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CYME Equipment Reference Manual PDF
CYME Equipment Reference Manual PDF
02
Equipment
Reference Manual
November 2010
Copyright CYME International T&D Inc.
Internet : http://www.cyme.com
E-mail: support@cyme.com
Other Trademarks: The names of all products and services other than CYMEs
mentioned in this document are the trademarks or trade names of the respective owners.
CYME 5.02 Equipment Reference Manual
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................1
Chapter 2 Properties and Settings .............................................................................3
2.1 Overview of the Equipment Properties .........................................................3
2.1.1 Common Window Elements.............................................................3
2.2 Overview of the Equipment Settings ............................................................8
2.2.1 Common Window Elements.............................................................8
Chapter 3 Sources......................................................................................................11
3.1 Source Properties .......................................................................................11
3.1.1 Source Equivalent Impedances .....................................................12
Chapter 4 Regulators .................................................................................................15
4.1 Regulator Properties...................................................................................15
4.2 Regulator Settings ......................................................................................16
4.3 Regulator Control........................................................................................17
4.4 Regulator Meter Settings ............................................................................19
Chapter 5 Transformers.............................................................................................23
5.1 Connection and Phase Shift Symbols ........................................................23
5.2 Transformer Two Winding .......................................................................24
5.2.1 Two-winding Transformer Properties.............................................24
5.2.2 Two-winding Transformer Settings ................................................26
5.2.3 Load Tap Changer Settings ...........................................................27
5.2.4 Transformer Meter Settings ...........................................................28
5.2.5 By Phase Settings ..........................................................................30
5.2.6 Single-phase Two-wire Configurations ..........................................30
5.2.7 Three-phase Configurations ..........................................................32
5.3 Two-winding Auto-transformer ...................................................................34
5.3.1 Two-winding Auto-transformer Properties .....................................34
5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings.........................................36
5.3.3 Auto-transformer Meter Settings ....................................................37
5.4 Transformer Three-winding .....................................................................39
5.4.1 Three-winding Transformer Properties ..........................................39
5.4.2 Three-winding Transformers Settings............................................41
5.4.3 First / Second Load Tap Changer..................................................42
5.5 Three-winding Auto-transformer.................................................................43
5.5.1 Three-winding Auto-transformer Properties...................................43
5.5.2 Three-winding Auto-transformers Settings ....................................45
5.5.3 First / Second Load Tap Changer..................................................46
5.6 Grounding Transformer ..............................................................................47
5.6.1 Grounding Transformer Properties ................................................47
5.6.2 Grounding Transformer Settings....................................................48
Chapter 6 Generators.................................................................................................49
6.1 Synchronous Generator .............................................................................49
6.1.1 Synchronous Generator Properties ...............................................49
6.1.2 Synchronous Generator Settings...................................................53
6.2 Induction Generator ....................................................................................55
6.2.1 Induction Generator Properties ......................................................55
6.2.2 Induction Generator Settings .........................................................59
6.3 Electronically Coupled Generator...............................................................60
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Chapter 1 Introduction
The equipments database contains a set of generic equipment models to be used on the
distribution network. Once placed on a network section, the generic equipment may acquire new
properties and the original values of some of its parameters can be modified according to the
control to be performed. Thus, by virtue of its position on the network and its parameters new
values, from generic the equipment becomes specific. Consequently, it will acquire a new
identity through the equipment Number.
It is really important to realize that the original values of the generic equipment do not
change in the equipment database tables. Instead, the new values (the changes made to the
original values (that we also call the Settings) are saved in the network database tables.
Changes to a generic equipment require necessarily that you invoke one of the Equipment menu
commands in order to access the relevant equipment properties dialog boxes. Other access
points to the equipments properties dialog boxes will authorize only to visualize the parameters
values. The modification of specific equipment in the network always requires access to the
properties dialog box of the section containing the equipment in question.
In the following chapters, the display of an equipment property dialog box (for example a
regulator) will imply the use of the command Equipment > Regulator. The display of an
equipment settings dialog box (for example shunt capacitor settings) will imply access to the
Properties dialog box of the section containing the shunt capacitor in question. You may access
the section properties dialog box in many ways using the one-line diagram or the Explorer Bar;
refer to the CYME Reference Manual for more details.
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Title bar
buttons Contextual help. It will display relevant section of the help file.
You can rename only one item at a time through the Equipment ID
dialog box that will open on selecting the Rename function. To
delete more than one item, first select the items and then make a
right-click anywhere within the lists window to access the Delete
function.
Click on Add to transfer all elements from this list to the Equipment
List in the previous dialog.
The default properties for the devices, lines, etc. are set through the commands found
under the Equipment menu. Once a section is identified as a line or a cable, and when an
equipment is connected to a section, you can make adjustments to them in the field. These
adjustments are called settings and are comprised in the right hand portion of the Section
Properties dialog box.
Note: The data given in the settings pane of the Section Properties dialog box have
priority over the (default) data given when the equipment was originally defined
under the Equipment menu.
To modify the settings of a specific instance of a device, click on the elements in the
Devices list of the dialog box to select the target equipments layer, and sub-layers
(TCC Settings and or Meter Settings), and then modify the parameters in the Settings group box
according to your requirement.
All the section Properties dialog boxes contain a group box that is located at the upper
right hand section of the dialog box. You will notice that the name of that group box will change
depending on the element selected from the Devices list and its position on the section.
The bottom part of the right hand part contains the settings specific to each equipment.
Chapter 3 Sources
The source (source equivalent) is the starting point of a network. It represents the
impedance of the generation and transmission network. The following data is required to define a
source. Use this command to create, modify, or delete the list of sources in your database. This
chapter covers the General tab of the dialog box. Information about the Harmonic tab can be
found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
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Three phase Is the magnitude of a 3-phase fault on the secondary side of the
MVA substation transformer. It is computed from (current in kA) x (line-line
voltage in kV) x 3.
Single phase Is the magnitude of a line-to-ground fault on the secondary side of
MVA the substation transformer. CYME defines it the same way as three-
phase MVA.
Note: Do not enter single-phase MVA as (current in kA) x (line-
neutral voltage in kV).
Three phase Is the positive sequence ratio (X1/R1) of the equivalent fault
X/R impedance. It is computed from tan (angle) if necessary.
Single phase Is the ratio (Xg/Rg), where:
X/R
Xg = X1 + X2 + X0 and Rg = R1 + R2 + R0.
Voltage Is the line-to-line voltage in kV at the substation transformer
secondary.
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Chapter 4 Regulators
CHAPTER 4 REGULATORS 15
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Number of taps Number of possible positions for the regulator, excluding the
nominal position.
Bandwidth Tolerance ( bandwidth / 2) on the voltage to be maintained by
the regulator. It is expressed on the voltage reference (e.g. 121 V
1V).
CT primary Primary current rating of the current transformer used to provide
rating a current source value for the line drop compensation and for
metering functions. For example, if the nameplate indicates a CT
ratio of 250/0.2, 250 has to be entered.
PT ratio Overall potential transformer ratio of the regulator.
Reversible If reverse power flow is allowed, activate the Reversible option.
If not, then CYME will prevent the opening or closing of regulator
that would lead to reverse power flow through the regulator.
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The default voltage setting for regulators is set in the File > Preferences, Systems
Parameters tab dialog box. To ignore all regulators during a Capacitor Placement or Voltage
Drop, select the Analysis > Load Flow menu command and select the Controls tab.
Operating There are four methods to obtain the settings for the regulator.
