dng ( a b)2 0.
i vi bt ng thc th hai, ta vit li di dng
pv
( a2 + b2 )( a + b) 2( a3 + b3 ).
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi a3 + b3 ab2 + a2 b, hay ( a b)2 ( a + b) 0.

iu ny hin nhin ng vi a, b > 0.
Bt ng thc cui cng lm tng t.
Bi ton 4.2. Cho cc s thc a, b, c tho mn iu kin
a2/3 + b2/3 + c2/3 = 3,
chng minh bt ng thc
a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 4 / 3 + b4 / 3 + c 4 / 3 .
Hi du ng thc xy ra khi no?

4.3. Chun ho bt ng thc 121
Chng minh. b s m dng hu t, ta a ra bin mi nh sau. t a1/3 = x,

b1/3 = y, c1/3 = z. Khi , ta cn chng minh bt ng thc x6 + y6 + z6
x4 + y4 + z4 vi iu kin x2 + y2 + z2 = 3.
S dng gi thit ta vit c bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng
tng ng l
3( x6 + y6 + z6 ) ( x2 + y2 + z2 )( x4 + y4 + z4 ).
Nhn khai trin v nhm cc s hng cho ta
( x2 y2 )2 ( x2 + y2 ) + ( y2 z2 )2 ( y2 + z2 ) + ( z2 x2 )2 ( z2 + x2 ) 0.
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng.
n
4.3 Chun ho bt ng thc
Xt bt ng thc ng bc dng
ua
f ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) g( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ),
trong f v g l hai a thc ng bc. Do tnh cht ca hm thun nht,

ta c th chuyn vic chng minh bt ng thc trn v vic chng minh
bt ng thc f ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) vi mi x1 , x2 , . . . , x n tha mn iu kin
g( x1 , x2 , . . . , x n ) = . Chun ha mt cch thch hp, ta c th lm n gin cc
th
biu thc ca bt ng thc cn chng minh, tn dng c mt s tnh cht
c bit ca cc hng s.
Nu bit quan st v la chn nhng iu kin thch hp, ngha l lc y
nh c thm gi thit, ta s c li gii gn gng, sng sa. Trong mc ny chng
ti a ra mt s cch chn iu kin kiu nh vy.
pv
Bi ton 4.3. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 th
( a + b c)2 ( a + c b) 2 (c + b a)2 3
+ + > .
c2 + (b + a)2 b2 + ( c + a ) 2 a2 + (b + c)2 5
Chng minh. Bc ca c hai v l khng. t x = a/( a + b + c), y = b/( a + b + c),

z = c/( a + b + c), th th x + y + z = 1. Do , ta vit bt ng thc cn chng
minh di dng
(1 2z)2 (1 2y)2 (1 2x)2 3

(4.1) 2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
> .
z + (1 z) y + (1 y) x + (1 x) 5
Ch rng
(1 2t)2 4t2 4t + 1 2(2t2 2t + 1) 1 1

= 2 = = 2 2 .
t2 + (1 t) 2 2t 2t + 1 2t2 2t + 1 2t 2t + 1
T , ta c th vit li bt ng thc (4.1) di dng
1 1 1 27
+ 2 + 2
2x2 2x + 1 2y 2y + 1 2z 2z + 1 5
Ta cn tm s sao cho vi 0 < t < 1 th

1 9 1
+ t .
2t2 2t + 1 5 3
9
Chuyn 5 sang v tri v quy ng cho ta
18t2 + 18t 4 1
(4.2) 2
t 0.
2t 2t + 1 3
n
rng t 31 l nhn t chung ca v tri ca (4.2) nn ta vit li bt ng
thc di dng tng ng
1 12 18t
ua
(4.3) t 0.
3 2t2 2t + 1
By gi ta cn tm sao cho biu thc trong ngoc th hai ca (4.3) nhn t 13

18t
lm nhn t. Th th ta thay t = 13 vo biu thc = 2t12 54
2 2t + 1 s thu c = 5 .
Vi gi tr ny ca , ta vit li (4.3) di dng

th
1 12 18t

54
t 0.
3 2t2 2t + 1 5
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi (t 13 )2 (18t + 13 ) 0. iu ny hin nhin

ng.
pv
Vy, ta c nh gi sau y
1 9 54 1
+ t .
2t2 2t + 1 5 5 3
S dng c lng ny ba ln cho x, y, z ta s c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Php chng minh hon tt.
Ni chung, nhng bi bt ng thc c mt v l tng ca ba phn thc nh

trn l rt kh hoc khng th nh gi c tng phn thc. Cch chn trn
cho php ta lm c iu kh khn ny mt cch d dng da trn tnh cht
c bn v bt ng thc, phn s, v tam thc bc hai.
Tng qut hn, ta c th chng minh c nhiu bt ng thc i xng
ng bc bng cch t x = ka/( a + b + c) v tng t vi y, z ta c x + y + z =
k, m khng lm mt tnh i xng ca bt ng thc ban u. Mt cch tng
t, ta c th gii bi ton sau y v thit lp c nhiu bi bt ng thc cha

cc biu thc phn thc kiu nh bi ton trong thi v ch Hoa K nm 2003
(2a + b + c)2 (2b + c + a)2 (2c + a + b)2

2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 6 8,
2a + (b + c) 2b + (c + a) 2c + ( a + b)2
vi gi thit a, b, c l cc s dng. Ta thy rng t thc v mu thc ca mi

phn thc v tri u l cc a thc bc hai. V th v tri ca bt ng thc
c bc l khng. Khng mt tng qut, ta c th gi s rng a + b + c = 1. V t
tip tc nh trn.
Ta xt thm mt bt ng thc khc c dng tng t" nh trn, y l chng
minh rng
(4a + b c)2 (4b + c a)2 (4c + a b)2

+ + > 8.
n
2a2 + (b + c)2 2b2 + (c + a)2 2c2 + ( a + b)2
Nhng tht ng tic rng k thut trn y li khng c tc dng vi bi ton

ny. iu l do ta khng th c lp hay a mi phn thc v dng mt bin
ua
s thng qua iu kin tng ba s bng k. y cng l tng c s quan trng
ca cch lm ny.
( a + b + c ) 2 1 a 3 + b3 + c 3 a 2 + b2 + c 2
+ 2 > 4.
a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca
th
abc
Chng minh. Bi ny l tng ca ba bt ng thc ngc chiu nhau. Biu thc

th nht trong ngoc t gi tr nh nht; cn hai biu thc kia t gi tr ln
nht. Khng gim tng qut ta c th gi s = a2 + b2 + c2 , chn = 3, v
s dng cc hng ng thc
pv
( a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2( ab + bc + ca),
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = ( a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca).
Do , ta vit v tri bt ng thc di dng
5 2 1 3
F= + + ( 3 ) ,
2 3 2 2
trong = ab + bc + ca, v = 1/( ab) + 1/(bc) + 1/(ca), ta bit rng 6 3,
mt khc s dng bt ng thc quen bit > 9/,
5 2 9 3
F> + + (3 )
2 3 2 2
2 12
= 2 + + .
3
Do , chng minh F > 4, ta ch cn ch ra rng /3 + 6/ > 3. Tht vy, s

dng bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn sau khi tch s
hng sau c du ng thc, ta c
3 3
+ + 1/3 1/3
3 > .3.3 =
3
> 1.
3 3

Bng cch t tng t, ta c th thit lp cc biu thc i xng cng bc
ri chn mt iu kin no , c lng cc gi tr khi cc bin s bng nhau,
ta c th xy dng c cc bt ng thc mi.
Bi ton 4.5. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c th
n
6( a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 ) 6 27abc + 10( a2 + b2 + c2 )3/2 .
Chng minh. R rng hai v ca bt ng thc ny u c dng bc ba. Nhng

ua
nu tip tc la chn nh th d trn s khng hiu qu na bi biu thc
a2 + b2 + c2 c s m dng hu t. Nu c ba s bng khng th bt ng thc
hin nhin ng. Nu c mt s khc khng, ta t = a2 + b2 + c2 , v gi s
| a| 6 |b| 6 |c|, chn = 9 trnh dng s v t. Th th bt ng thc trn c
dng 2( a + b + c) abc 6 10.
Sau y l mt th d cho thy rng php chn iu kin thch hp c th
th
cho ta li gii ngn gn, c o.
Bi ton 4.6. Gi s a, b, c l cc s thc dng, chng minh bt ng thc
r r
3 ( a + b )( b + c )( c + a ) ab + bc + ca
.
pv
8 3
Chng minh. Chn ab + bc + ca = 3, thnh th l by gi ta ch cn chng minh
rng
( a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8.
Nhng ch rng ( a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = ( a + b + c)( ab + bc + ca) abc. Php
chng minh hon tt nu ta ch ra c rng 3( a + b + c) abc 8. Theo
bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ta c abc 1, v
( a + b + c)2 3( ab + bc + ca). T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
C hai cu hi cn t ra sau li gii ny l ti sao li chn s 3, v chn nh
th c li ch g. Ci tng chng nh kh nht ca bi ton l s c mt ca hai
cn thc khc nhau c vt qua d dng.
Bi ton 4.7. Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z v t x + y + z = p, xy + yz + zx = q,
v xyz = r. Gi s p = 1, hy biu din cc biu thc x2 + y2 + z2 , theo p, q, v
biu din x3 + y3 + z3 , x4 + y4 + z4 theo p, q, r.
T kt qu ca bi ton trn y, ngi ta c th p t iu kin xy dng

cc bt ng thc i xng ba bin c iu kin. Vi mt bi ton bt ng thc
ng bc ba bin, ta c th la chn tu mt (ch mt thi) trong ba iu kin
p = 1, q = 1, r = 1.
Bi ton 4.8. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn
a + b + c = 1,
chng minh rng

a b c 3
+ + .
a + b2 b + c2 c+ a2 2
Chng minh. Li gii sau y ca V Quc B Cn. Gi s L l v tri ca bt

ng thc. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz, ta c
n

2 a b c a b c
L ( a + b + c) + + = + + .
a + b2 b + c2 c + a2 a + b2 b + c2 c + a2
ua
Do , ta ch cn chng minh rng
a
a + b2
+
b
b + c2
+
c
c + a2
9
.
4
Bt ng thc ny li c th vit di dng tng ng

th
a2 b2 c2 3
2
+ 2
+ 2
.
b+a c+b a+c 4
Vit bt ng thc ny di dng ng bc. Li p dng bt ng thc Cauchy

Schwarz dng Engel, ri cui cng quy v vic chng minh
pv
a4 + b4 + c4 + 5( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) 3( ab3 + bc3 + ca3 ) + 3abc( a + b + c).
Theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn th
a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 abc( a + b + c).
V th nn ta cn chng minh rng
a4 + b4 + c4 + 2( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) 3( ab3 + bc3 + ca3 ).
Bt ng thc ny li vit c v dng
( a2 c2 2ab + bc + ca)2 0.
cyclic

4.4. Lp hm i xng s cp ba bin 126
Phn ny lm bt ng thc ng bc tr nn khng ng bc bng cch la

chn c nhng iu kin thch hp; c li cho bin i v tnh ton.
Bi ton 4.9. Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c sao cho a + b + c = 1, chng minh bt
ng thc
9( a3 + b3 + c3 ) 10( a5 + b5 + c5 ) 1.
Bi ton 4.10. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 th ta c bt ng thc
( a + b + c ) 2 1 a 2 + b2 + c 2 a 3 + b3 + c 3
+2 2.
a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca abc
4.4 Lp hm i xng s cp ba bin
n
Tt c cc bt ng thc i xng ba bin s u c th quy v cc hm i
xng c bn ca p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Trong tit ny
ta s ln lt xt cc bi ton bt ng thc, t d n kh, c th gii theo
ua
ng li ny. Sau khi vit bt ng thc cn chng minh theo p, q, r, ta ch
cn kho st bt ng thc ny theo ba bin mi p, q, r. im mnh nht ca
phng php ny l x l c nhng bt ng thc i xng ba bin, cht v
kh, v ta khng thc hin nhiu php c lng trung gian th v iu cng
c ngha l ta phi lm vic vi nhiu bc tnh ton nht l trong bi ton dng
phn thc, hoc bc cao. Trc tin, bn c hy t kim tra cc kt qu c bn
sau y.
th
x2 + y2 + z2 = p2 2q,
x3 + y3 + z3 = p( p2 3q) + 3r,
x4 + y4 + z4 = ( p2 2q)2 2(q2 2pr).
pv
Mt vn na cn t ra l th t so snh gia cc b p, q, r nh th no. Mt

nguyn tc l phi m bo c tnh ng bc.
Vi ba s a, b, c l nghim ca mt phng trnh bc ba f ( x) = x 3 + px2 +
qx + r th ta c th vit f ( x) = ( x a)( x b)( x c). Khai trin a thc ta c
( x2 xb xa + ab)( x c) = x3 x2 ( a + b + c) + x( ab + bc + ca) abc.

By gi s dng ng nht thc ta c

a + b + c = p,

ab + bc + ca = q,

abc = r.

Da vo c im trn y, ta c th pht biu nhiu bi ton bt ng thc vi

gi thit lin quan n nghim ca mt phng trnh bc ba. Trc ht, ta hy
quan st cc bt ng thc lin quan n p, q, r. l bt ng thc Schur.
nh l 4.1 (I. Schur). Nu x, y, z l cc s thc dng v t l mt s thc, th

xt ( x y)( x z) + yt ( y z)( y x) + zt ( z y)( z x) 0.
Chng minh. V bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng i xng nn ta c th

gi s rng x y z. Vit li bt ng thc cho bng cch nhm nhn t
chung, ta c
( x y){ xt ( x z) yt ( y z)} + zt ( x z)( y z) 0.
D thy rng bt ng thc ny ng.
C mt s trng hp ring ca bt ng thc ny rt ng ch l trng

hp t = 1, 2, 3. Ly cc gi tr ny ca t v khai trin a thc ta s thu c cc
trng hp l th v hu ch.
n
Bi ton 4.11. Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z. t x + y + z = p, xy + yz + zx = q
v xyz = r, chng minh cc bt ng thc
p3 4pq + 9r 0,
ua p4 5p2 q + 4q2 + 6pr 0,
Chng minh. Ba bt ng thc trn c th vit li di dng

(4.4)
pq 9r 0.
x( x y)( x z) + y( y z)( y x) + z( z x)( z y) 0,

(4.5) x ( x y)( x z) + y2 ( y z)( y x) + z2 ( z x)( z y) 0,
2
(4.6) x( y z)2 + y( z x)2 + z( x y)2 0.

th
D thy hai bt ng thc ba u l trng hp t = 1, v t = 2 ca bt ng
thc Schur. Bt ng thc cui cng l hin nhin.
Bi ton 4.12. Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z. t x + y + z = p, xy + yz + zx = q
pv
v xyz = r, chng minh cc bt ng thc
p2 3q p3 27r q2 3pr
2p3 + 9r 7pq p2 q + 3pr 4q2 p2 q 3pr + 4p2 q
p4 + 3q2 4p2 q pq2 + 3q2 4p2 q pq2 2p2 r + 3qr
2p3 + 9r2 7pqr q3 + 9r2 4pqr p3 q + q3 6pqr
T cc kt qu c bn trn ta c th pht biu bi ton di dng nghim ca

mt phng trnh bc ba. Chng hn, ta xt bi ton sau y.
Bi ton 4.13. Xt ba s thc a, b, c sao cho a thc x3 + ax2 + bx + c c ba
nghim. Chng minh rng
12ab + 27c 6a3 + 10( a2 2b)3/2 .

Bi ton 4.14. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z > 0 th

1 1 1 9
( xy + yz + zx) + + .
( x + y)2 ( y + z)2 ( x + z)2 4
Chng minh. Li gii ca Hojoo Lee. S dng php thay th p, q, r nh trn. Ch

tnh cht ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x) = ( x + y + z)( xy + yz + zx) xyz = pq r. Ta
c th chuyn bt ng thc cn chng minh v dng sau theo p, q, r
( p2 + q)2 4p( pq r) 9
q .
( pq r)2 4
Bin i tng ng v tnh ton cho ta
4p4 q 17p2 q2 + 4q3 + 34pqr 9r2 0
n
pq( p3 4pqr + 9r) + q( p4 5p2 q + 4q2 + 6pr) + r( pq 9r) 0
ua
D thy rng bt ng thc cui cng ng theo bi ton trn.
Bi ton 4.15. Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 1,
chng minh rng
(1 x2 )2 + (1 y2 )2 + (1 z2 )2 (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z).
Chng minh. y l bt ng thc i xng, vai tr gia cc bin hon ton bnh
th
ng. Theo cch t trn, ta c p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Th
th bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng
3 2( p2 2q) + ( p 2 2q)2 2(q2 2pr) 1 + p + q + r.

pv
Ch rng p = 1 nn bt ng thc trn li c dng
3 2(1 2q) + (1 2q)2 2(q2 2r) 1 + p + q + r,
hay
2q2 q + 3r 0.
V pq 9r nn q 9r. Do , php chng minh hon tt nu ta c 2q2 q + 31 q
0, iu ny tng ng vi 2q2 32 q 0. D thy bt ng thc ny ng vi
0 q 1/3. iu ny ng v ta c p2 3q.
Bi ton 4.16. Xt ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin xyz = 1, chng
minh rng
1 1 1 2
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 1.
(1 + x) (1 + y) (1 + z) (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
Chng minh. Ta ch n cc ng thc sau y
(1 + x)2 (1 + y)2 + (1 + y)2 (1 + z)2 + (1 + z)2 (1 + x)2

= 2p2 + q2 + 2pq + 2p 3
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) = 1 + p + q + r.
Th th bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
2p2 + q2 + 2pq + 2p 3 + 2( p + q + 2) ( p + q + 2)2 ,
hay l p2 2q + 3. V p2 3q, 3q 2q + 3 nn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 4.17. Xt cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn ng thc
n
a2 + b2 + c2 = 1,
chng minh rng

ua 8
1 (1 ab)(1 bc)(1 ca) .
27
Chng minh. Bt ng thc bn tri hin nhin. Ta s chng minh bt ng thc
bn phi. t
p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc.
Th th bt ng thc cn chng minh s c dng
th
8
(4.7) 1 q + pr r2 .
27
Theo bt ng thc I. Schur, p3 4pq + 9r 0, v ch rng nh gi thit ta c

pv
4q p2 = 2q 1. Do ta c quan h
9r p(2q 1).
Theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn th p 9r, hay l
8
(4.8) pr p.
9
Suy ra
8 2
(4.9) r( p r) p (2q 1).
81
Li v p2 = 1 + 2q nn bt ng thc (4.9) c s c dng
8
r( p r) (4q2 1).
81
Do , chng minh (4.7) ta ch cn chng minh

8 8
1q+ (4q2 1) .
81 27
D dng rt gn v chuyn bt ng thc ny v dng tng ng
(1 q)(49 32q) 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng v 0 q 1. Php chng minh hon tt. 2
Bi ton 4.18. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 1,
chng minh bt ng thc
1 1 1 27
+ + .
1 xy 1 yz 1 zx 8
n
Chng minh. Ta t p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx v r = xyz. S dng cc
ng nht thc
ua (1 xy)(1 yz)(1 zx) = 1 q + pr r2
(1 xy)(1 yz) + (1 yz)(1 zx) + (1 zx)(1 xy) = 3 2q + pr.
Thnh th, bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng

3 2q + pr 27
2
.
1 q + pr r 8
th
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi 3 11q + 19r 27r2 0. Theo bt ng
thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn th 27r2 pr, m p = 1, nn ta s
ch cn chng minh rng
3 11q + 19r r 0.
pv
Bt ng thc ny nu vit di dng ca x, y, z th

3 11( xy + yz + zx) + 18xyz 0.
Khng mt tng qut ta gi s z = min{ x, y, z} th th z 1/3 v theo bt ng

thc AG, ta c nh gi
x + y 2
xy(18z 11) 11z( x + y) (18z 11) 11z(1 z).
2
Tip theo cn ch ra rng
1 z 2
(18z 11) 11z(1 z) 3.
2
Nhng bt ng thc ny tng ng vi (3z 1)2 (2z + 1) 0. Php chng
minh hon tt.
2 Ta c th s dng bi ton trn chng minh bi ton ??.
Bi ton 4.19. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin

1 1 1
+ + = 2.
a+1 b+1 c+1
Chng minh rng
1 1 1
(1) + + 1,
8a2 + 1 8b2 + 1 8c2 + 1
1 1 1
(2) + + 1,
8ab + 1 8bc + 1 8ca + 1
1 1 1 3
(3) + + .
4ab + 1 4bc + 1 4ca + 1 2
Chng minh. Vi bi ton ny, vic p dng trc tip bt ng thc Cauchy
n
khng em li kt qu g. Ta gii bng cch xt cc biu thc i xng ba bin
s thng qua cch t
ua
p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc.
Khi , quan h gia a, b, c trong ng thc gi thit cho ta

3 + 2p + q
= 2.
1+p+q+r
Thnh th, q + 2r = 1.
th
(1) Bt ng thc th nht, biu din qua p, q, r, c dng
8( p2 2q) + 2 512r2 ,
trong ta s dng cc php bin i

pv
(8a2 + 1)(8b2 + 1) + (8b2 +1)(8c2 + 1) + (8c2 + 1)(8a2 + 1)

= 64(q2 2pr) + 16( p2 2q) + 3,
(8a2 + 1)(8b2 + 1)(8c2 + 1) = 512r2 + 64(q2 2pr) + 8( p2 2q) + 1.
S dng bt ng thc AG, ta c q 3r2/3, thnh th q3 27r2 . V q = 1 2r

nn bt ng thc ny tng ng vi 8r3 + 15r2 + 6r 1 0, hay l
(8r 1)(r2 + 2r + 1) 0.
T r 1/8.
Mt khc t gi thit bi ton, ta c th chng minh c rng p 3/2. Theo
bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
8 2 8 3 2
8( p2 2q) + 2 p +2 . +2 = 8.
3 3 2
Hn na v r 1/8 nn 8 512r2 . T y suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.

Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 12 .
(2) Phn tip theo ta cng lm tng t. S dng cc ng nht thc
(8ab + 1)(8bc + 1) + (8bc + 1)(8ca+1) + (8ca + 1)(8ab + 1) = 64pr + 16q + 3

(8ab + 1)(8bc + 1)(8ca + 1) = 512r2 + 64pr + 8q + 1.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng 8q + 2 512r2 , v q + 2r = 1 nn bt

ng thc trn y tng ng vi 512r2 + 16r 10 0, hay (8r 1)(64r +
10) 0. Bt ng thc ny ng vi r 1/8.
Bi ton 4.20. Xt cc s thc khng m a, b, c, chng minh bt ng thc
(8a2 + bc)(8b2 + ca)(8c2 + ab) ( a + b + c)6 .
n
Hi ng thc t c khi no?
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc. V bt ng thc cn

ua
chng minh c dng ng bc nn ta c th chn p = 1. Khi , ta vit bt ng
thc trn di dng sau
(4.10) 513( abc)2 + 64( a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 ) + 8abc( a3 + b3 + c3 ) 1.
Ch cc ng nht thc sau

th
a3 + b3 + c3 = p( p2 3q) + 3r,
a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 = q(q2 3qr) + 3r2 .
Thnh th, ta c th vit (4.10) di dng (theo p, q, r)

pv
729r2 + 64q(q2 3r) + 8r(1 3q) 1,
hay l
64q(q2 3r) + 8r(1 3q) (1 27r)(1 + 27r).
Theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, ta c pq 9r. Mt
khc, p = 1, do 1 3q 1 27r. Thnh ra, 8r(1 3q) 8r(1 27r). Do ,
by gi ta ch cn chng minh rng
(4.11) 64q(q2 3r) (1 27r)(1 + 19r).
Ta s chng minh
(4.12) 1 27r 16(q2 3r),
hay
1 + 21r 16q2 .
Theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c p3 4pq + 9r 0. Cho nn, vi p = 1, ta s thu

c 1 + 9r 4q. Suy ra
7
1 + 21r 1 + (4q 1).
3
Ta s ch ra rng
7 1
1 + (4q 1) 16q2 , khi q .
3 4
Bt ng thc ny li tng ng vi
(3q 1)(4q 1) 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng v 41 q 13 . Cn nu q 14 th 1 16r2 , suy ra
n
1 27r 16(q2 3r).
Vy trong mi trng hp ta lun c 1 27r 16(q2 3r). By gi, chng
minh (4.11), ta s chng minh 16(1 + 19r) 64q. Bt ng thc ny li tng
ua
ng vi 19r + 1 4q. iu ny ng theo bt ng thc Schur.
ng thc t c khi ( a, b, c) t l vi b s ( 13 , 31 , 13 ) hoc (0, 21 , 21 ) hoc
hon v ca n. Php chng minh hon tt.
Trong li gii trn, trng hp q 14 th khng c g c bit. Trng hp

1
3 q 41 , ta c nh gi 1 27r 16(q2 3r). nh gi ny ch tt khi q ti
ln cn ca 14 .
th
Bi ton 4.21. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn
x + y + z = 1,
pv
chng minh rng

z xy y zx x yz
+ 2 + 2 2.
x2 + xy + y2 x + xz + z2 y + yz + z2
Chng minh. t x + y + z = p, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Ta c
x2 + xy + y2 = ( x + y)2 xy = (1 z)2 xy = 1 z z(1 z) xy

= 1 z q.
Tng t, ta c
y2 + yz + z2 = 1 x q, z2 + zx + x 2 = 1 y q.
Cng ch rng
x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2 x2 = q2 2r, x2 ( y + z) + y2 ( z + x) + z2 ( x + y) = q 3r.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi mi bt ng thc
(1 q)2 (1 q) (1 q)(q + 3r) q2 + 5r2 2[(1 q)q2 r]

q3 + q2 4q + 3qr + 4r + 1 0,
hay l
(4.13) 27q3 + 27q2 108q + 27r(3q + 4) + 27 0.
Theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c 9r 4q 1. Do , chng minh bt ng

thc (4.13) ta chng minh
27q3 + 27q2 108q + 3(4q 1)(3q + 4) + 27 0.
t 3q = t th bt ng thc trn c dng
n
(t 1)(t2 + 8t 15) 0.
ua
Bt ng thc ny ng v t 1. Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc t
c khi x = y = z = 1/3.
Sau y chng ti a ra mt bt ng thc rt th v ca Vasile Cirtoaje

ng trn tp ch ton hc s cp Mathematical Reflections. Cc li gii bit
cho n nay u dng cng c o hm, bt ng thc Karamata, hoc nh l
na li.
th
Bi ton 4.22. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z, chng minh rng
1
x4 ( y + z) + y4 ( z + x) + z4 ( x + y) ( x + y + z)5 .
12
pv
Chng minh. iu th v ca bt ng thc ny l du ng thc t c ti

ba s khc nhau i mt. Cng theo cch t p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx,
v r = xyz. V bt ng thc ng bc nn ta c th chn p = 1. Ta vit
x4 ( y + z) + y4 ( z + x) + z4 ( x + y)
= x3 ( xy + xz) + y3 ( yz + yx) + z3 ( zx + zy)
= ( x 3 + y 3 + z3 ) q r( x 2 + y 2 + z2 ) .
Li ch thm rng
x3 + y3 + z3 = 1 3q + 3r.
V tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit di dng p, q, r
(1 3q)q + 5rq r.
Nu q 1
5 th ta c 5qr r 0 v ta nh gi c rng
1 1 1 3q + 3q 2 1
(1 3q)q = (1 3q)3q = .
3 3 2 12
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Nu q > 15 ta phi chng minh
1
f (q) = (1 3q)q + 5rq r .
12
Tnh o hm ta c
f (q) = 1 6q + 5r.