Mode
The first is to treat the regulator as a Fixed-tap auto-transformer.
The second method is to set the regulator to control the voltage at
its own Regulator terminal.
The third is to calculate the R-X settings to compensate for the
line impedance between the regulator and the load center where
the voltage is to be controlled.
The fourth method is to simply specify the Load center where the
voltage is to be controlled by entering the section ID. CYME will
evaluate automatically the impedance equivalent of the line
between the regulator and the load center.
Depending on the option selected, the relevant fields of this dialog box
will be enabled or disabled.
At Node Name of the load point. Enabled when the Load Center operating
mode is selected. Location for which the regulator will control the
voltage.
First House Enabled when the Load Center or R-X Settings operating mode is
Protection selected. Voltage limits that the regulator must respect.
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Reverse Bi-Directional
Sensing Operates in both directions. If the real component of the current is
Mode above the threshold, the regulator operates in the forward direction. If
the real component of the current is below the threshold, it operates in
the reverse direction. When the current is within the threshold, the
control stays at the last tap position.
Co-generation
When reverse power is detected, the control sensing input voltage will
not reverse (always in forward direction) and the line drop
compensation settings will be altered to account for the change in
power flow direction.
Locked Forward
Always operates in the forward direction. When more than 2% reverse
current is detected, the control stays on the last tap position.
Locked Reverse
Always operates in the reverse direction. If more than 2% forward
current is detected, the control stays on the last tap position.
Neutral Idle
Only operates in the forward direction when the real component of the
current is above the threshold. When the real component of the
current is reverse and is below the threshold, the control will tap to the
neutral position (buck/boost within 0.3%).
No Reverse
Always operate in the forward direction. When the real component of
the current is reverse (>0), the control stays at the last tap position.
Reverse Idle
Operates in the forward directions. When the real component of the
current is above the threshold, the regulator operates in the forward
direction. When the real component of the current is below the
threshold, it stays at the last tap position.
Reactive Bi-Directional
Operates in both directions depending on both the real and reactive
component of the current. When the reactive component of the current
in the reverse direction, it operates in the forward direction. When the
real component of the current in the forward direction is above the
threshold and that the reactive component is within the threshold, it
also operates in the forward direction.
When the reactive component of the current in the forward direction is
above the threshold, it operates in the reverse direction. When the real
component of the current in the forward direction is above the
threshold and that the reactive component of the current is within the
threshold, it also operates in the reverse direction.
Threshold Current threshold at which the control switches operation, either from
forward to reverse or vice-versa.
Status For a single-phase regulator, indication of the phase(s) on which the
regulator is installed. The user will have to enter the settings for all
phases selected.
For a 3-phase regulator, indication of the control phase. Only one
phase can be selected.
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Tap If the option Fixed Tap is selected in the Operating Mode field, it is
the fixed tap position at which the regulator will be considered by
CYME. Otherwise, it is the present tap position of the regulator. During
any related load flow analysis, CYME will determine automatically the
tap position depending on the status of the network and update this
number.
FORWARD/ Depending on the Reverse Sensing Mode selected, the forward and
REVERSE reverse settings will be enabled accordingly.
Voltage: Voltage to be maintained by the regulator.
Rset: Enabled when the R-X Settings option is selected, this is the
R setting of the regulator.
Xset: Enabled when the R-X Settings option is selected, this is the
X setting of the regulator.
Hint: If you already know the R-X Settings, simply select the R-X Settings option
and type the values in the appropriate spaces.
If you dont know the R-X Settings, and want to use this control option, you
can use the following method:
Under "Operating Mode/Mode", select "Load Center" from the pull
down menu.
Click on the pull down menu of "At Node" to list all sections downstream
from the regulator. Click on the one whose voltage is to be regulated.
Under "FORWARD/Voltage", enter the desired voltage (in terms of the
base voltage) at the regulated section. Do this for each phase selected.
Under First House Protection, you can specify the High / Low voltage
limits.
Click OK and run the Voltage Drop analysis. CYME will compute the R-
X settings and indicate them in the regulator/control dialog box.
Return to this dialog box and change the Operating Mode/Mode to
R-X Settings.
Follow the same procedure for the reverse direction.
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Chapter 5 Transformers
Example 2 Symbol: YNd5: A two-winding transformer with high-voltage winding for 123 kV,
star-connected (Y) with neutral (N) brought out. The low-voltage winding is 7.2 kV delta-
connected (d), lagging by 150 (5h).
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The data for the on-Load Tap Changer (LTC) should be set to zero unless the
transformer is equipped with such a device.
Bandwidth Is the tolerance on the voltage that the LTC must maintain; in percent
of the base voltage. (see 5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings)
Taps Is the number of discrete tap positions in the LTC.
Maximum / Is the range of voltage boost/buck covered by the taps.
Minimum
Range
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If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the transformer in the
equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layer will appear directly under the main
transformer layer. These are the same as defined for Regulators. Click on the sub-layer to set
the desired voltage, R-X settings or tap position.
Location To indicate that the Load Tap Changer is located on the Primary or
secondary side of the transformer.
Mode The different methods to obtain the settings for the transformer. See
Operating Mode in chapter 4.3 Regulator Control.
At Node Enabled when the mode Load Center is selected. Location for which
the LTC will control the voltage.
LDC R: Resistive voltage drop on the line between the transformer and
settings the load location.
X: Reactive voltage drop on the line between the transformer and
the load location.
They represent the voltage drop on the line when the line is carrying
CT-rated primary current.
Set Voltage These values are in percentage of the system base voltage at the
secondary of the transformer.
Use last To consider the last position of tap after a load flow analysis when the
load flow VCR was active.
Initial Enter the initial tap position if you are not using the Use last load flow
option.
Final Final tap position at the end of the simulation.
Buck/Boost Range of voltage covered.
Is slave When connected in parallel, checkmark this option to enter a Master Id
for the two-winding transformer.
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Master Id When two transformers are connected in parallel, one of them may
be chosen as Master and the control settings (fixed-tap, terminal, load
center, R-X settings) defined for it. The other transformer may be
designated as Slave by:
1. Selecting the Is Slave option in the Parallel Operation group box
(see illustration above)
2. Specifying the Master transformer section ID
The Slaves controls are locked with the Master control in a load flow
calculation
(e.g., Voltage Drop).
If you have the Transient Stability module installed, you will notice that the Load Tap
Changer item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal the Stability Model settings
group box. This element is discussed in the Transient Stability Analysis Users Guide.
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CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS 33
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An auto-transformer is a transformer where both the input and output circuit are sharing
the same winding. Therefore, there is no isolation between them. A two winding transformer can
be connected as an auto-transformer.
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The data for the on-Load Tap Changer (LTC) should be set to zero unless the
auto-transformer is equipped with such a device.
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Bandwidth Is the tolerance on the voltage that the LTC must maintain; in percent
of the base voltage. (see 5.3.2 Two-winding Auto-transformer Settings)
Taps Is the number of discrete tap positions in the LTC.
Maximum / Is the range of voltage boost/buck covered by the taps.
Minimum
Range
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CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS 39
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Rg, Xg Grounding impedances (in ohms) for the grounding connection of the
primary/secondary and the tertiary, respectively. (Applies to GY
winding connection only.)
No load The core losses plus winding losses at no-load, in kW.
Losses
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CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS 41
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If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the three-winding
transformer in the equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layers will appear
directly under the Three-Winding Transformer At Middle layer.