V q 9r v do q > 1
5 nn f (q) < 0. Vy f (q) nghch bin, suy ra f (q) < f 1
5 =
2 1
< 12 . Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc t c khi z = 0, x + y =
n
25
1, xy = 61 . Gii h ny cho ta
3 + 3 3 3 3 3 3 + 3
( x, y, z) = 0,
6
ua ,
6
, ( x, y, z) = 0,
6
,
6
.
Vy, ng thc t c khi x, y, z l mt hon v tu ca b s ( x, y, z) va

tm c.
Bi ton 4.23. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c 0 th
1 1 1 9
th
+ 2 + 2 .
a2 + ab + b2 b + bc + c2 c + ca + a2 ( a + b + c)2
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Chn p = 1, ch
rng
a2 + ab + b2 = ( a + b)2 ab = (1 c)2 ab = 1 c q.
pv
Bt ng thc cn chng minh s c vit di dng
(1 a q)(1 b q) 9(1 a q)(1 b q)(1 c q).

cyclic
Nhn ph ngoc, v d tnh ton ta t m = 1 q, ta s c
3m2 3m 5 9m3 9m2 + 9mq 9r.
Bt ng thc ny li vit c di dng
9q3 + 6q2 3q + 9r + 1 0,
tc l
q(3q + 1)2 + 9r + 1 4q 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng v theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c 9r + 1 4q. Php
chng minh hon tt.
Bi ton 4.24. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn iu kin
ab + bc + ca = 1,
chng minh rng

1 1 1 1
+ + 2.
a+b b+c c+a a+b+c
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Gi thit cho ta
q = 1, bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit theo p, q, r nh sau
1 + p2 1
2.
pr p
n
Bt ng thc ny c th vit di dng f ( p) = p3 2p2 + r(1 + 2p) 0.
Nu
p 2 th bt ng thc f ( p) 0 hin nhin ng. By gi ta ch cn xt
3 p 2.
ua
Theo bt ng thc I. Schur, ta c r
f ( p) p 3 2p2 +
4p p 3
9 .
4p p3
9
Do ,
(1 + 2p).
V phi bt ng thc
trn li vit c di dng 2p( p 2)( p 1) 0.
2
iu ny ng vi 3 p 2. T suy ra f ( p) 0. Php chng minh hon

th
tt.
Bi ton 4.25. Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn x + y + z = 1, chng minh
rng
x y z 9
1 + + .
pv
1 yz 1 zx 1 xy 8
Chng minh. Bt ng thc bn v tri l hin nhin. Ta s chng minh bt ng

thc bn phi. Ta t p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Ch cc
ng thc sau y
x2 + y2 + z2 = p2 2q,
x3 + y3 + z3 = p( p2 3q) + 3r.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh s c dng (theo p, q, r)

9
p ( p2 2q) + p( p2 3q) + 3r + r( p2 2q) (1 q pr r2 ).
8
V p = 1 nn bt ng thc trn li thu gn c v dng
9r2 + 8r 16qr 24q + 15r + 25q 1,

hay l
9r2 + 23r + q 16qr 1.
Xt hm s
f (r) = 9r2 + r(23 16q) + q,
trn min (0, q2 /3]. Tnh o hm, ta c f (r) = 18r + 23 16q. D thy hm
f (r) ng bin, suy ra f (r) f (q2 /3). Li ch rng
16 3 23 2
f ( q2 /3 ) = q4 q + q + q.
3 3
Bt ng thc f (q2 /3) 1 tng ng vi
(3q 1)(q3 5q2 + 6q + 3) 0,

hay l
n
(3q 1)(q(q 2)(q 3) + 3) 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng. Php chng minh hon tt.
ua
Bt ng thc sau y c du ng thc ti mt gi tr bin. Th nhng
phng php biu din qua hm i xng s cp vn c tc dng.
ab + 4bc + ca bc + 4ca + ab ca + 4ab + bc
+ + 6.
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
th
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Chn p = 1, ta ch
rng
a(b3 + c3 ) + b(c3 + a3 ) + c( a3 + b3 ) + abc( a + b + c) = q(1 2q).

pv
Bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit c di dng
7qr 12r2 4q3 q2 .
Theo bt ng thc Schur, th 9r 4q 1. V 1/3 q 0 nn 13 .9rq q2 (4q 1),

hay l
(4.14) 3rq 4q3 q2 .
Mt khc, q 9r, suy ra
(4.15) 4rq 36r2 12r2 .
T (4.14) v (4.15) ta suy ra
7rq 12r2 4q3 q2 .

Bi ton 4.27. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 1,

chng minh rng
xy + yz + zx 12( x3 + y3 + z3 )( x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2 x2 ).
Chng minh. t p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Bt ng thc cn

chng minh c th vit di dng
(4.16) q 12(1 3q + 3r)(q2 2r).
Nu q 14 , do 0 r q/9 nn ta ch cn chng minh

q 2
(4.17) q 12 1 3q +
n
q .
3
Tht vy, bt ng thc (4.17) tng ng vi 1 4q(3 8q).

Xt hm f (q) = 12q 32q2 . D chng minh c f (q) l hm nghch bin,
ua
suy ra
1
f ( q) f = 1.
4
Nu 0 q 14 , ta c bt ng thc (4.16) tng ng vi
q 12q2 (1 3q) + 12r(3q2 + 6q 2) 72r2 .

th
Bt ng thc ny ng bi v
12q(1 3q) = 4.3q(1 3q) [3q + (1 3q)]2 = 1.

pv
Suy ra 12q2 (1 3q) q v 0 q 14 nn 3q2 + 6q 2 < 0. Php chng minh

hon tt. ng thc xy ra ti ba im c to khc nhau. Bn c t kim tra
iu ny.
Bi ton 4.28. Tm s a nh nht sao cho bt ng thc sau ng vi mi x, y, z

khng m
a 3a
x+y+z xy + yz + zx ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x)

2
.
3 3 8
Chng minh. Li gii sau y ca tc gi cng tc V Quc B Cn. Gi s a =

l gi tr nh nht cn tm, cho x = y = 1 v z 0, ta c
3 ln 3 4 ln 2
= .
2 ln 2 ln 3
By gi ta s chng minh bt ng thc ng vi gi tr a va tm c. t

p = x + y + z, xy + yz + zx = q, v xyz = r, chn p = 1 th ta c 31 q 9r. Bt
ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
3
8q 2
f =: r + 3+
q 0.
3 2
Ta xt hai trng hp.

Nu 1 4q 0 th
3 1 !
8q 2 3 8 1 3 8 1 2
f 3+
q = q 2
3+
q 2 q 2 t( 3+
= 0.
3 2 3 2 3 2 4
4r 1
Nu q 41 , th p dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c r
n
9 , v vy
1
3
3 3
4q 1 8q 2 8q 2 5q + 1
f ua + 3+ q = 3+ .
9 3 2 3 2 9
t
3
8q 2 5q + 1
f ( q) : = 3+
.
3 2 9
Tnh o hm
th
4(3 ) 5
f ( q) = 1 +3
.
q 2 .3 2 9
D kim tra c l f (q) l hm gim, nhng f ( 31 ) < 0 v f ( 14 ) > 0, th th

tn ti duy nht q0 ( 14 , 31 ) ca phng trnh f (q) = 0. Thnh th, ta c
pv

1 1
f (q) min f ,f .
4 3
Li c f ( 14 ) = f ( 13 ) = 0. Do f (q) 0. Vy, gi tr nh nht ca a l
3 ln 3 4 ln 2
amin = .
2 ln 2 ln 3

Bi ton 4.29. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z, tha mn x + y + z = 1, chng
minh rng
1
( x2 + y2 )( y2 + z2 )( z2 + x2 ) .
32
Chng minh. t p = x + y + z, q = xy + yz + zx, v r = xyz. Ch bin i

sau
x2 + y2 = (1 z)2 2xy = 1 z z(1 z) 2xy

= 1 z xy q.
Tng t, ta cng c y2 + z2 = 1 x yz q, z2 + x2 = 1 y zx q. T ,
bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit di dng
1
(1 q x yz)(1 q y zx)(1 q z xy) .
32
S dng cc ng thc
xy( x + y) + yz( y + z) + zx( z + x) = q 3r, ( xy)2 + ( yz)2 + ( zx)2 = q2 2r,
n
ta vit bt ng thc trn di dng
ua 1
(1 q)3 (1 q)2 (1 + q) + 2(1 q)(q r) q2 r2 + 2qr .
32
Khai trin v bin i tng ng cho ta bt ng thc
1
q2 2q3 r(2 + r 4q) .
32
th
1
Nu q 14 th d c q2 2q3 32 . T c iu phi chng minh.
4q1
Nu q > 4 , s dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c r 9 , xt hm
1
f (r) = q2 2q3 r(2 + r 4q), trn (0, q/9].

pv
Tnh o hm, f (r) = 4q 2 2r. D thy f (r) < 0 v q 31 . Suy ra hm f (r)

nghch bin, t
4q 1

1
f (r) f = q2 2q3 (4q 1)(17 32q).
9 81
Xt hm h(q) = 81(q2 2q3 ) + (32q 17)(4q 1). Tnh o hm h (q) = 486q2

+418q 100. D thy h (q) < 0, do h(q) < h( 14 ) = 32
81
. Suy ra
4q 1

1
f (r) f .
9 32
Bt ng thc quan trng nht trong mc va ri l bt ng thc Schur. N

cho ta mt lin h cht gia cc bin mi p, q, r. Trong nhng trng hp kh
nht, cng c o hm c th gii quyt trn vn bi ton.
4.5. Tnh cht hm bc ba v a thc i xng 141
Bi ton 4.30. Xt ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x2 + y2 + z2 = 1,

chn minh rng
9 1 1 1 27
+ + .
4 1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx 4( x + y + z)2
Bi ton 4.31. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z, chng minh rng
9
( x + y + z)5 ( x3 + y3 + z3 )( xy + yz + zx).
4 69
Bi ton 4.32. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l di cnh ca mt tam gic th
( a b) 2 (b c)2 (c a)2
+ + 2.
a2 + ab + b2 b2 + bc + c2 c2 + ca + a2
Bi ton 4.33. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z 0 th
n
2/3
x y z xyz
+ + +2 2.
y+z z+x x+y
ua ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x)
Bi ton 4.34. Cho ba s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn xy + yz + zx = 3.
Chng minh rng
x2 + y2 + z2 + 3xyz 6.
4.5 Tnh cht hm bc ba v a thc i xng

th
Bt ng thc Schur cho ta mt quan h gia ba i lng p, q, v r.
By gi ta xt n mt quan h mi ca chng. Xt ba s thc a, b, c tho mn
a + b + c = 1, ta bit kt qu c bn l ab + bc + ca 13 . t ab + bc + ca =
1 t2
3 ,t 0, ta tm c gi tr ln nht ca r = abc theo t. Nu t = 0 th
pv
a = b = c = 13 nn r = 27
1
. Nu t 6= 0, v trong ba s a, b, c c nhiu nht l hai
s bng nhau, ta xt hm
1 t2
f ( x) = ( x a)( x b)( x c) = x 3 x2 + x abc.
3
Tnh o hm
1 t2
f ( x) = 3x2 2x + .
3
T suy ra f ( x) i du ti hai im x = 1+ t
3 , x = 3 .
1 t
Lp bng bin thin, ta c gi tr cc i, cc tiu ln lt l

1 t (1 t)2 (1 + 2t)
f max = f = abc,
3 27
1 + t (1 + t)2 (1 2t)
f min = f = abc.
3 27
1t y = f ( x)

f b
3
O
b b b
a b c x
n
1+t

f b ua
3
V f ( x) c ba nghim phn bit nn gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu phi tri

du. V h s ln nht trong a thc f ( x) dng nn f max 0, v f min 0. Tc
l
(1 + t)2 (1 2t) (1 t)2 (1 + 2t)
th
abc .
27 27
Tng qut hn, ta c
Bi ton 4.35. Nu a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn a + b + c = p, t ab + bc + ca =
pv
3 ( p t ), t 0. Ta c
1 2 2
( p + t)2 ( p 2t) ( p t)2 ( p + 2t)

abc .
27 27
Ta c th chng minh kt qu trn theo cch khc. 3

3 Ch ng nht thc sau
1
0 ( a b ) 2 ( b c) 2 ( c a) 2 = 27r 2 + 2( 1 3q 2 )r + ( 1 q 2 )2 ( 4q 2 1)
27
1
= ( 27r ( 1 q )2 ( 1 + 2q ))(27r ( 1 + q )2 ( 1 2q )).
27
Ch rng v q 0 nn ( 1 + q ) 2 ( 1 2q ) ( 1 q ) 2 ( 1 + 2q ) 2 , do theo nh l v du tam thc
bc hai, ta phi c
( 1 + t) 2 ( 1 2t) ( 1 t)2 ( 1 + 2t)
abc ..
27 27
Bi ton 4.36. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn a + b + c = 1, t

q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc,
chng minh rng
1
r (1 3t2 + 2t3 ),
27
trong q = 13 (1 t2 ).
Chng minh. Xt hm s f (c), vi
1 t2

f (c) = abc = c c(1 c) .
3
1
Nu 0 t 2 th
1
n
(1 t2 ) c(1 c) 0
3
khi c [0, 1], by gi tho mn iu kin Viet, tc l
ua 2

1 2
(1 c) 4 (1 t ) c(1 c) 0.
Bt ng thc ny cho ta
3

1 2t 1 + 2t
c .
3 3
Tnh o hm hm f (c) ta c
th
1
f (c) = 3c2 2c + (1 t2 ).
3
Do f (c) = 0 khi v ch khi c = 13 (1 t). Lp bng bin thin, suy ra
pv
1 t 1
f (c) f = (1 3t2 + 2t3 ).
3 27
1
Nu 2 t 1 th ta vn phi c iu kin
1 2t 1 + 2t
0 c 1.
3 3
Hn na, c ab 0 th
1
(1 t2 ) c(1 c) 0.
3
q q
2 2
Bt ng thc ny cho ta 1 c 12 1 + 4t 31 hoc 0 c 12 1 4t 31 .
Ch rng
q q
2 2
1t 1 4t 31 1 + t 1 + 4t 31 1 + 2t
; .
3 2 3 2 3
T , lp bng bin thin, v ta vn c

1
f (c) (1 3t2 + 2t3 ).
27
Bi ton 4.37. Xt ba s thc a, b, c tho mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 9, chng minh rng
2( a + b + c) abc 10.
Chng minh. iu kin bi ton cho ta p2 + 2t2 = 9. Bt ng thc cn chng
minh c dng
2p r 10.
Theo kt qu trn
1 p(5t2 + 27) + 2t3
n
2p r 2p ( p + t)2 ( p 2t) = .
27 27
Thnh th, ta cn chng minh
ua
Bnh phng hai v cho ta
p(5t2 + 27) 270 2t3 .
(270 2t3 )2 p2 (5t2 + 27)2 ,

hay l
27(t 3)2 (2t4 + 12t3 + 49t2 + 146t + 219) 0.
th
Bt ng thc ny ng. Php chng minh hon tt.
( ab + bc + ca)( a + b + c)3 + 48( ab + bc + ca) abc 25abc( a + b + c)2 0.
pv

Chng minh. Khng mt tng qut, chn a + b + c = 1, khi bt ng thc cn
chng minh c dng
1 t2
+ 16(1 t2 ) 25.
3r
Theo b 4.35 ta c
1 t2 9(1 + t)
.
3r (1 t)(1 + 2t)
Li ch rng
9(1 + t) 2t2 (4t 1)2
+ 16(1 t2 ) = + 25.
(1 t)(1 + 2t) (1 t)(1 + 2t)
1
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi t = 0, hoc t = 4,
ngha l hoc a = b = c, hoc 2a = b = c hoc cc hon v.
8
( a + b + c)3 ( ab + bc + ca) + abc( a + b + c)2 10abc( a2 + b2 + c2 ).
27
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Chn p = 1, th bt

ng thc cn chng minh c th vit c di dng
8
q + 20qr 9r 0.
27
1
V q 3 nn 20q 9 0, v s dng kt qu bi ton (4.36), ta c
8 1
f ( q) q+ (20q 9)(1 3t2 + 2t3 ).
27 27
n
Li lu rng q = 13 (1 t2 ), nn ta c th chuyn vic chng minh f (q) 0 v
8 ua 1
(1 t2 ) (1 3t2 + 2t3 )(7 + 20t2 ) 0.
27 81
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
(1 t)(2t 1)2 (10t2 + 5t + 1) 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng vi t [0, 1].

th
Bi ton 4.40. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c, hy tm s k nh nht sao cho
( ab + bc + ca)( abc + a3 + b3 + c3 ) k( a + b + c)5 .

pv
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Ta c th chn

p = 1, v bt ng thc trm c th vit di dng
(1 + 4r 3q)q k.
Xt hm f (q) = (1 + 4r 3q)q. S dng kt qu bi ton (4.36), ta c

1 2 4 2 3 2
f ( q) ( 1 t ) (1 3t + 2t ) + 1 (1 t )
3 27
Ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca F (t), vi

1 4
F(t) = (1 t2 ) (1 3t2 + 2t3 ) + 1 (1 t2 )
3 27
1
= (1 t2 )(4 + 15t2 + 8t3 ).
81
t 81F (t) = g(t), kho st hm g(t), ta c g (t) = 40t4 60t3 + 24t2 + 22t.
Phng trnh g (t) = 0 tng ng vi
2t(2t + 1)(10t2 + 10t 11) = 0.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm g(t) trn t [0, 1] ta suy ra
315 5
g(t) g .
10
T suy ra
1 3 15 5
k= g 0.0894.
81 10
n
( a + b + c)6 13.5( a3 + b3 + c3 )( a2 b + b2 c + c2 a + ab2 + bc2 + ca2 ).

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a, b, c l mt hon v ca 0, 36 5 t, 3+6 5 t
ua
Bi ton 4.42. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c v 0 t 15. Chng minh rng
1 1 1 t 9+t
+ + + .
( a + b) 2 ( b + c ) 2 ( c + a ) 2 ( a + b + c ) 2 4( ab + bc + ca)
Chng minh. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Bt ng thc cn

th
chng minh c vit di dng
2 2
p +q 4p t 9+t
+ 2 .
pq r pq r p 4q
cho gn, ta chn p = 1 v xt hm
pv
f (r) = 4q(1 2q + q2 + 4r) + 4qt(q r)2 (9 + t)(q r)2 0.

Nu 0 q 41 th f (r) f (0) 0. Nu q 14 , t q = 13 (1 x2 ), vi 0 x 12 ,
ta c r (1 + x)2 (1 2x)/27 nn
(1 + x)2 (1 2x)

f (r) f ,
27
( 1 + x ) 2( 1 2x )
ta k hiu x0 = 27 v tnh
64 32 2 140 4 152 5 140 6 32 7 16
f ( x0 ) = t+ x + tx tx tx + tx tx8
2187 81 729 2187 2187 729 2187
8 64 16 56 32 352 2
x4 x3 x6 + x5 + tx3 tx
27 81 81 81 2187 2187
4(1 + x)(2x 1)( x 2)2 (2tx4 5tx3 + 54x2 3tx2 + 8tx + 4t)
= .
2187
4.6. nh l Rolle v ng dng 147
Li ch rng 54x2 3tx2 v 4t 5tx3 nn suy ra a thc trong ngoc cui

cng trn t ca f ( x0 ) khng m. T suy ra f ( x 0 ) 0. Php chng minh
hon tt.
Bi ton 4.43. Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn
1 1 1
+ + = 2,
1+x 1+y 1+z
chng minh rng

1 1 1 4
+ + .
2 + xy 2 + yz 2 + zx 3
Hy ch ra tt c cc trng hp c ng thc.
n
a+b+c

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + .
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab ab + bc + ca a + b b + c c + a
4.6 nh l Rolle v ng dng

ua
Trn y ta gii quyt c mt lp cc bt ng thc ba bin. Cu hi
t nhin ny sinh s l gii nhng bi c s bin nhiu hn, hoc ch t cng l
nhiu hn mt bin. Mc ny s khai thc nh l Rolle chuyn vic chng
th
minh bt ng thc bn bin s v ba bin s. Vi cch ny, ta cng gii quyt
c nhiu bt ng thc a thc bn bin.
nh l 4.2 (nh l Rolle). Gi s rng f : [ a, b] R l lin tc trn [ a, b] v kh
vi trn ( a, b). Nu f ( a) = f (b), th tn ti mt s c thuc ( a, b) sao cho f (c) = 0.
pv
nh l Rolle quan trng v mt l thuyt, v mt s b hu ch cng c

th rt ra t nh l ny. 4
Sau y ta xt mt s ng dng gii ton.
Bi ton 4.45. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c, d 0 th
r r
3 abc + bcd + cda + dab ab + bc + cd + da + ac + db
.
4 6
Chng minh. Vi a, b, c, d l bn s thc khng m tu nn chng c th l
nghim ca a thc
f ( x) = ( x a)( x b)( x c)( x d).

4 Nu f l mt hm lin tc v kh vi, chng hn trn [ a, b ], v nu x v x l cc nghim ca
1 2
a < x1 < x2 < b, th f c mt nghim nm gia x1 v x2 . Tng qut hn, nu f c n nghim phn
bit trong [ a, b ] th f c t nht n 1 nghim (nhng nghim ny xen vi cc nghim ca f ), f c

t nht n 2 nghim (vi gi s rng f lin tc, kh vi trn [ a, b ], v v...)
Khai trin a thc, ta thu c
f ( x) = x4 x3 ( a + b + c + d) + x 2 ( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd)
x( abc + bcd + cda + dab) + abcd,
= x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s.
Hm f ( x) l lin tc v kh vi. Theo inh l Rolle th f ( x) s c ba nghim.

iu c ngha l tn ti cc s thc khng m u, v, w sao cho
f ( x) = 4( x u)( x v)( x w).
Khai trin a thc ta c

1
(4.18) f ( x) = x3 (u + v + w) x 2 + (uv + wv + wu) x + uvw.
4
n
Ta c li
(4.19) ua f ( x) = 4x3 3px2 + 2qx2 r.
So snh cc h s trong (4.18) v (4.19) ta c ng nht thc

3
u+v+w = ( a + b + c + d),
4
1
uv + vw + uw = ( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd),
2
th
1
uvw = ( abc + bcd + cda + dab).
4
Vi ba s thc khng m u, v, w ta c theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng
v trung bnh nhn th
pv
uv + vw + wu
(4.20) (uvw)2/3.
3
T y v cc ng nht thc ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 4.46. Xt bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d tha mn
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
chng minh rng
a + b + c + d a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 + ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd.
Chng minh. tin cho tnh ton, ta c th i bin chuyn bt ng thc

cn chng minh v dng
4( a + b + c + d) a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 + 2( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd),
trong a, b, c, d 0 v a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 4. iu kin gi thit c th vit li

di dng
p2 + 3t2 = 9.
Ch rng
a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 + 3( abc + bcd + cda + dab)

3( a + b + c + d)( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd).
Do ta c th vit
8 3 8 2
a 3 + b3 + c 3 + d 3 = p + pt + 12r.
27 3
Bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit di dng
n
p2 t2

16 8 8
(4.21) p p3 + pt2 + 12r + 4 .
3 27 3 3
ua
S dng gi thit p2 + 3t2 = 9, ta ng bc ho bt ng thc (4.21) v dng
q
6p3 10pt2 + 81r + 3( p2 t2 ) p2 + 3t2 .
y l bt ng thc ng bc, ta c th gi s p = 1. V 10pt2 0 nn by

gi ta ch cn chng minh
th
p
2 27r + (1 t2 ) 1 + 3t2 .
S dng b 4.35 ta c
(1 t)2 (1 + 2t)
pv
r .
27
Do , ta s cn ch ra rng
p
2 (1 t)2 (1 + 2t) + (1 t2 ) 1 + 3t2 .

Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi 1 + 3t2 2t3 (1 t2 ) 1 + 3t2 . Bnh
phng hai v cho ta
(1 + 3t2 2t3 )2 (1 t2 )2 (1 + 3t2 ) = t2 [(t 1)4 + 8t2 (1 t) + 4] 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng. ng thc xy ra khi t = 0, tc l a = b = c = d = 12 .

4.7. Chn bin s nh nht, bin s ln nht 150
4.7 Chn bin s nh nht, bin s ln nht

Da trn tnh ng bc, tnh bnh ng gia cc bin s, ta s sp th t v
chn phn t ln nht hoc nh nht, t gim dn bin s. Vi cch ny ta
thm ch khng cn s dng n nh l Rolle, v gii quyt c mt lp cc
bt ng thc bn bin s.
Bi ton 4.47. Chng minh rng vi a, b, c, d 0 th
3( a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 ) + 4abcd ( a + b + c + d)( a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 ).
Chng minh. Nu mt trong bn s a, b, c, d bng 0 th bt ng thc cn chng

minh hin nhin ng. Xt trng hp a, b, c, d > 0, v tnh ng bc nn ta c
th chn
n
(4.22) d = min { a, b, c, d} = 1.
Khi , bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
(4.23)
ua
3( a4 + b4 + c4 + 1) + 4abc ( a + b + c + 1)( a3 + b3 + c3 + 1).
t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc, v (4.22) nn p 3. Biu din theo
p, q, r, ch rng
a4 + b4 + c4 = ( p 2 2q)2 2(q2 2pr), a3 + b3 + c3 = p( p2 3q) + 3r,

th
bt ng thc (4.23) c th vit di dng
(4.24) 2p4 p3 p 2 9p2 q + 3pq + 6q2 + 9pr + r 0.

Theo b 4.35, ta c
1 3
( p 3pt2 2t3 ).
pv
r
27
Ta cn chng minh
p2 t2 p2 t2

4 3 2
2p p p + 2 9p + 3p
3 3
( p2 t2 )2 p 1
+6 + ( p3 3pt2 2t3 ) + ( p3 3pt2 2t3 ) 0.
9 3 27
(4.25) ( p 3)2 ( p + 6) + 2t2 (9p2 15p 9pt + 9t2 t) 0.

V p 3 nn 6p2 18p > 15p + t, v 3p2 + 9t2 9pt, suy ra
9p2 15p 9pt + 9t2 t 0.