Location To indicate on which side of the transformer the Load Tap Changer is
connected. For the First Load Tap Changer, it is Primary or
secondary.
For the Second Load Tap Changer, it is always tertiary.
Mode The different methods to obtain the settings for the transformer. See
Operating Mode in chapter 4.3 Regulator Control.
At Node Enabled when the mode Load Center is selected. Location for which
the LTC will control the voltage.
LDC R: Resistive voltage drop on the line between the transformer and
settings the load location.
X: Reactive voltage drop on the line between the transformer and
the load location.
They represent the voltage drop on the line when the line is carrying
CT-rated primary current.
Set Voltage These values are in percentage of the system base voltage at the
secondary of the transformer.
Use last To consider the last position of tap after a load flow analysis when the
load flow LTC was active.
Initial Enter the initial tap position if you are not using the Use last load flow
option.
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The Slaves controls are locked with the Master control in a load flow
calculation. (e.g., Voltage Drop).
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Z0 Zero-sequence impedance in %.
X0/R0, X1/R1 The ratio of the reactance to the resistance.
Configuration Primary-Secondary connection in GY or Y, tertiary in D.
Rg, Xg Grounding impedances (in ohms) for the grounding connection of the
primary/secondary. (Applies to GY winding connection only.)
No load The core losses plus winding losses at no-load, in kW.
Losses
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CHAPTER 5 TRANSFORMERS 45
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If you entered data for a Load Tap Changer when you created the three-winding auto-
transformer in the equipment database, then the Load Tap Changer sub-layers will appear
directly under the Three-Winding Auto-Transformer At Middle layer.
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The Slaves controls are locked with the Master control in a load flow
calculation. (e.g., Voltage Drop).
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Rg Grounding resistance.
Xg Grounding reactance.
Configuration The configuration is either Wye-Grounded or ZigZag.
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Chapter 6 Generators
This chapter covers the General and the Equivalent Circuit tabs of the dialog box.
Information about the Harmonic tab can be found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
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You may alter all of the settings for a generator, including its status (Connected /
Disconnected).
If the generator is Connected, it produces active power equal to the amount specified in
the Active Generation field.
Control Type Three possible values: Voltage Controlled, Fixed Generation,
Swing.
With Voltage Controlled, the machine will adjust its reactive
power to maintain the Desired Voltage at its terminals (subject
to the reactive power limits MAX and MIN).
If it is Fixed Generation then the reactive power generated
during a voltage drop calculation is a fixed amount determined
by the stated active power and power factor:
2
1
kVAR = kW 1
PF
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Desired Voltage A Voltage Controlled type generator will produce the active power
specified and vary its reactive power to maintain the Desired
Voltage at the node/bus selected in field At Node.
A Swing type generator will produce (or absorb) excess power not
accounted for by other generators. It always controls the Desired
Voltage at the node/bus where it is connected.
Initial Angle Enabled only for Swing generators, it defines the initial voltage
angle for all node/bus in an analysis but it is fixed for Swing
generators. Optional, its value may be set to 0.
Accesses the optional Energy Profile Manager module and
displays, if available, the consumption profile of the customer which
Id is shown.
Model as a This option refers to short-circuit analysis based on IEC 60909-0
power system Standard. It means that the generator will be considered as a power
unit system unit as far as there is one step-up transformer connected to
its terminal bus and also the option Apply impedance correction
factors to Power station units (PSU) located in the IEC
Parameters tab of the IEC Short Circuit Analysis Dialog is
checked.
If you have the Transient Stability module and the Harmonic module installed, you will
notice that the Synchronous Generator item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal
the Stability and Harmonic models. These models are discussed respectively in the Transient
Stability Analysis Users Guide and Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
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Compute from If you select the User Defined option, you may either type directly
the Equivalent the R and the X values in their respective data field or use the
Circuit / User Estimate function to estimate the subtransient impedance.
Defined
If you select the alternative option, R and X values will be calculated
according to the values you set for the parameters found in the
Equivalent Circuit tab. If you dont know the values then you can
use the Estimate function.
R, X Subtransient impedance may be given in per-unit on the generators
kVA base or in Ohms. These values can be estimated with the
appropriate estimation function.
Click on this button to open the Impedance Estimation dialog box
where you can estimate the subtransient impedance (R, X).
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Rotor Type Three types are available: Single circuit, Double circuit and Deep
bar. The equivalent circuit diagram is shown for each selected type.
Estimation Locked Rotor / Full Load Test
Method
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Stator / If these parameters values are known, you may type them directly in
Magnetizing / the fields provided. Otherwise, use the estimation function. Select
Rotor the estimation method for which you have data, and click on the
Impedance Estimate button. These values may be given in per-unit on the
generators kVA base or in Ohms.
Cage Factor Cage factor CFr and Cage factor CFx allows taking into account
skin and proximity effects. See the appropriate equivalent circuit
diagram.
Inertia of all Enter either H or J value and the other will be calculated
rotating mass automatically.
Click on this button to open the dialog box where you can estimate
the impedances.
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Power factor It could be positive or negative. A positive power factor will indicate
that the generator generates both active and reactive power. A
negative power factor will imply that the generator generates active
power and consumes reactive power.
Accesses the optional Energy Profile Manager module and displays
the generator profile.
If you have the Harmonic module installed, you will notice that the Induction Generator
item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal the Harmonic model. This model is
discussed in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
Note: Induction generator cannot have voltage control.
Electronically coupled generators are units that are not directly connected to the system.
They are connected via inverter-based units such as HVDC links. For electronically coupled
generator, the inverter control mode is set such that, during short circuits, the source will continue to
contribute a percentage of its rated current.
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Power factor It could be positive or negative. A positive power factor will indicate
that the generator generates both active and reactive power. A
negative power factor will imply that the generator generates active
power and consumes reactive power.
Fault Percentage of rated current the generator would contribute if a fault
Contribution occurred in the system. This is only a default value. The value that
will be used is defined in the Electronically Coupled Generator
Settings.
ANSI Motor Select Automatic to let CYME estimate the group according to other
Group motor parameters or select one item from 2, 3, 4, or 5.
Converter The inverter-based unit that connects the generator to the system
(HVDC, Others).
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Chapter 7 Motors
With CYME, you can simulate the effects of induction or synchronous motors starting in
distribution electric power systems (networks) and estimate the maximum motor size that can be
started on a given section.
Rated Power This value may be entered as kVA, Horsepower or kW. Enter one
value and the other two will be calculated, using the power factor
and efficiency.
Rated Voltage It is the motor nameplate voltage, in kV.
ANSI Group Select Automatic to let CYME estimate the group according to
other motor parameters or select one item from 2, 3, 4, or 5.
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Compute from If you select the User Defined option, you may either type directly
the Locked the R and X values in their respective data field or use the Estimate
Rotor Data / function to estimate the subtransient impedance.
Compute from
If you select the Compute from the Equivalent Circuit option, R
the Equivalent
and X values will be calculated according to the values you set for
Circuit / User
the parameters found in the Equivalent Circuit tab. If you dont
Defined
know the values then you can use the Estimate function.
If you select Compute from the Locked Rotor Data option, R and
X values will be calculated according to the values you set for the
parameters in group zone Locked Rotor Data.
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Rotor Type Three types are available: Single circuit, Double circuit and Deep
bar. The equivalent circuit diagram is shown for each selected type.
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Stator / If these parameters values are known, you may type them directly in
Magnetizing / the fields provided. Otherwise, use the estimation function. Select
Rotor the estimation method for which you have data, and click on the
Impedance Estimate button. These values may be given in per-unit on the
motors kVA base or in Ohms.