T y suy ra (4.25) ng. Php chng minh hon tt.
Bi ton 4.48. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c, d 0 th
( a + b + c + d)4 + 176abcd 27( a + b + c + d)( abc + bcd + cda + dab).
Chng minh. Nu mt trong cc s bng khng, ta c ngay iu phi chng

minh. Khi cc s u dng, ta gi s
d = min { a, b, c, d} = 1.
Khi , ta cn chng minh
( a + b + c + 1)4 + 176abc 27( a + b + c + 1)( abc + ab + ac + bc).
t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. Ta c p 3, bt ng thc trn

c dng
n
(4.26) p4 + 4p3 + 6p2 + 4p + 1 27pq 27q + (149 27p)r 0.
t q = 13 ( p2 t2 ), 0 t p, ta c theo b 4.35
ua
( p + t)2 ( p 2t) ( p t)2 ( p + 2t)
r .
27 27
Nu 3 p 24927 th 149 27p 0, sau khi s dng b , bin i tng
ng, chng minh (4.26) ta cn
th

1 68 298
(14p + 3)( p 3)2 + t2 3p2 p + 9 t + 2pt 0.
27 9 27
Bt ng thc
68 298
pv
3p2 p+9 t + 2pt 0

9 27
c chng minh bng cch cng cc bt ng thc ng cng chiu
14 2 14 40 2 136
p2 + 9 6p, p p, 2pt 6t, p t.
27 9 27 27
Nu 149 27p 0 th chng minh (4.26) ta cn

1 2 2 2 68 298
(14p + 3)( p 3) + t 3p p + 9 + t 2pt 0.
27 9 27
Xt hm
68 298
f ( p) = 3p2 p+9+ t 2pt.
9 27
Tnh o hm,
68
f ( p) = 6p 2t.
9
V t p v p 149
27 nn f ( p) > 0. Suy ra hm f ( p) ng bin trn [max(t, 27 ),
149
+). Suy ra 149

f ( p) f max t, 0.
27
Php chng minh hon tt. 5
Bi ton 4.49. Gi s p, q, r, s l cc s thc sao cho phng trnh sau y c bn
nghim thc khng m, khng nht thit phn bit
x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s = 0.
Chng minh rng 3pr 12s + q2 .
Chng minh. Theo cch lm trong bi trn y, ta chuyn v vic chng minh
bt ng thc sau vi cc s thc khng m a, b, c, d
n
3( a + b + c + d)( abc + bcd + cda + dab) 12abcd + ( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd)2.
Nu mt trong bn s bng khng, th bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Nu

ua
a, b, c, d > 0 th ta c th gi s
d = min { a, b, c, d} = 1.
Khi , bt ng thc tr thnh
(4.27) ( ab + bc + ca + a + b + c)2 + 12abc 3( a + b + c + 1)( abc + ab + bc + ca).

th
t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc, th th p 3. Bt ng thc (4.27)
c dng
( p + q)2 + 12r 3(1 + p)(r + q),
hay l
pv
p2 pq + q2 3q + (9 3p)r 0.
t q = 31 ( p2 t2 ), do 0 t p, th ta c
1 3
r ( p 3pt2 + 2t3 ).
27
V 9 3p 0 nn ta cn chng minh
p 2 1 1
p2 ( p t2 ) + ( p2 t2 )2 ( p2 t2 ) + (9 3p)( p3 3pt2 + 2t3 ) 0.
3 9 27
5 Biton ny cn c th pht biu di dng khc. Gi s p, q, r, s l cc s thc sao cho phng
trnh sau y c bn nghim thc khng m, khng nht thit phn bit
x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s = 0.
Chng minh rng
p4 + 176s 27pr.
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi mi
p2 t2 6pt2 + t4 + 9t2 + 6t3 2pt3 0.
D thy rng c th vit bt ng thc ny di dng t2 ( p t 3)3 0. Php

chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi (1, 1, 1, 1) hoc (0, 1, 1, 1), hoc
(0, 0, 0, 1), hoc ( x, x, x, 1) vi x 0 bt k
x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s = 0.
Chng minh rng p4 + 32s 3p2 q.

Chng minh. Ta c th chuyn bi ton v dng sau y. Xt bn s thc khng
n
m a, b, c, d tha mn
a + b + c + d = 1,
chng minh rng
ua
1 + 32abcd 3( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd).
Nu mt trong bn s bng khng th bt ng thc hin nhin ng theo bt

ng thc Cauchy. Ta c th vit bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng ng
bc
th
(4.28) ( a + b + c + d)4 + 32abcd 3( a + b + c + d)2( ab + bc + cd + da + ac + bd).
Xt cc s thc dng, v tnh ng bc nn ta c th gi s
(4.29) d = min( a, b, c, d) = 1.
pv
Khi bt ng thc (4.28) c th vit di dng
( a + b + c + 1)4 + 32abc 3( a + b + c + 1)2 ( ab + bc + ca + a + b + c).

t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, v r = abc. V (4.29) nn p 3, v q 3. Vi
cch t ny, ta vit bt ng thc di dng
( p + 1)4 + 32r 3( p + 1)2 (q + p).
Khai trin bt ng thc ny ta c
p4 + p3 + p + 1 3p2 q 6pq 3q + 32r 0.
t q = 13 ( p2 t2 ), 0 t p. Ta c
1 1 3
r ( p + t)2 ( p 2t) = ( p 3pt2 2t3 ).
27 27
Do , ta cn chng minh
32 3
p4 + p3 + p + 1 p 2( p2 t2 ) 2p( p2 t2 ) ( p2 t2 ) + ( p 3pt2 2t3 ) 0.
27
Bt ng thc ny li tng ng vi mi bt ng thc
5 3 14 2 64 3
p p3 + p + 1 + p2 t2 + t2 pt t 0.
27 9 27
Nhm nhn t chung cho ta

1 14 64
(4.30) (5p + 3)( p 3)2 + t2 p2 + 1 p t 0.
27 9 27
Mt khc, v p 3 nn 14 2
27 p
14
9 p, v q = 31 ( p2 t2 ) 3 nn p2 t2 + 9. Suy
n
ra, theo bt ng thc AM-GM
13 2 13 2 16 64
ua p +1 t + t.
27 27 3 27
n y, ta thu c
14 64
p2 + 1 p t 0.
9 27
Suy ra bt ng thc (4.30) ng. Du ng thc xy ra vi ( 14 , 41 , 41 , 14 ), hoc
(0, 31 , 31 , 31 ) hoc cc hon v ca n.
th
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
chng minh rng

pv
a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 + 8(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) 1.
Chng minh. t a = 1 x, b = 1 y, c = 1 z, v d = 1 t, th x, y, z, t [0, 1].

Bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit di dng
(1 x)3 + (1 y)3 + (1 z)3 + (1 t)3 + 8xyzt 1.

iu kin ban u tr thnh
x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 2( x + y + z + t) + 3 = 0.
p = x + y + z + t,
q = xy + yz + zt + tx + yt + zx,
r = xyz + yzt + ztx + txy.
Ta vit iu kin rng buc ca bi ton di dng
p2 2q 3p + 3 = 0.
Theo bi ton (4.48), ta c

27pr p4
xyzt .
176
Ta li c 6
1 3 1 2 8 3 1 3 1 2 8 3
(4.31) p pt t r p pt + t .
16 3 27 16 3 27
Vi ch rng x 3 + y3 + z3 + t3 = p( p3 3q) + 3r, bt ng thc cn chng

minh c th vit theo p, q, r
n
3 3p + 3p2 p3 + 3pq 6q 3r + 8xyzt 0.
T kt qu bi ton (4.48), c bt ng thc cn chng minh, ta ch cn chng

ua
t rng
27 1 4
3 3p + 3p2 p3 + 3pq 6q 3r + pr p 0.
22 22
T iu kin rng buc ca bi ton suy ra q = 12 p2 p + 23 , thnh th ta s cn
chng minh
th

1 4 1 3 2 15 9
(4.32) p + p 3p + p 6 + 3r p 1 0.
22 2 2 22
Ta xt hai kh nng.
9
Nu 22 p 1 0, c (4.32), ta cn chng t
pv

1 4 1 3 2 15 1 3 1 2 8 3 9
p + p 3p + p 6 + 3 p pt + t p 1 0.
22 2 2 16 3 27 22
6 Phng trnh X 4 pX 3 + qX 2 rX + xyzt = 0 c bn nghim x, y, z, t 0. Theo nh l Rolle
th
3 q r
X3
pX 2 + X = 0
4 2 4
c ba nghim khng m. Theo b 4.35, nu ta t
q ( 3 p)2 t2 3 2 3
= 4 , suy ra q = p2 t2 , 0 t p.
2 3 8 3 4
ta c
( 43 p + t)2 ( 34 p 2t) r ( 3 p t) 2 ( 43 p + 2t)
4 .
27 4 27
Khai trin kt qu ny cho ta
1 3 1 2 8 3 1 3 1 2 8 3
p pt t r p pt + t .
16 3 27 16 3 27
Bt ng thc ny li tng ng vi

1 4 5 3 15 8 9
p + p 3p2 + p6+ t p t 2
p 1 0,
32 16 2 9 22
hay l

1 8 9
(4.33) ( p 2)( p3 + 12p2 72p + 96) + t2 p t 1 0.
32 9 22
Ta c p 43 t 98 t. Suy ra

8 9
p t 1 p 0.
9 22
Ta cng chng minh c
n
p3 + 12p2 72p + 96 0, vi mi p 0.
Nu p 22
1 4 1 3 2
p + p 3p + p 6 + 3
15
ua
T suy ra (4.33) ng, tc l (4.32) ng.
9 . c (4.32) ta cn ch ra

1 3 1 2
p pt
8 3
t

9

p 1 0.
22 2 2 16 3 27 22
Bin i bt ng thc ny v dng

th

1 4 5 3 15 8 9
(4.34) p + p 3p2 + p 6 t2 p+ t p1 0.
32 16 2 9 22
Mt khc, kt hp iu kin bi ton v q = 38 p2 32 t2 , suy ra

pv
3 9 3 2 3
t2 = p p = (6 p)( p 2).
2 4 16 16
Th vo (4.34) ta c bt ng thc tng ng

1 3 8 9
( p 2)( p3 + 12p2 72p + 96) (6 p)( p 2) p+ t p1 .
32 16 9 22
1
Gin c hai v v tip tc bin i s cho ta
32 ( p 2 )
p
3 2 3(6 p)( p 2)
19p 48p 198p + 528 (6 p)(9p 22).
3
Ch rng 3(6 p)( p 2) p. Thc vy, bnh phng hai v v a bt
p
ng thc v dng 4( p 3)2 0.Vy c (4.34) ta ch cn chng minh
3(19p3 48p2 198p + 528) p(6 p)(9p 22).

4.8. Bt ng thc Vornicu-Schur 157
Khai trin v gin c ta thu c
66p3 220p2 462p + 1584 0.
Bt ng thc ny ng v n c th vit c di dng 22( p 3)2 (3p + 8) 0.

Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi vi b s ( a, b, c, d) =
(0, 0, 0, 1), ( 12 , 21 , 21 , 21 ) hoc cc hon v ca cc b.
Bn c c th chng minh bi ton ?? theo cch ny. Di y l cc bi

ton khc.
Bi ton 4.52. Xt cc s thc p, q, r sao cho phng trnh sau c bn nghim
(khng nht thit phn bit)
x4 px3 + qx2 + (2q 16) x + r = 0,
n
chng minh rng p 23 q.

ua a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
chng minh rng
a4 + b4 + c4 + d4 + 12(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)(1 d) 1.

th
nghim thc khng m tha mn p2 2q = 1, khng nht thit phn bit
x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s = 0,
chng minh rng r/s + 8r 12.

pv

x4 px3 + qx2 rx + s = 0.
Chng minh rng 9q2 68s + p4 v ( p2 2q)5/2 + 8ps 4( p2 2q)r.
4.8 Bt ng thc Vornicu-Schur

nh l 4.3 (Bt ng thc Vornicu-Schur 7 ). Cho su s thc khng m a, b, c,
x, y, z sao cho a b c v hoc x y z hoc x y z, chng minh rng
x( a b)( a c) + y(b c)(b a) + z(c a)(c b) 0.