Cage Factor Cage factor CFr and Cage factor CFx taking into account skin and
proximity effects. See the appropriate equivalent circuit diagram.
Inertia of all Enter either H or J value and the other will be calculated
rotating mass automatically.
Click on this button to open the dialog box where you can estimate
the impedances.
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Status Choose the motor Status (OFF, RUNNING, or LOCKED ROTOR), and
the number of starts per day.
Starts When RUNNING is selected, the normal motor load will be present at
the motor location. When motors are declared as running, the
contribution of these motors to the short circuit currents is neglected
because it decays quickly to zero.
Enable Load Mark check this option so you can enter the desired load factor,
Factor otherwise CYME will assume 100% of full load.
Loading Percentage of full load.
Power The load power factor of the motor when it is operating at less than full
Factor load.
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Six types of starting assistance are available. Depending on your choice, you may have
to define other parameters required by the model.
No Assistance Means the motor starts direct across the line (full circuit voltage is
(Across the applied to its terminals). This is the usual method.
Line)
Resistor and/or Places a resistor in series with the motor, to decrease the voltage
Inductor available at the motor terminals, so that the motor impedance will
assistance draw less current. (In reality, the resistor is short-circuited after some
time delay, but this is not simulated.)
Resistance (R) and reactance (X) values are required for this type.
Capacitor Places a capacitor in parallel with the motor, to supply some of the
Assistance VARs drawn by the motor, and hence reduce the voltage drop.
The capacitor rating is required for this type.
Auto- An auto-transformer steps the voltage down. (The auto-transformer
Transformer is not explicitly modeled, only its voltage ratio.) This method is used
Assistance to reduce the motors starting current, and is used to start very large
motors on weak systems. (In reality, the auto-transformer tap is
changed to 100% after some time delay, but this is not simulated.)
The Tap Position parameter is required.
If you want to take the transformer impedance into account by
checking the option Consider Auto Transformer impedance, you
will have to define:
The Nominal Rating in kVA
The Primary Voltage in kVLL
The Nominal Z in %
The X/R Ratio .
Star-Delta To switch from a Delta to a Wye connection in order to reduce the
Assistance starting current.
Variable To specify the starting current as a percentage of the nominal current
Frequency or as a percentage of the motor locked rotor current. The basic idea
Starter is that the induction motor is fed by a variable frequency source
controlled by a Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) inverter.
Istart
IM
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If you have the Harmonic Analysis, the Transient Stability Analysis or the Dynamic Motor
Starting modules installed, you will notice that the Induction Motor item in the Devices tree list
expansion reveals the Starting Assistance (MSA), the Load Characteristics, the Dynamic Model,
and the Harmonic model. These models are discussed in the Transient Analysis Users Guide
and the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide. See also the Dynamic Motor Starting Users Guide for
additional information about the motors models.
This chapter covers the General tab and the Equivalent Circuit tab of the dialog box.
Information about the Harmonic tab can be found in the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide.
Rated Power This value may be entered as kVA, Horsepower or kW. Enter one
value and the other two will be calculated, using the power factor and
efficiency.
Rated Voltage Rated Voltage is the motor nameplate voltage, in kV.
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Status Choose the motor Status (OFF, RUNNING, or LOCKED ROTOR), and
the number of starts per day.
Starts When RUNNING is selected, the normal motor load will be present at
the motor location. When motors are declared as running, the
contribution of these motors to the short circuit currents is neglected
because it decays quickly to zero.
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Six types of starting assistance are available. Depending on your choice, you may have
to define other parameters required by the model.
No Assistance Means the motor starts directly across the line (full circuit voltage is
(Across the applied to its terminals). This is the usual method.
Line)
Resistor and/or Places a resistor in series with the motor, to decrease the voltage
Inductor available at the motor terminals, so that the motor impedance will
assistance draw less current. (In reality, the resistor is short-circuited after some
time delay, but this is not simulated.)
Resistance (R) and reactance (X) values are required for this type.
Capacitor Places a capacitor in parallel with the motor, to supply some of the
Assistance VARs drawn by the motor, and hence reduce the voltage drop.
The capacitor rating is required for this type.
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If you have the Harmonic Analysis, the Transient Stability Analysis or the Dynamic Motor
Starting modules installed, you will notice that the Synchronous Motor item in the Devices tree
list expansion reveals the Starting Assistance (MSA), the Load Characteristics, the Dynamic
Model, and the Harmonic model. These models are discussed in the Transient Analysis Users
Guide and the Harmonic Analysis Users Guide. See also the Dynamic Motor Starting Users
Guide for additional information about the motors models.
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Static Var Compensators are shunt capacitors and/or reactors which are controlled by
power electronic circuits so that the reactive power they absorb or furnish is continuously
adjustable over a given range [Qmin,Qmax]. They are used for voltage control where the
reactive power demand varies considerably.
The Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) dialog box allows the modeling of four
types of wind-turbine generation systems:
WECS-IG: Induction generator directly connected with an ac grid.
WECS-HVDC: Using Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) based dc-link to couple induction
generator to an ac grid.
WECS-DFIG: Using Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG).
WECS-PMSG: Full Converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator.
This tab allows entering the Wind Turbine Operating, Rotor and Drive Train data common
to all WECS models.
Cut-In Wind Speed at which the wind turbine begins to produce power.
Speed
Cut-Out Wind Highest speed at which the wind turbine stops producing power.
Speed
Number of Number of blades, usually three. If this data is not entered, the
Blades software will assume three.
Rotor Radius Radius of the wind turbine blades.
Rated Speed Wind turbine rated rotation speed.
Minimum Speed Wind turbine minimum rotation speed.
Maximum Speed Wind turbine maximum rotation speed.
Turbine Inertia Wind turbine moment of inertia.
Gearbox Ratio Ratio of generator rated synchronous speed over wind turbine
rated speed.
Spring Constant Stiffness of the shaft linking the wind turbine to the generator.
Damping Absorption of the shaft linking the wind turbine to the generator.
Constant
This tab allows you to select the type of generator coupled to the wind turbine and to
enter the generator data common to all WECS models.
Generator Type Four types of wind turbine models are included in the library
namely:
Directly coupled constant speed induction generator.
Full converter variable speed induction generator.
Doubly fed variable speed induction generator.
Full converter variable speed permanent magnet
synchronous generator.
Rated Capacity Generator rated apparent power.
Rated Voltage Generator nominal voltage in kilovolts.
Rated Power Generator rated active power.
Rated Speed Generator synchronous speed.
This tab may present two different sets of parameters. The generator type selected in
Generator tab will determine which one will be displayed.
The following dialog is displayed if the WECS generator type is either Full converter
variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator or Full converter variable speed
induction generator.
The following dialog is displayed if the WECS generator type is Doubly fed variable
speed induction generator.
Wind Model You can select a constant speed over time wind model or select
from the drop down list a model among the ones available from
Chapter 10 Micro-turbines
The Micro-Turbine co-generation consists of a single rotating shaft, with the generator,
air compressor, and turbine mounted on air bearings. The shaft operates at high speed without
any lubrication and it rotates between 15000 and 90000 RPM.
This high frequency can only be provided by permanent magnet synchronous generators
(PMSG). The connection of this PMSG to the grid requires a power electronic interface. This
interface consists of an AC to DC rectifier, a DC bus with a capacitor and a DC to AC inverter.
The generator and the rectifier can be modeled as a 3-phase, full-wave diode bridge
rectifier with the AC source being the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The
equivalent circuit of the generator is represented by an AC source with 3-phase balanced field
voltages behind a synchronous reactance
G e n e ra to r
e q u iv a le n t c irc u it
ea Rs , Ls
i sa im
AC
um1 2 D 11 D 21 D 31
vm a
eb
Rs , Ls isb u s
AC
vm b u m23
ec Rs , Ls D 12 D 22 D 32
isc
AC
vm c
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Governor & Lets you specify governor proportional control gain (Kp),
Turbine Data governor integral control gain (KI) and turbine time constant.
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Rated Power Indicated only as a reminder to help you specify active generation
value
Active Active Generation should be inferior or equal to the Rated Power.
Generation
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Chapter 11 Photovoltaic
The Photovoltaic (PV Generation) technology uses semiconductor cells (wafers), each
of which is basically a large area p-n diode with the junction positioned close to the top surface.
The PV effect results in the generation of direct voltage and current from the solar light being
captured by the cell.
i pv = i m imr
PV Cell us Cdc
The data required for the representation of PV Generation systems and their dynamics
are as follows:
Database as per manufacturers specification
Number of cells per Row and the number of parallel rows since cells are assembled
in arrays to generate sufficient voltage and current for the desired Power generation.
Grid side converter rating and controls.
Insolation model to represent the solar energy.
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A few words about the basics should provide a better understanding of the parameters
found in this dialog box.
Manufacturers provide the values of Impp, Vmpp, Isc, Voc and I vs V characteristic
parameters at Standard Test Conditions (TSTC = 250C and GSTC = 1 000 W/m).
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The cell temperature (Tc ) will vary with the ambient temperature Ta and the insolation G
according to the following linear equation:
Tc = Ta +
G
(NOCT Ta,ref )
800
Where NOCT is the Normal Operating Cell Temperature and Ta , ref the
Reference Ambient Temperature.
When the temperature and the insolation change for example to Tc and G respectively,
the new values of current and voltage for the PV cell are calculated as follows:
i pv = i pv ,STC + i
u pv = u pv , STC + u
G G
i = scT Tc + 1 I SC ,STC
GSTC GSTC
u = ocT Tc R s i
Tc = Tc TSTC
The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage will vary with temperature as follows:
Isc = I sc (1 + T )
Voc = Voc (1 + T )
Pmax = I sc (1 + T ) Voc (1 + T )
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After regrouping terms and factoring out I scVoc , the equation becomes:
(
Pmax = I scVoc 1 + ( + )T + T 2 )
Considering the order of magnitude of the values and involved (typical values are
shown in the table below), the quadratic term ( ) can be neglected. Thus
2
Pmax can be
expressed as:
Pmax = I scVoc (1 + ( + )T )
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PV Array Rated The maximum output power from the PV array is calculated as
Power follows:
Pmax = Ns x Np x Impp x Vmpp
A given solar module will have an I-V curve representing a range
of possible operating points.
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The inverter is the device that decides which operating point will
provide the most power output based on that I-V curve, and
controls the output from the array accordingly. This operating
point is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP).
Initial Active Initial output power delivered at grid-side
Generation
Ambient Ambient temperature is one among a variety of changing and
Temperature uncertain conditions that can affect the I-V curve and therefore
the power output of PV systems.
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Insolation Model You can select a constant insolation over time model or select
from the drop down list a model among the ones available from
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a gaseous
fuel directly into electricity and are widely regarded as a potential alternative to stationary power
source.
The benefits of energy production from Fuel Cells are the high efficiency and their
environmentally friendly by-products. The chemical reaction takes place to convert hydrogen and
oxygen into water, releasing electrons (current) in the process. In other words, the hydrogen fuel
is burnt in a simple reaction to produce water and an electric current.
2H2 + O2 2H2O + 2e-
A typical fuel cell consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode) where the reactions
take place. The electrodes are also the mediums that the current flows between. Sandwiched
between the electrodes is an electrolyte material which the ions flow through to keep the reaction
continuous.
There are several types of fuel cells being studied at present such as alkaline, proton
exchange membrane, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate and solid oxide.
The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is the one that is modeled in the program. SOFCs
operate at extremely high temperatures-of the order of 700 to 1000 degrees Celsius. As a result,
they can tolerate relative impure fuels, such as those obtained from the gasification of coal.
irfc im imr
q Hin 2
V fc us Cdc
qOin2
The following are the assumptions in developing the dynamic model of the SOFC:
The gases are ideal.
The fuel cell is fed with hydrogen and air.
The electrode channels are small enough that the pressure drop across them is
negligible.
The ratio of pressures between the inside and outside of the electrode channels is
large enough to assume choked flow.
The fuel cell temperature is stable.
The Nernst equation will be used to determine the fuel cell output voltage.
Only the ohmic losses are considered, activation and mass transport losses are
neglected.
Most fuel cells produce less than the application required voltage. Therefore, multiple
cells must be assembled into a fuel cell stack to boost the voltage.
r
The stack output voltage v fc is described by the Nerst equation. The ri fc term is the
ohmic loss. This is the loss due to the resistance of the electrodes and to the resistance of the
flow of O2 ions through the electrolyte.
RT p H 2 pO2
V fc = N 0 E0 + ln ri r
2F fc
PH 2O
Symbol Description
N0 Number of cells in series in the stack
E0 Ideal standard potential which the open cell voltage in the standard
operating conditions (temperature = 25 0C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere)
r Ohm losses in the stack
R [J/kmol-K] Universal gas constant
T [K] Absolute temperature
F [C/mol] Faradays constant
PH2 Partial pressure of Hydrogen
PO2 Partial pressure of Oxygen
PH2O Partial pressure of Water
The model takes into account all other parameters such as the molecular properties of
Hydrogen, Oxygen and chemical reaction constants so that only SOFC rated power and number
of cells in the stack are required. The potential power generated by a fuel cell stack will depend
on the number and size of the individual fuel cells that comprise the stack and the surface area of
the electrolyte membrane.
Rated Power Indicated only as a reminder to help you specify active generation
value.
Active Active Generation should be inferior or equal to the Rated Power.
Generation
The Equipment menu provides for the definition of seven types of protective devices:
Fuse (section 13.1.1), LVCB (section 13.1.2), Recloser (section 13.1.3), Sectionalizer (section
13.1.4), Switch (section 13.1.5), Breaker (section 13.1.6) and Network Protector (section 13.1.7).
The parameters that can be set include the following ones. Some of the protective
devices may not include all characteristics listed below; see the specific sections. This chapter
covers the General tab of the dialog box. Information about the Reliability tab can be found in the
Reliability Analysis Users Guide.
a 2 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) a * Z 0 Z1
where Y = , a = e j 2 / 3
Z1 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) + Z1 * Z 0
y 1-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * (3*VLN)/(2*Z1 +
Z0+3*Zf)
If one of the above values is negative, the device is said to present
interrupting rating abnormal condition. However, you must enter
non-zero value for interrupting rating. If this value is zero no check
will be made.
13.1.1 Fuse
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the desired
command.
13.1.2 LVCB
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
13.1.3 Recloser
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
13.1.4 Sectionalizer
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
13.1.5 Switch
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
13.1.6 Breaker
These devices allow you to (dis)connect sections. To manipulate these devices, use the
menu command Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant
command.