7 Vornicu Valantine l mt ngi Romania, thnh vin sng lp din n ton hc ton cu Math-
links.
4.8. Bt ng thc Vornicu-Schur 158
Php chng minh bt ng thc trn rt n gin theo tinh thn chng minh
ca bt ng thc Schur. Tip theo ta s vn dng bt ng thc ny chng
minh cc kt qu khc.
Bi ton 4.56. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c dng th
a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab
+ + a + b + c.
b+c c+a a+b
Li gii. Khng mt tng qut, ta gi s a b c. Ta ch n ng nht thc

sau y
a2 + bc a2 + bc ab ac ( a b)( a c)
a = = .
b+c b+c b+c
Thnh th, bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit di dng
n
x( a b)( a c) + y(b c)(b a) + z(c a)(c b) 0,
trong x = 1/(b + c), y = 1/( a + c), z = 1/( a + b).

ua
Ch rng ta c x y z. Do , bt ng thc cn chng minh ng theo
bt ng thc Vornicu-Schur.
Bn cnh kt qu trn, ta cn c nhiu kt qu lin quan nh sau. Ta gp tt
c cc kt qu di bi ton sau y.
Bi ton 4.57. Xt ba s thc a, b, c, gi x, y, z l ba s thc khng m, iu kin
th
cn v cho a, b, c, x, y, z sao cho bt ng thc sau ng
x( a b)( a c) + y(b c)(b a) + z(c a)(c b) 0
l mt trong cc iu kin sau tha mn

pv
i) a b c, v x + z y;
ii) x, y, v z l di cnh ca mt tam gic no ;
iii) ax, by, v cz l di cnh ca mt tam gic no ;
Trong nhng bi ton i xng, ta lun c th sp th t cho b s. V i
nhng bi c b s khc lin quan cng sp th t c th lun c th gii
c theo cch trn.
Bi ton 4.58. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c dng th
a3 + abc b3 + abc c3 + abc

+ + a 2 + b2 + c 2 .
b+c c+a a+b
4.9. Phn hoch v gii hn 159
b+c c+a a+b a+b+c

1
+ + .
3 a2 + bc b2 + ca c2 + ab ab + bc + ca
Du ng thc xy ra vi tam gic u hoc tam gic cn. Hy ch ra rng bt

ng thc trn khng ng vi s thc dng ni chung.
Bi ton 4.60. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c 0, th
( a2 b2 )2 + (b2 c2 )2 + ( a2 b2 )2 4( a b)(b c)(c a)( a + b + c).
Bi ton 4.61. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l di cnh ca mt tam gic, v

t 1 l mt s thc th
n
(t + 1)( a3 b + b3 c + c3 a) ab3 + bc3 + ca3 + tabc( a + b + c).
Bi ton 4.62. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c, x, y, z l cc s thc khng m tha

mn a b c v x y z th
ua
x(b c)2 (b + c a) + y(c a)2 (c + a b) + z( a b)2 ( a + b c) 0.
Bi ton 4.63. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, chng minh rng nu k R, th
( a2 + kbc)2 ( a b)( a c) 0.
th
cyclic
Bi ton 4.64. Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c 0, v n N , 0 k 2n 1,

chng minh rng
ak (b c)2n (a b)(a c) 0.
pv
cyclic
4.9 Phn hoch v gii hn

Trong tit ny ta xt n cng c gii hn bin lun v chng minh bt
ng thc ba bin s i xng.
Bi ton 4.65. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c. t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca,
v r = abc. Chng minh rng nu p = 1 th
(1 q)(1 27r) 6(1 + 3q)(q2 3r).
Chng minh. Nu ta s dng nh gi (4.12) th ta cn chng minh
16(1 q) 6(1 + 3q),

5 1 5
hay 17 q. Th th, nu 3 q 17 th ta cn phi nh gi li!
4.9. Phn hoch v gii hn 160
Ta ny ra tng phn hoch on [ 14 , 13 ] thnh tng on nh ri nh gi

khi q thuc tng khong . Ta c li gii sau y.
Nu q 41 th bt ng thc cn chng minh ng (bn c t kim tra iu
ny).
Nu 13 q 41 th ta xt dy {n }
n =1 c xc nh nh sau
(
1 = 1,
{n }
n=1 =
n+1 = 12 (n + 3).
D thy dy (n ) tng v lim n = 3. Th th dy

n
3 + n

15 + n n N
n
cng tng.
Ta c
3 + 1 4 1 3 + n 3+3 1
=ua = , lim = = .
15 + 1 16 4 n 15 + n 15 + 3 3
V q [ 41 , 31 ] nn tn ti k N sao cho
3 + k 3 + k+1
(4.35) q .
15 + k 15 + k+1
th
T bt ng thc (4.35), suy ra (15 + k )q (3 + k ) 0, hay (3q 1)[(15 +
k )q (3 + k )] 0. Nhn khai trin, ta c bt ng thc
3(15 + k )q2 (k + 6)(4q 1) + 3.

pv
Theo bt ng thc Schur, 4q 1 9r. Do 3(15 + k )q2 (k + 6)9r + 3. Rt

gn bt ng thc trn v dng
(4.36) (15 + k )(q2 3r) 1 27r.
Cng t (4.35), ta suy ra
3 + k+1 3 + 12 (k + 3)
q = .
15 + k+1 15 + 21 (k + 3)
Thu gn bt ng thc trn v dng
(4.37) 18q + 6 (k + 15)(1 q).
Nhn hai bt ng thc cng chiu (4.36) v (4.37) ta c iu phi chng minh.
4.10. Dng tng cc bnh phng 161
Bi ton 4.66. Xt cc s thc khng m a, b, c, chng minh bt ng thc
(8a2 + bc)(8b2 + ca)(8c2 + ab) ( a + b + c)6 .
Hi ng thc t c khi no?
Hng dn. Chuyn bt ng thc cn chng minh v dng
64q(q2 3r) (1 27r)(1 + 19r).
Xt dy tng {n }nN xc nh bi

1 = 15
{n }nN = 76n 576
n+1 = + 12.
10n
n
Bi ton 4.67. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a + b + c = 1, chng minh
ua
rng
1 + 162( abc)2 27abc + 54( a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 ).
Bi ton 4.68. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a + b + c = 1, chng minh
rng
7( ab + bc + ca)2 18abc + 27( a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3 ).
th
4.10 Dng tng cc bnh phng
Bt ng thc x2 0 l phng tin chng minh v ngun gc ca nhiu
pv
bt ng thc. Trong tit ny, ta tip tc khai thc bt ng thc ny. Ta th suy
ngh theo mt hng khc l tm mt b s p, q, r R sao cho nh gi sau y
vn l ng
(4.38) p( y z)2 + q( z x)2 + r( x y)2 0.
Tt nhin vi p, q, r l nhng s thc dng th bt ng thc hin nhin ng.

By gi ta tnh n kh nng rng c hai hoc mt trong ba s p, q, r l m. Khi
, php chng minh cha th dng li; ta cn phi tip tc bin lun i n
kt qu tng minh. C th nu ta c mt trong ba s p, q, r l dng, chng hn
q, th ta cn g p, r bt ng thc (4.38) l ng. B sau y cho ta mt
phng n tr li.
B 1. Chng minh rng nu x y z v q 0, q + r 0, q + p 0 th
(4.39) p( y z)2 + q( z x)2 + r( x y)2 0.

4.10. Dng tng cc bnh phng 162
Chng minh. V tnh th t x y z nn ta c x y 0 v y z 0. Thnh

th,
( x y + y z)2 = ( x y)2 + 2( x y)( y z) + ( y z)2

( x y)2 + ( y z)2 .
T suy ra ( x z)2 ( x y)2 + ( y z)2 . Bt ng thc ny cho thy rng

vi ba s sp th t th tng bnh phng khong cch ca hai s gn nhau
khng ln hn bnh phng khong cch ca hai s xa nhau nht. By gi s
dng bt ng thc ny c nh gi sau
p( y z)2 + q( z x)2 + r( x y)2 ( p + q)( y z)2 + (q + r)( x y)2 0
n
Nh vy ta tm ra mt b s thc p, q, r tt nht c th bt ng thc
(4.38) vn ng. Vic so snh cc biu thc ng bc i xng ba bin s m
quy c v dng (4.38) l ph bin, dng khc ch l hy hu. Trong a s cc
ua
trng hp ta phi bin lun, c lng cc biu thc p, q, r. Thao tc ny l
thch thc ch yu khi gii cc bi ton bt ng thc.
Bi ton 4.69. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z > 0 th
x2 + y2 + z2 8xyz
+ 2.
xy + yz + zx ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x)
th
Chng minh. Bt ng thc ny c ngun gc t bt ng thc lng gic trong
tam gic. N c dng tng ca hai bt ng thc ngc chiu, do Jack Garfunkel
t ra l
A B C A B C
pv
tan2 + tan2 + tan2 + 8 sin sin sin 2.

2 2 2 2 2 2
Tr li vi bt ng thc cn chng minh, ta thy n tng ng vi bt ng
thc sau
x2 + y2 + z2 8xyz
1 1
xy + yz + zx ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x)
S dng cc ng thc
x2 + y2 + z2 ( xy + yz + zx) = 12 [( x y)2 + ( y z)2 + ( z x)2 ],

( x + y)( y + z)( z + x) 8xyz = x( y z)2 + y( z x)2 + z( x y)2 ,
ta c bt ng thc tng ng
( x y)2 + ( y z)2 + ( z x)2 x( y z)2 + y( z x)2 + z( x y)2

.
2( xy + yz + zx) ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x)
4.11. Chn phn t nh nht v dng Schur 163
By gi ta vit bt ng thc ny v dng
f = p ( y z ) 2 + q( z x ) 2 + r( x y ) 2 ,
trong
2 2 2
p = y ( z + x) + z ( y + x) x ( y + z),

q = z2 ( x + y) + x2 ( y + z) y2 ( x + z),
r = x2 ( z + y) + y2 ( z + x) z2 ( x + y).

Khng mt tng qut, ta gi s x y z. D kim tra c rng p + q 0,

q + r 0. By gi ta s chng minh q 0. Xt hiu p q,
p q = 2xy( y x) + 2z( y2 x2 )
= 2( y x)( xy + yz + zx) 0.
n
T suy ra p q, mt khc p + q 0. Thnh th q 0. T suy ra iu phi
chng minh f ( p + q)( y z)2 + (q + r)( x y)2 0.
ua
Trong cch gii cc bi ton theo hng trn, chng ta s dng, khng
chng minh, mt s ng thc. Thnh th, cho c nh hng nhanh chng,
ta cn ghi nh mt s ng thc i xng. y l iu hn ch nht ca phng
php ny. Chng hn ng thc sau y
x3 + y3 + z3 3xyz = ( x + y + z)( x 2 + y2 + z2 xy yz zx).

th
Trong qu trnh bin i lun phi ch rt cc nhn t x y, y z, z x lm
nhn t chung.
Vi ch ba bin s x, y, z ta c th lp c cc biu thc i xng tu . Vn
tip theo l so snh cc biu thc (biu thc ng bc) ra sao.
pv
Bi ton 4.70. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c, chng minh rng
a 3 + b3 + c 3 a2 ab + b2 b2 bc + c2 c2 ca + a2

2
+ + .
a 2 + b2 + c 2 3 a+b b+c c+a
4.11 Chn phn t nh nht v dng Schur

Mc ny xt mt s bt ng thc n gin, m php chng minnh ch da
trn php bin i tng ng. y l tng ca bn L Vit Thng.
a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) + c2 ( a + b).
4.11. Chn phn t nh nht v dng Schur 164
Chng minh. Khng mt tng qut, gi s c = min ( a, b, c). S dng khai trin
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc + ( a + b + c)[( a b)2 + ( a c)(b c)],

a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) + c2 ( a + b) = 6abc + ( a + b)( a c)(b c) + 2c( a b)2 .
Do , ta vit bt ng thc cho di dng
( a + b c)( a b)2 + c( a c)(b c) 0.
iu ny hin nhin ng v c l s nh nht trong ba s.
Bi ton 4.72. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l s thc dng th
a+b b+c c+a a b c

+ + + + .
n
a+c b+a c+b b c a
Chng minh. Khng mt tng qut, ta gi s c = min ( a, b, c). Ta s dng khai

trin ua
x y z ( x y)2 ( x z)( y z)
+ + 3 = + .
y z x xy xz
Do , bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit c di dng

1 1 1 1
( a b) 2 + ( a c)(b c) 0.
ab ( a + c)(b + c) ac ( a + c)( a + b)
th
Mt cch khi qut, ta c th gii mt lp ln bt ng thc ba bin s bng
cch chn mt s l nh nht, chng hn c = min ( a, b, c) sau vit bt ng
thc cn chng minh v dng
pv
p( a b)2 + q( a c)(b c) 0.
Bc cui cng, ta phi chng minh p, q 0. Sau y l mt s php khai trin

thng dng na
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca = ( a b)2 + ( a c)(b c),

( a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 8abc + ( a + b)( a c)(b c) + 2c( a b)2 ,
a b c 3 ( a b) 2 ( a + b 2c)( a c)(b c)
+ + = + + .
b+c c+a a+b 2 ( a + c)(b + c) 2( a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a b c ab + bc + ca 5
+ + + 2 .
b+c c+a a+b a + b2 + c 2 2
4.12. Mt s kiu c lng thng dng 165
Chng minh. S dng cc ng nht thc bit, ta quy bt ng thc trn v

dng
p( a b)2 + q( a c)(b c) 0,
trong
1 1 ( a c)(b c)
p=
a 2 + b2 + c 2 ( a + c)(b + c) ( a2 + b2 + c2 )( a + c)(b + c)
1 a + b + 2c ( a b) 2
q= .
a 2 + b2 + c 2 ( a + c)(b + c) ( a2 + b2 + c2 )( a + c)(b + c)
Gi s rng c = max( a, b, c) v ta d c p, q 0. Php chng minh hon tt.
( a + b + c)2 a+b b+c c+a
n
+ + .
ab + bc + ca a+c b+a c+b
Bi ton 4.75. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c l cc s thc dng th
1 a3

3 b
+
ua
b3
c
+
c3
a
r 4

a + b4 + c 4
3
.
4.12 Mt s kiu c lng thng dng

Mc ny trnh by mt s k thut thit lp cc nh gi trung gian. Mt
th
ln na, thng tin v du ng thc c tnh cht gi quan trng nht khi nh
hng ti cc c lng kiu ny.
Bi ton 4.76. Chng minh bt ng thc Nesbitt cho ba s thc dng.
pv
Chng minh.
a pak
k , p = k = 32 .
b+c a + bk + c k
Thc vy, thay p, k vo bt ng thc, ta ch cn chng minh
2( a3/2 + b3/2 + c3/2 ) 3a1/2 (b + c).

Li theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
a3/2 + b3/2 + b3/2 3a1/2 b, a3/2 + c3/2 + c3/2 3a1/2 c.