These devices are mostly used in underground secondary networks mainly grid systems
or spot networks. Typically network protectors will open on reverse power flow out of the network
and if the relay senses backward flowing current. They will close when power flows into the
secondary grid or network. To manipulate these devices, use the menu command
Edit > Open/Close, or right click on the device and select the relevant command.
Note that network protectors are handled differently in CYME depending on the analysis
involved.
Load Flow Network protectors are seen as relays that, on one hand, will trip
open the protector when there is a net three-phase power flow
from the network to the primary (reverse power). On the other
hand, they must ensure automatic closure of the protector when
there is a potential for a forward flow of power into the secondary
network.
Short-circuit Network protectors have zero impedance.
Contingency Network protectors associated with involved feeders must be
opened. To accelerate the analysis, it is recommended that, at
the beginning, you open these network protectors even if the
Secondary Load Flow method has built-in capacity to address
this restriction.
Protection & Network protectors are seen as Definite Time Relay with
Coordination Operating Mode set to primary. That means you will have to
provide the primary pick-up current which is the minimum current
which will cause the relay to act. NOTE: Not implemented yet.
Other Analysis Network protectors are seen as a protective device such as a
recloser.
The settings available for each of the Protective Devices equipment types are as follows:
Normal Infeed Identifies / defines the node normally feeding this device. This
value will be used to determine if the device is reversed or not.
Use Undefined to ignore this validation.
Open / Close Open or close all phases at once. Use the radio buttons to open or
buttons close the desired phases.
Locked If you enable the Locked check box, you will not be able to open
(or close) the fuse with the Edit > Open/Close command.
Restoration The Strategic check box allows filtering the switching devices. A
group box strategic device is a protective device that is identified as strategic
on the basis of its role in a pick up scenario. This attribute is also
used by the optional Contingency Analysis module for N-1
analyses.
The attribute Strategic can only be applied individually to devices
using this check box.
Note that there are keywords that can be used to identify the
devices specified as strategic. You can use these keywords, for
example, to prepare a display layer that will highlight them (see
Customize > Device View; explanations in the Customize
chapter of the CYME Reference Manual).
The operation settings available related to the operation of the protective devices vary
depending on the device. The Reliability Assessment Module (RAM) uses this data. See the
Reliability Analysis Users Guide.
A TCC setting describes the adjustments made to an individual protective device (fuse,
LVCB or recloser) that is connected to a section of your network. Options will be enabled or
disabled depending on the equipment type.
The available settings options for the Miscellaneous Equipment are its Status
(Connected, Disconnected, Bypassed) and the Fault indicator (No, Visual, Remote), along with
a Description field. The Reliability Assessment Module (RAM) uses the parameter Fault
indicator. See the Reliability Analysis Users Guide for details.
For the balanced lines, CYME needs only the impedances (Z1 and Z0), susceptances (B1
and B0), and the ampacities (summer and winter) to associate to each Line ID. For the
unbalanced lines, CYME needs the phase impedances and susceptances and the ampacities.
Enter these values directly if you know them. If you do not, CYME can calculate them
from the conductor types and spacing arrangement on the pole.
Phase Select from the list of available conductors (see section 15.3
conductor Conductor)
Neutral Choose none if there is no neutral conductor.
conductor
Spacing Select from list of available arrangements. (see section 15.4
Spacing)
Ampacity By default, the ampacity assigned to the phase conductor. The
categories are the ones defined at the Simulation tab in the File >
Preferences dialog box.
Equivalent For a balanced line, positive-sequence Z1 and zero-sequence Z0.
Impedances These values may be calculated using the chosen conductors and
spacing. (Click Calculate).
For an unbalanced line, impedance of each phase and mutual
impedance. All these values can be calculated (Calculate button)
based on the conductors selected. The susceptance (B) value may
be calculated using the conductors and spacing selected (Click
Calculate).
To consult the default parameters.
You have the option to re-calculate for All Lines or just the Selected Line. You would
re-calculate for all lines if you have changed the earth resistivity.
Note: You have to remove the safeguard ("Block Impedance Update") before you
can calculate the impedances. It should be checked by default to protect any
impedance values, which you type in directly, from being replaced by
calculated values.
15.2 Cable
CYME allows you to specify the parameters, the impedance and the susceptance of
three types of cables: multi-wire concentric neutral, shielded and unshielded.
Displays the Cable Impedance Calculator dialog box where you can
specify the type of cable you are defining and to calculate the
impedance and susceptance values based on the parameters you
will enter in this dialog box.
The contents of this dialog box will vary depending on the three
choices available:
y Multi-wire concentric neutral cable (section 15.2.2)
y Shielded cable (section 15.2.3)
y Unshielded cable (section 15.2.4)
Select Circuit Options available include: 3-phases, 2-phases and 1-phase. Upon
Type selection of the option, its typical diagram is displayed below the
selection field to further assist in filling out the related parameter
fields. Note that the fields of parameters that you cannot edit will
be grayed out.
Indicate below the diagram the distances between the phases.
This distance is calculated from center to center.
Insulation Select the type of insulation from the drop down list. Upon
Characteristics selection, its dielectric constant will be displayed. Indicate the
diameter over the insulation.
Continuous temperature rating: The maximum continuous
temperature that the cable can withstand during its lifetime.
Sc current temperature rating: The highest temperature that the
cable can withstand during an electrical short-circuit lasting up to
about half a second.
Both temperature values will be used by CYMTCC to plot the
conductors curve.
Phase Select the conductor type for the phases. Upon selection, its
Conductor characteristics will be displayed.
Characteristics
Neutral Select the conductor type for neutral. Upon selection, its
Conductor characteristics will be displayed.
Characteristics
Note: The resistance (R) temperature value displayed for the
phase and the neutral conductor can be selected at File >
Preferences, System parameters tab. It is expressed in
Celsius (10C = 18F).
Equivalent Once the cable parameters have been specified, click on the
Impedances Calculate button to calculate and display the computed
impedance and susceptance values. If these values are
satisfactory, Click OK and CYME will copy the values back to the
original dialog box. Note that the OK button will be disabled until
you click on the Calculate button.
Phase Conductor Select the conductor type for the phases. Upon selection, its
Characteristics characteristics will be displayed.
Note: The resistance (R) temperature value displayed for the
phase conductor can be selected at File > Preferences,
System parameters tab. It is expressed in Celsius (10C
= 18F).
Sheath Bonding Enabled only when the circuit type is set to 3 single core
cables. Two choices are available.
y Single point (open): The sheaths are grounded at one
location, interrupting the current path, but giving potentially
high sheath voltages.
y Two points (shorted): The sheaths are bonded to each other
and to ground at both ends of the line. Circulating currents
will flow in them, producing additional losses. Sheath currents
reduce ampacity, but the sheath voltage with respect to
ground is negligible.
From an ampacity point of view, single point bonded installations
are preferred. However, they need sheath voltage limiters to be
placed at the open end, and a ground continuity conductor is
required end-to-end.
Sheath Indicate the inner radius and the outer radius of the cable. Its
Characteristics geometric factor will be displayed.
The insulation thickness is enabled only when the circuit type is
set to 3-core cable. The value entered will be used to calculate
the cable impedance.
Equivalent Once the cable parameters have been specified, click on the
Impedances Calculate button to calculate and display the computed
impedance and susceptance values. If these values are
satisfactory, Click OK and CYME will copy the values back to the
original dialog box. Note that the OK button will be disabled until
you click on the Calculate button.
Equivalent Once the cable parameters have been specified, click on the
Impedances Calculate button to calculate and display the computed
impedance and susceptance values. If these values are
satisfactory, Click OK and CYME will copy the values back to the
original dialog box. Note that the OK button will be disabled until
you click on the Calculate button.
15.3 Conductor
The conductor types used in the specification of the lines and cables parameters are
defined here.
km
k =1 m =1
R 25C R 25C and R 50C are two different values for the resistance at
arbitrary temperatures (most commonly 25C and 50C). If the values
and
of the resistances that you have available do not correspond to 25C
R 50C and 50C, then you can enter your values to be used further in the
CYME calculations. (Note that the resistances of copper and aluminum
both increase with temperature at the rate of about 4% for every 10C
rise. Recall that 10C = 18F.)
Note: The resistance (R@ temperature) value that is displayed in the
Cables dialog boxes is selected in the File > Preferences,
System parameters tab dialog box.
In that same dialog box, appears an Outside Temperature field
that is NOT used by CYME for the R calculation. It does not
calculate based on other temperatures than 25C and 50C. It
is up to you to select which one.
Hint: You would use the lower resistance value (that at lower
temperature) when calculating maximum short circuit current,
and the higher resistance value when calculating the worst-
case voltage drop.
Nominal Summer and winter ratings in Amps.
Rating
Withstand In the short-circuit results, CYME will check the Withstand Rating for
Rating the following cases:
y 3-phase fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLN/Z1
y 3-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLN/(Z1 +Zf)
y 2-phase fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLL/(2*Z1 +Zf)
y 2-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * VLL * Y
a 2 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) a * Z 0 Z1
where Y = , a = e j 2 / 3
Z1 * ( Z1 + Z 0 ) + Z1 * Z 0
y 1-phase grounded fault: IWithstand Kmax * (3*VLN)/(2*Z1 + Z0+3*Zf)
If one of the above values is negative, the device is said to present
withstand rating abnormal condition. However, you must enter non-zero
value for withstand rating. If this value is zero no check will be made.
15.4 Spacing
The fields in the Properties group box will change depending on the Type selected.
There are four Types of line configuration you can select.
Overhead line balanced
Overhead line unbalanced
Cable
By phase configuration (see following section 15.6 By Phase Configuration Settings).
Ampacity For Cables only. Summer and Winter ratings; enable the relevant
User Defined checkbox to enter a different current rating for this
particular section.
When the Line Configuration Type selection is By Phase Configuration, you can select
the conductors and spacing arrangement for the section without necessarily having to use a
predefined type from the equipment database.
Click on to view detail information on the selected Conductor (see 15.3) and or
Spacing (see 15.4).
Check the Display Equivalent Sequence Impedances checkbox to view the calculated
impedance in sequence, uncheck the check box to view it by phase.
The use of spot/distributed is determined by your own policies and what you need to
represent. For example, some utilities model all the customers transformers individually as spot
loads, where other customers would represent a series of small identical transformers on a group
of section as one section with an equivalent distributed load.
Distributed
load
From From To To
node Equipment
Conductor Equipment node
Distributed loads are evenly distributed on the whole section. Spot loads can be located
at the beginning, the middle or the end of the section.
From From To To
node Equipment Equipment node
Capacitor Capacitor
Spot Loads and Distributed Loads are added after a section has been created. This
function is only available through the Properties dialog box of the section, and both options are
selected from the drop down menu of the Add button.
Once you have made your selection, the appropriate load parameters appear to the right
of the dialog box.
The fields are the same for both options, with only the
relevant ones being active, as indicated below.
Number The unique identification label for the load. The label can contain up
to 31 alphanumeric characters, but no blank spaces.
To display the Failure History report related to the component
selected.
Status Connected: To indicate that the load will be taken into account.
Disconnected: Select this option to temporarily remove the load.
(All the settings will be kept).
Location Grayed out for the Distributed Load option. Three locations for Spot
loads (At From Node, At Middle or At To Node).
Load Model Select your Load Model from the models available. These were
created using the Load Model Manager. The customer types part of
the load model are created using the Manage Customer Type
Actual Load For Spot Load - This type of load is concentrated in one location.
Enter the known load (kW and kVAR) in the top two rows for each
phase.
For Distributed Load - This kind of load is spread uniformly along
the section. Enter the known load in the top two rows for each
phase.
Note: Load Allocation
The command Analysis > Load Allocation allows you to
estimate the known load as a portion of the metered
demand, based on the connected kVA or kW-h
consumption or number of consumers.
This data serves only for Load Allocation (i.e., to obtain the
known load). The known load (kW-kVAR, kVA-PF, kW-PF) is
necessary for the analyses.
Consumption Energy consumption in kW-h.
Connected kVA provided by supplier.
Capacity
Customers Number of customers.
Displays the Customer Load summary dialog box where you can
specify the load per type of customers at the same load point.
Center Tap The percentage of the load connected on transformer center tap.
Accesses the optional Energy Profile Manager module and displays,
if available, the consumption profile of the customer which Id is
shown, or of the customer type selected.
CYME allows you to define standard sizes and voltage classes of capacitor banks.
Capacitor banks may be chosen from two types: single-phase or three-phase.
When you connect a new capacitor bank on a section you do not have to select a model
from the equipment database; the USERDEFINED type can be used to enter directly the desired
kVAR/phase, voltage rating and losses.
The cost of fixed and switched banks can be used by the Optimal Capacitor
Placement analysis module. Refer to the CYMDIST Basic Analysis Users Guide for details.
To turn off capacitors according to their type of control, select Analysis > Load Flow,
Control tab (see the CYMDIST Basic Analyses Users Guide).
Status Click on the pull-down menu to view the options corresponding to the
control type selected above. E.g. For fixed (Manual) capacitors, you
may select either Disconnected or Connected. Switched
capacitors may be Disconnected, initially On, or initially Off.
Switch ON at Value at which the capacitor bank is switched ON during a Voltage
Drop calculation. CYME will compare it to the average of the values
on the controlling phases at the capacitor location.
Switch OFF at Value at which the capacitor bank is switched OFF during a Voltage
Drop calculation. CYME will compare it to the average of the values
on the controlling phases at the capacitor location.
Rated current Current that the capacitor can sustain. This data allows CYME to
detect overload conditions; this data is used in result reporting.
In this example, Summer and Winter are labels that are used to
describe the rating values of these fields. To enter the labels in
question, go to File > Preferences, Simulation tab.
Capacitance The electric size of the capacitor in Ohms.
The available settings options for the Series Capacitor are its Status and the Fault
indicator. A comments field allows entering a description or significant comments.
If you have the Transient Stability module installed, you will notice that the Series
Capacitor item in the Devices tree list can be expanded to reveal the Stability Model settings
group box. This element is discussed in the Transient Stability Analysis Users Guide.
Rated current Current that the reactor can sustain. This data allows CYME to
detect overload conditions; this data is used in result reporting.
In this example, Summer and Winter are labels that are used to
describe the rating values of these fields. To enter the labels in
question, go to File > Preferences, Simulation tab.
Reactance The electric size of the reactor in Ohms.
The available settings options for the Series Reactor are its Status and the Fault
indicator, along with a Comments field.
The Network Equivalent can be used to model any part or zone of a network. It is
composed of an equivalent impedance to represent the conductors and devices in-line and a load
equivalent to represent the generation and the loads connected in that zone. It is a device used in
the Network Reduction calculation (Network > Network Reduction menu command).
The full impedance matrix can be used to define the phase impedance and the mutual
impedances. The load equivalents can be defined at the From Node and/or at the To Node.