Cng hai bt ng thc cng chiu, ta suy ra iu phi chng minh. Tr li bi
ton, ta c iu cn chng minh v
a3/2 b3 / 2 c3/2
+ + = 1.
a 3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c 3 / 2 a 3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c 3 / 2 a 3 / 2 + b3 / 2 + c 3 / 2

s s s
a3 b3 c3
3 3
+ 3 3
+ 1.
a + (b + c) b + (c + a) c + ( a + b) 3
3
Chng minh. Ta s tm p sao cho

s
a3 ap
.
a3 + (b + c)3 ap + bp + cp
Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc, ta c
a3 a2p + a3 (b p + c p )2 + 2a p a3 (b p + c p ) a3 a2p + a2p (b + c)3 ,
n
n gin bt ng thc v dng
(b p + c p )2 + 2a p (b p + c p ) a2p3 (b + c)3 .
ua q
b+c b2 +c2
Ta d on rng p = 2 s cho bt ng thc ng. Thc vy, v 2 2 .
Ta ch cn chng minh
1 4
t + a2 t2 at3 0,
4
hay t2 ( 12 t a)2 0, trong t = b + c.
th
Hoc ta cng c th chn b = c = 1, v sau tm p sao cho
a p 2a2p3 + 1 0.
Xt hm f ( a) = a p 2a2p3 + 1. Tnh o hm f ( a) v cn f (1) = 0. T suy

pv
ra p = 2.
Cng hai bt ng thc cng chiu na, ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng
minh. Php chng minh hon tt.
Bi ton 4.78. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m v p = 5

3
th
5
a a4
p 5 5 5 5
.
a2 + p(b + c + d)2 a4 + b4 + c4 + d4
Chng minh. Khng mt tng qut, ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc vi

1 1 1
trng hp a = 1, ta t x = b 4 , y = c 4 , z = d 4 . Bt ng thc cn chng minh
c dng
1 1
.
1 + x5 + y5 + z5
p
1 + p( x4 + y4 + z4 )2
Bnh phng hai v, ta vit bt ng thc trn v dng
3( x10 + y10 + z10 ) + 6( x5 y5 + y5 z5 + x5 z5 )

+ 6( x5 + y5 + z5 ) 5( x8 + y8 + z8 ) + 10( x4 y4 + y4 z4 + z4 x4 ).
S dng bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn ta c
3x10 + 2x5 5x8 , 6y5 z5 + 2y5 + 2z5 10y5 z5 .
Lm cc bt ng thc tng t, ri cng chng vi nhau ta s suy ra ngay c

iu phi chng minh. 8
Bi ton 4.79. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c sao cho
n
a2 + b2 + c2 = 1,
chng minh rng

ua a b c
+ + 2.
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
Chng minh. Ta mun tm p sao cho
p
a 2a
p .
1 + bc a + bp + cp
th
Vi p = 1, ta cn chng t rng ( a + b + c)2 2(1 + bc)2 , y l h qu trc tip
ca
(b + c a)2 + 2b2 c2 0.
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
pv
8 Mt cu hi tng t l lm sao tm ra c bt ng thc trn vi s 5 . V mt k thut, ta c

4
th thao tc ht nh bi ton trc. Ta cn tm p sao cho bt ng thc sau ng.
a ap
.
ap + bp + cp + dp
q
a + 53 ( b + c + d) 2
Ch cn xt b = c = d = 1. Th th bt ng thc trn c dng

a ap
.
a2 + 15 ap + 3
Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc v rt gn cho ta
a2 p +2 + 6a p +2 + 9a2 a2 p +2 + 15a2 p .
Xt hm f ( a) = 6a p +2 15a2 p + 9a2 . Ta bit rng du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = d = 1, do
ta tnh o hm f ( a) v cho f ( 1) = 0. Gii phng trnh ny cho ta p = 54 .
Bi ton 4.80. Xt ba s thc khng m a, b, c, chng minh rng
a2 b2 c2 2
q +q +q ( a + b + c).
a2 + 1 2 b2 + 1 2 c2 + 1 2 3
4 ab + b 4 bc + c 4 ca + a
Chng minh. Li gii ca V Quc B Cn. Vi mi x 0, ta c
x2 1
q x .
x2 + 1 3
4x + 1
Nu x 1
3 th bt ng thc hin nhin ng. Nu x 13 , th ta bin i n v
dng
36x4 2 ( x 1)2 (15x 4)
n
( 3x 1 ) = 0.
4x2 + x + 4 4x2 + x + 4
S dng bt ng thc trn, thay x ln lt bi a/b, b/c, c/ a, ta c
q
a2
a2 + 41 ab + b2
1
a b, q
3
ua
b2
b2 + 14 bc + c2
1
b c, q
3
c2
c2 + 14 ca + a2
1
c a.
3
Cng ba bt ng thc trn ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 4.81. Cho p = 31 , chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 th

th
a b c 1
p + p + p p ( a 1 p + b1 p + c 1 p )
( a + b) (b + c) (c + a) 2
Chng minh. Li gii ca V Quc B Cn. Ta s chng minh rng vi mi x > 0

pv
th bt ng thc sau ng

4x3 3 2
3 3
5x2 1
x +1
Thc vy, nu x 1 , bt ng thc tm thng. Nu x 1 , ta xt hm

5 5
128x9
f ( x) =
( x3 + 1)(5x2 1)3
Ta c
384x8 (1 x)(2x2 3x 3)
f ( x) =
( x3 + 1)2 (5x2 1)4

3 + 33
f ( x) = 0 x = 1, x=
4

3 + 33
D dng xc minh c rng f ( x) > 0 vi 1 < x < 4 , f ( x) < 0 vi

1 3 + 33
5
< x < 1 v x > 4 , th
n o 1
f ( x) min f (1), lim f ( x) = 1 x
x 5
Do , bt ng thc trn ng. By gi s dng bt ng thc ny bng cch

q q q
3 a 3 b 3 c
thay s x vi b , c , a tng ng, ta thu c

a32 5 2/3 1 2/3 b 3 2 5 2/3 1 2/3 c 3 2 5 1

3
a b , 3
b c , 3
c2/3 a2/3
a+b 4 4 b+c 4 4 c+a 4 4
Cng cc bt ng thc trn cho ta iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra vi

a = b = c.
n
Bi ton 4.82. Cho n 3 s thc khng m a1 , a2 , ..., an tha mn
a1 + a2 + + an
ua = r, v max{ ai } (1 r2 )/2r
n
chng minh rng
n
1 n
1 + a2
1 + r2
.
i =1 i
Chng minh. Vi mi s thc dng x, ta tm k sao cho

th
1 1
+ k( x r) .
1 + x2 1 + r2
pv
r+x

(4.40) (r x ) + k 0.
(1 + r2 )(1 + x2 )
Ta cn chn k sao cho x = r l mt nghim ca a thc trong du ngoc vung,
t k = 2r/(1 + r2 )2 , ta vit (4.40) di dng tng ng
(r x)2 (2rx + r2 1) 0.
iu ny ch ng nu x (1 r2 )/2r. By gi s dng bt ng thc va thit

lp cho cc s a1 , a2 , ..., an ri cng cc bt ng thc thu c, ta s c ngay
iu phi chng minh. Php chng minh hon tt.
Bi ton 4.83. Chng minh rng vi mi s dng a1 , a2 , . . . , an tha a1 a2 an =
1 ta c bt ng thc
q q q
a21 + 1 + a22 + 1 + + a2n + 1 2( a1 + a2 + + an )

Chng minh. Xt hm s f ( x) = x2 + 1 2x + 2 1 ln x vi x > 0. Ta
2
c p
( x 1) 2x2 + x 1 2x2 2( x2 + 1)
f ( x) = p .
x 2( x2 + 1) 2x2 + x2 + 1
f ( x) = 0 x = 1
Qua 1 th f ( x) i du t dng sang m nn
f ( x) f (1) = 0 x > 0
hay
p
1

x2 + 1 2x 2 ln x x > 0.
2
n
S dng bt ng thc ny cho n s a1 , a2 , . . . , an ri cng li, ta c
!
n q n ua
1
n
a2i + 1 2 ai 2 2 ln ai
i =1 i =1 i =1
n
1
n
= 2 ai 2 ln( a1 a2 an ) = 2 ai
i =1 2 i =1
Vy bt ng thc cn chng minh ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a1 =

th
a2 = = an = 1.
Cch lm trn y cho ta mt tng gii quyt lp cc bi ton bt ng
thc dng hon v, hoc nhng bi ton i xng c gi thit tch cc s bng
hng s. Tuy nhin, sau khi kho st mt s bi ton khc, chng ti thy rng
k thut ny cng khng hon ton vn nng theo ngha l c nhng bi m v
pv
mt hnh thc cng tng t nh trn, nhng k thut li v. L do l

hm s cn xt khng c tnh cht ta mong mun.
Bi ton 4.84. Cho bn s thc dng a, b, c, d tha mn
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
chng minh rng
1 1 1 1
+ + + + 8( a + b + c + d) 24.
a b c d
Chng minh. Tm k sao cho
1 1
+ 8a 6 + k a2 .
a 4
Ch rng ng thc xy ra khi mi s bng 12 . Phn tch thnh nhn t, ta vit

bt ng thc trn di dng
1 8a 2

1
(4.41) a k a+ 0.
2 a 2
Ta cn chn k sao cho biu thc trong ngoc vung nhn a = 21 lm nghim, t
ta c k = 4. Vi k = 4, bt ng thc (4.41) tng ng vi (1 a)(2a 1)2
0. iu ny hin nhin ng vi 0 < a < 1. S dng lin tip bt ng thc ny
bn ln, ta c iu phi chng minh. 9
Bi ton 4.85. Xt ba s thc dng x, y, z, chng minh rng
s r s
16x 16y 16z
1+ + 1+ + 1+ 9.
y+z z+x x+y
n
Chng minh. Khng mt tng qut, ta c th chn x + y + z = 1. Ta s chng
minh rng r ua 16x
1+ 1 + 2x.
1x
Bnh phng hai v bt ng thc ny, nhm nhn t chung, vi lu rng
x 31 l mt nhn t, ta thu c bt ng thc tng ng x( x 31 )2 0.
Lm hai bt ng thc tng t, cng chng vi nhau ta s c ngay iu
phi chng minh.
th
Bi ton 4.86. Xt bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d, chng minh rng
a3 1
( a + b )( a + c )( a + d )
.
2
cyclic
pv
Chng minh. Li gii ca Naoki Sato. S dng bt ng thc gia trung bnh
cng v trung bnh nhn, ta c
a+b+a+c+a+d 3 b+c+d 3

( a + b)( a + c)( a + d) = a+ .
3 3
Do
a3 a3
3 .
( a + b)( a + c)( a + d) b+c+d
a+ 3
9 Cng c dng ny, bt ng thc sau y cht hn v cha gii quyt ngay c theo cch trn
y. Vi bn s thc dng a, b, c, d tha mn a2 + b 2 + c2 + d2 = 1, chng minh rng

1 1 1 1
+ + + + 10( a + b + c + d) 28.
a b c d
Sau khi la chn k thch hp, ta phn tch c ( 2a 1) 2 ( 2 3a) 0. iu ny ch ng nu
max( a, b, c, d) 23 . C l phi bin lun cc trng hp khc na nu mun i theo hng ny.
Khng mt tng qut, ta gi s rng a + b + c + d = 4. Th th

!3 3 3
a3

a 3a 27 a
3 = = = ,
a + 4 a 2a + 4 8 a+2

b+c+d
a+ 3
3
do , bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh

3
a 4
a+2

27
.
cyclic
Ta s chng t
3
2x 1

x

x+2
n
27
vi mi x [0, 4].
iu ny l bi v

x
x+2

ua
27
3
2x 1
=
2( x 1)2 ( x2 + 6x + 4)

27( x + 2)3
,
v x2 + 6x + 4 0 vi 3 13 x 3 + 13, khong ny bao hm c on

0 x 4.
Do ,
th
3
2( a + b + c + d) 4

a 4
a+2 27
=
27
.
cyclic

pv
Bi ton 4.87. Xt n 2 s thc dng tha mn
a1 + a2 + + an = 1,
chng minh bt ng thc
1 1 1
q +q ++ p
na21 a1 + 1 na22 a2 + 1 na2n an + 1
1
n 1 + ( a1 + a2 + + an ).
n
Chng minh. Ta chng minh rng nu x l mt s thc sao cho 0 x 1 th

r
1 x
1x+ .
2
nx x + 1 n
4.13. c lng qua tam thc bc hai 173
Ta vit bt ng thc ny di dng

r
1 x
1 x .
nx2 x+1 n
Thc hin php bin i lin hp cho ta bt ng thc tng ng
(nx 1) x (nx 1) x
.
(1 + nx2 x + 1) nx2 x + 1 (1 + nx) nx
D xc minh c bt ng thc ny ng vi 0 x 1/n hoc 1/n x 1.

By gi ln lt thay x bi a1 , a2 , ..., an cho ta
n
1 1 n
q n 1 + . ai .
n
i =1 na2i ai + 1 n i =1
Php chng minh hon tt. ua

4.13 c lng qua tam thc bc hai
Mc ny xt n cc c lng bt ng thc thng qua tam thc bc hai.
Vic xc nh cc h s ca tam thc da trn hai thng tin quan trng l thng
tin v du ng thc v yu cu khi phn tch, bin i tng ng. Cch ny
th
lm ny gip ta gii c nhng bi ton bt ng thc tng i cht, v kh.
Nhc im d thy nht l sau php c lng trung gian, ta cn phi chng
minh bt ng thc c bc kh cao.
Bi ton 4.88. Cho ba s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn
pv
a2 + b2 + c2 = 1,
chng minh rng

1 1 1 9
+ + .
1 ab 1 bc 1 ca 2
Chng minh. V ng thc cho nn ta c max( ab, bc, ca) 2.
1
Ta s tm k, l
sao cho
1 1 1 3
k x2 +l x + .
1x 9 3 2
Nhm nhn t chung cho ta bt ng thc tng ng

1 2 1 2 1
x k x+ + l 0.
3 3 3 3 1x
Ta cn tm ng thc lin h gia k v l sao cho 1

3 l mt nghim ca
2 1 2 1
g( x) = k x+ + l .
3 3 3 1x
Thay gi tr x = 13 vo g( x) ta c l = 94 23 k. Li thay l vo g( x) g( x) ch cn
ph thuc vo k. Lc ny ta ch cn chn k sao cho 21 l mt nghim ca
4 1
k = 0.
9 1x
T ta chn c k = 92 , v l = 14 . Vy ta c nh gi sau
1 9 2 1 1 1 3
x x + .
1x 2 9 4 3 2
n
Khai trin v rt gn cho ta
1 9 1 13 1
x2 x + , vi mi 0 x .
ua
1x 2 4 12 2
S dng bt ng thc ny vi x thay ln lt bng ab, bc, v ca, cui cng ta

cn chng minh rng
18( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) ( ab + bc + ca) 5.
th
Vit bt ng thc ny di dng ng bc
18( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) 5( a2 + b2 + c2 )2 + ( ab + bc + ca)( a2 + b2 + c2 ).
Khai trin v rt gn cho ta

pv
5 ( a 4 + b4 + c 4 ) + a3 (b + c) + abc( a + b + c) 8( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ).
cyclic
Ch rng ta c bt ng thc quen thuc
a4 + b4 + c4 + abc( a + b + c) 2( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ).

Bi ton 4.89. Cho bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d tha mn
a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
chng minh rng

1 1 1 1 16
+ + + .
1 ab 1 bc 1 cd 1 da 3
Chng minh. T gi thit d dng suy ra max( ab, bc, cd, da) 12 . ng thc xy
ra khi mi trong bn s bng 21 nn ta cn chn k, l sao cho
1 1 1 4 1
k x2 +l x + , vi mi 0 x .
1x 16 4 3 2
Bin i bt ng thc ny v dng

1 3 1 3 1
x k x+ + l 0.
4 4 4 4 1x
Cn tm mt ng thc lin h gia k v l sao cho

3 1 3 1
g( x) = k x + + l
4 4 4 1x
nhn 14 lm nghim. Thay gi tr x = 14 vo g( x) cho ta l = 16 9 2 k. Li thay l
1
n
vo g( x) th g( x) ch cn ph thuc k, v ta c th vit bt ng thc di dng

ua 1 2 9 1
x k 0.
4 16 1x
9 1
Chn k sao cho 16 p 1 x 0 vi x 12 . T ta chn k = 32
9 . Suy ra l = 0. Vy
1 32 2 1 4
x + .
1x 9 16 3
Rt gn v phi cho ta
th
1 32 2 10 1
x + vi mi x .
1x 9 9 2
By gi s dng bt ng thc ny chng minh bt ng thc ban u. Ta
ch cn chng t
pv
32 2 2 40 16
( a b + b2 c 2 + c 2 d 2 + d 2 a 2 ) + .
9 9 3
Lu rng a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 d2 + d2 a2 = ( a2 + c2 )(b2 + d 2 ), theo bt ng thc
gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, ta c iu phi chng minh. 10
Bi ton 4.90. Cho ba s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn
a + b + c = 1,
chng minh rng
1 1 1 27
+ + .
1 ab 1 bc 1 bc 8
10 Bn Trn L Bch c a ra cch gii n gin na bng vic s dng trc tip nh gi sau y

1 4 32 1
+ a2 b 2 .
1 ab 3 9 16
Chng minh. T gi thit bi ton ta c max( ab, bc, ca) 14 . ng thc xy ra khi
mi s bng 31 . Do , ta cn tm k, l sao cho
1 1 1 9
k x2 +l x + .
1x 81 9 8
Ta tm c h thc lin h l = 81 2
64 9 k, v chn c l =
57
64 , k= 27
16 . Cui cng
chuyn bi ton cn chng minh v dng
27( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) + 12( ab + bc + ca) 5.
t p = a + b + c, q = ab + bc + ca, r = abc th bt ng thc ny chuyn v

dng
27q2 54r + 12q 5.
n
By gi p dng b 4.35, ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi ton 4.91. Cho bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d tha mn
chng minh rng

ua a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1,
1 1 1 1 32
+ + + .
1 abc 1 bcd 1 cda 1 dab 7
th
Chng minh. T gi thit suy ra
1
max( abc, bcd, cda, dab) .
3 3
Ch rng ng thc trong bt ng thc cn chng minh tha mn khi bn

pv
s bng nhau. Coi x = abc, ta tm k sao cho c lng sau y tha mn

1 8 2 1
+k x .
1x 7 64
D dng vit bt ng thc ny v dng tng ng

1 4
(8x 1) (8x + 1) 0.
7(1 x) 49
Ta cn chn k sao cho biu thc trong ngoc vung nhn 8x 1 lm nhn t.
Mun vy, k = 7(1 x64
)( 8x+1)
, vi x = 18 . T suy ra k = 256
49 . Vi gi tr ny ca
k ta thu c bt ng thc

1 8 256 1
(4.42) + x2 .
1x 7 49 64
Thc vy bt ng thc ny ng v ta vit n c di dng tng ng

(8x 1) (4x 3) 0. iu ny ng vi mi x 1/3 3. S dng c lng
2
(4.42) ln lt cho abc, bcd, cda, dab, by gi ta ch cn chng minh
1
( abc)2 + (bcd)2 + (cda)2 + (dab)2 .
64
y chnh l bt ng thc ??. Php chng minh kh n gin bng cch nhm
v s dng bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn.
Bi ton 4.92. Xt bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d tha mn a + b + c + d = 1,
chng minh rng
1 1 1 1 1 1 96
+ + + + + .
1 ab 1 bc 1 cd 1 da 1 ac 1 bd 15
n
Chng minh. T gi thit bi ton, ta c max( ab, bc, cd, da) 41 . ng thc trong
bt ng thc cn chng minh t c khi mi s bng 14 . T , ta ngh ti
ua
la chn k, l sao cho
1 1 1 16
k x2 +l x + .
1x 256 16 15
Nu chuyn gi thit bi ton v dng a + b + c + d = 4, th ta cn tm k, l sao

cho
th
1 1
k( x2 1) + l ( x 1) + .
16 x 15
1 9
T , l = 225 2k, v k = 2430 . Ta c c lng
1 1 2 9 123201
pv
x + x+ .
16 x 2700 2430 131220
Bn c t hon thnh bi ton ny, coi nh mt bi tp.
Bn c c th s dng kin thc trong mc ny gii cc bt ng thc

??, ?? v cc bi sau.
Bi ton 4.93. Xt ba s thc dng x, y, z, hy tm s p sao cho
x xp
p .
x + yp + zp
p
x+ ( x + y)( x + z)
Bi ton 4.94. Xt ba s thc khng m x, y, z, hy tm s k sao cho bt ng

thc sau ng
x( y + z) kx + y + z
2 2
.
x + ( y + z) x+y+z
n+1 n+1
Bi ton 4.95. Xt n 3 s thc khng m a1 , a2 , ..., an , vi r = n1 , v p = n
th chng minh rng
p
a1 a1
q p p p.
a21 + r( a2 + a3 + + an )2 a1 + a2 + + an
Bi ton 4.96. Xt tm s thc khng m x1 , x2 , ..., x8 tha mn
x31 + x32 + + x38 = 1,
chng minh rng

1
1 x i x j xk
64.
1 i < j <k8
n
Bi tp chng 4
ua
Bi ton 4.97. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z 0, th
( x3 + y3 + z3 xyz)3 ( x3 + y3 )( y3 + z3 )( z3 + x3 ).
Bi ton 4.98. Xt ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin
ab + bc + ca + abc = 4,
th
chng minh rng
a3 + b3 + c3 + 13abc 16.
Bi ton 4.99. Cc s thc a, b, c tha mn
pv
a + b + c = 2, v ab + bc + ca abc 1.
Chng minh rng vi mi x, y, z R
1
(1 a) yz + (1 b) zx + (1 c) xy ( ax + by + cz)2 .
4
Bi ton 4.100. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b, c th
26( a2 + b2 + c2 )3/2 + 27abc 18( a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 ).
ng thc xy ra khi no?

Bi ton 4.101. Ba s thc khng m x, y, z tha mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh
rng (1 xy)(1 yz)(1 zx) ( 89 )3 .
Bi ton 4.102. Xt bn s thc khng m a, b, c, d, chng minh rng
(2a + b + c + d)2
(b + c + d)2 + a2
10.
cyclic
a4 b4 c4 a 3 + b3 + c 3
+ 2 + 2 .
b2 + bc + c 2 c + ca + a 2 a + ab + b 2 a+b+c
Bi ton 4.104. Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn iu kin a + b + c =

1. Hy chng minh rng gi tr ln nht ca k bt ng thc sau ng l 1154
4
a3 + b3 + c3 + abc + k[( a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 ].
n
27
Bi ton 4.105. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c 0, th
8
27
ua
( ab + bc + ca)3 ( a2 + bc)(b2 + ca)(c2 + ab)
1
64
Bi ton 4.106. Cho ba s thc khng m x, y, z, chng minh rng

( a + b + c)6 .
x2 y2 z2 4xyz 3
+ 2 + 2 + .
x2 + xy + y 2 y + yz + z 2 z + zx + x2 ( x + y)( y + z)( z + x) 2
th
Bi ton 4.107. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z, t 0 th
3/4
3x 4x
.
pv
y+z+t x+y+z+t
Bi ton 4.108. Xt ba s thc dng x, y, z tha mn
x + y + z = 1,
chng minh rng

1 1 1
+ + 24( x2 + y2 + z2 ) + 1.
x y z
ng thc xy ra khi no?

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Chng 4

Bt ng thc dng thun

4.1 Bt ng thc dng thun nht bc

g( x) = x5 + y5 + 8x2 y3 , f ( x) = x2 y + 4yx2 3x3 + 10y3 .

Tng n thc trong a thc th nht c bc l nm, cn mi n thc trong

Chng minh. Ta ln lt chng minh tng bt ng thc. Mi v bt ng thc

Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi a3 + b3 ab2 + a2 b, hay ( a b)2 ( a + b) 0.

a2/3 + b2/3 + c2/3 = 3,

chng minh bt ng thc

Hi du ng thc xy ra khi no?

Chng minh. b s m dng hu t, ta a ra bin mi nh sau. t a1/3 = x,

Nhn khai trin v nhm cc s hng cho ta

Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng.

trong f v g l hai a thc ng bc. Do tnh cht ca hm thun nht,

Bi ton 4.3. Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 th

Chng minh. Bc ca c hai v l khng. t x = a/( a + b + c), y = b/( a + b + c),

(1 2z)2 (1 2y)2 (1 2x)2 3

(1 2t)2 4t2 4t + 1 2(2t2 2t + 1) 1 1

T , ta c th vit li bt ng thc (4.1) di dng

Ta cn tm s sao cho vi 0 < t < 1 th

By gi ta cn tm sao cho biu thc trong ngoc th hai ca (4.3) nhn t 13

Vi gi tr ny ca , ta vit li (4.3) di dng

Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi (t 13 )2 (18t + 13 ) 0. iu ny hin nhin

S dng c lng ny ba ln cho x, y, z ta s c ngay iu phi chng minh.

Ni chung, nhng bi bt ng thc c mt v l tng ca ba phn thc nh

t, ta c th gii bi ton sau y v thit lp c nhiu bi bt ng thc cha

(2a + b + c)2 (2b + c + a)2 (2c + a + b)2

vi gi thit a, b, c l cc s dng. Ta thy rng t thc v mu thc ca mi

(4a + b c)2 (4b + c a)2 (4c + a b)2

Nhng tht ng tic rng k thut trn y li khng c tc dng vi bi ton

Chng minh. Bi ny l tng ca ba bt ng thc ngc chiu nhau. Biu thc

Do , ta vit v tri bt ng thc di dng

Do , chng minh F > 4, ta ch cn ch ra rng /3 + 6/ > 3. Tht vy, s

Php chng minh hon tt.

Chng minh. R rng hai v ca bt ng thc ny u c dng bc ba. Nhng

T kt qu ca bi ton trn y, ngi ta c th p t iu kin xy dng

chng minh rng

Chng minh. Li gii sau y ca V Quc B Cn. Gi s L l v tri ca bt

Bt ng thc ny li c th vit di dng tng ng

Vit bt ng thc ny di dng ng bc. Li p dng bt ng thc Cauchy

a4 + b4 + c4 + 5( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) 3( ab3 + bc3 + ca3 ) + 3abc( a + b + c).

Theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn th

V th nn ta cn chng minh rng

a4 + b4 + c4 + 2( a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) 3( ab3 + bc3 + ca3 ).

Bt ng thc ny li vit c v dng

Php chng minh hon tt.

Phn ny lm bt ng thc ng bc tr nn khng ng bc bng cch la

4.4 Lp hm i xng s cp ba bin

Mt vn na cn t ra l th t so snh gia cc b p, q, r nh th no. Mt

( x2 xb xa + ab)( x c) = x3 x2 ( a + b + c) + x( ab + bc + ca) abc.

Da vo c im trn y, ta c th pht biu nhiu bi ton bt ng thc vi

nh l 4.1 (I. Schur). Nu x, y, z l cc s thc dng v t l mt s thc, th

Chng minh. V bt ng thc cn chng minh c dng i xng nn ta c th

D thy rng bt ng thc ny ng.

C mt s trng hp ring ca bt ng thc ny rt ng ch l trng

Chng minh. Ba bt ng thc trn c th vit li di dng

x( x y)( x z) + y( y z)( y x) + z( z x)( z y) 0,

(4.6) x( y z)2 + y( z x)2 + z( x y)2 0.

v xyz = r, chng minh cc bt ng thc

T cc kt qu c bn trn ta c th pht biu bi ton di dng nghim ca

12ab + 27c 6a3 + 10( a2 2b)3/2 .

Hi du ng thc xy ra khi no?

Bi ton 4.14. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z > 0 th