The Cumulated Information is used to define the customers that were included in this
Network Equivalent. It is a sum of all the individual customers represented by spot and distributed
loads. When using the Network Reduction tool this information is populated automatically based
on the customer information in the zone being reduced.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Frequency Source to display the
corresponding dialog box.
This model is the general method to model any harmonic generating device. It requires
the current/voltage magnitudes in Amps/kV or in % of the current/voltage magnitude at the
fundamental frequency. You may enter currents comprising up to 100 frequencies. Click with the
mouse or use the <Tab> key to move to a field and type the number in. Press <Enter> to register
the number.
Source Type Current Source or Voltage Source
Harmonic Order Represents the vector of frequencies in per-unit of fundamental.
Current/Voltage Is the vector of current magnitudes (in Amp or in % of the
Magnitude [%] or fundamental current magnitude).
(Amps)/(kV)
Current/Voltage To enter the current magnitude in % of the fundamental current
Magnitude Units or in Amps, select the appropriate option in this group box.
Current Phase Is the vector of phase angles (in degrees).
Angle (o)
Hint: Except for special cases, you will not enter a current at the fundamental
frequency (Fpu = 1.0). Fundamental frequency currents and voltages are
obtained directly from the power flow solution.
When connected to the network, the shunt frequency source can be connected between
a bus and the ground.
Note that in the power flow analysis, the shunt multi frequency current source is treated
as a constant kW/kVAR industrial spot load and will be ignored in short-circuit analysis.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Ideal Converter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the 3-Phase kVA rating of the Converter along
with the pulse number.
This model injects current at each of the characteristic harmonic frequencies of a diode
bridge rectifier, neglecting the effect of commutation overlap.
The Ideal Converters must be installed on three-phase sections. Note that in the Power
Flow the ideal converter will be treated as a constant P/S industrial Yg spot load where S (kVA) is
entered in the equipment database and P (kW) is specified in the equipment settings. The
converter is ignored in short circuit analysis.
When you install an ideal converter on the network, you will need to specify the active
power P that is being absorbed by the converter at the fundamental frequency. P will be used in
the power flow analysis.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Non-Ideal Converter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the 3-Phase kVA and the rated voltage of the
Non-Ideal Converter along with the pulse number.
Note that the Pulse Number must be at least six or a multiple of six.
Non-Ideal Converters must be installed on 3-phase sections. Note that in the power flow
analysis the non-ideal converter will be treated as a constant kW/kVA industrial Yg spot load and
is ignored in short-circuit analysis.
When you install a non-ideal converter in the network, you need to specify the Output
Power P which is being absorbed by the converter in kW, the three-phase fault level FL at the
location of the converter section in kVA or MVA, and the Transformer Data is also required.
P is used to determine the firing angle for the thyristors and to determine the power factor
angle of shunt impedance, which represents the converter at fundamental frequency.
The 3-phase short-circuit fault level value is used to compute the commutating reactance.
Lower fault levels mean higher reactance; more overlap and lower harmonic current magnitudes.
Click on Estimate to calculate the total commutating reactance Xc, given the transformer
and converter data.
This model requires the current magnitudes in percent of the fundamental current drawn
by the load. It is convenient to use this model for any harmonic source for which the harmonic
spectrum of currents is known in percent.
Click with the mouse or use the <Tab> key to move to a field and type the number in.
Press <Enter> to register the number.
Harmonic Represents the frequency in per-unit of fundamental.
Order
Current Is the current magnitude in % of the fundamental current drawn by the
Magnitude load. You may enter currents for up to 100 frequencies.
Note: Do not include the fundamental (Fpu = 1) in the table. The fundamental
current is established by the power, given when you connect the source into
the network.
The Arc furnace must be installed on 3-phase sections. Note that in the power flow
analysis the Arc Furnace will be treated as a constant kW / kVA industrial Yg spot load and is
ignored in short-circuit analysis.
If the arc furnace is Balanced, the arc furnace model for harmonic analysis in all three
phases, taking into account the proper phase angles. If, on the other hand, you opt for an
Unbalanced source, you will be able to enter a source of your choice for each phase.
21.5 Filters
This filter is a series RLC circuit in which the L and C resonate at a specific frequency. At
the resonant frequency, the filters impedance is minimum, equal to R alone.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Single Tuned Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the following:
R Filter resistance in Ohms.
L Filter inductance in mH.
C Filter capacitance in uF.
Compute Opens the Single Tuned Filter Parameters dialog box where you
can enter the capacitor rated power and voltage, the tuned
frequency and quality factor. By default, the fundamental frequency
will be the system frequency (the value entered in the System
Parameters tab of the Preferences dialog box). Click on Compute
to calculate the parameters R, L, C from the previous dialog box.
Note: The quality factor is equal to the ratio of the reactance of the
inductance at the tuned frequency to the resistance.
Tuned The tuned frequency in harmonic order.
Frequency
Configuration To select the appropriate connection symbol. Three types of
connection are available: GY, Y, and Delta.
You can install single tuned filter on single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase sections.
Note that in short-circuit analysis the single-tuned filter is ignored and will be treated as a
constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
1
Z = R + jX = R + j (L )
C
R2 + X 2
r=
R
R2 + X 2
x=
X
Vbase 2
P=
r
Vbase 2
Q=
x
The Connection field will be disabled when the single tuned filter is installed on a 1-
phase or a 2-phase section. For a 3-phase section, the connection can be GY, Y, or D. If the
connection is GY, you may define a grounding impedance (Rg and Xg) connected between the
neutral of the Star and ground. Otherwise, these fields are disabled.
If the single-tuned filter is balanced, the equipment parameters R, L, and C will be used for
each phase. If the single-tuned filter is unbalanced, you may indicate the unbalanced factor for R, L,
and C for each phase, as a percentage of the nominal value. This factor can be positive or negative.
The final R, L, and C for each phase will be calculated as (1+ UnbalancedFactor / 100) *
nominalValue.
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > Double Tuned Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. Near the resonant frequencies, the double-tuned filter behaves like
two single-tuned filters.
The R-L-C connections of the double-tuned filter are displayed in the diagram to the right
of the dialog box.
R1, R2, R3 Filter resistances in Ohm.
L1, L2 Filter inductances in mH.
C1, C2 Filter capacitances in uF.
Tuned Freq #1 Filter tuned frequencies in harmonic order. All these parameters can
and be obtained with the aid of Compute function.
Tuned Freq #2
Compute Opens the following dialog box where you can enter the capacitors
powers and voltage ratings, the tuned frequencies and quality
factors. By default, the fundamental frequency will be the system
frequency (the value entered in the System Parameters tab of the
Preferences dialog box). Click on Compute to calculate the
parameters R1, L1, C1, R2, L2, C2, and R3 from the previous dialog
box. Each tuned frequency has its dedicated group box.
Note: The quality factor is equal to the ratio of the reactance of the
inductance at the tuned frequency to the resistance.
When you connect a double tuned filter into the network, you may choose to connect one
single-phase filter from one phase of the bus to ground, or to connect three such filters to ground,
in a Star-grounded connection (3 phases).
Note that in short-circuit analysis the double-tuned filter is ignored and will be treated as
a constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
1
Z1 = R1 + jX 1 = R1 + j (L1 )
C1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2 = R 2 + j (L 2)
1
Z 3 = R3 + jX 3 = R3 + j ( )
C 3
Z 2* Z3
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
Z 2 + Z3
R2 + X 2
r=
R
R2 + X 2
x=
X
Vbase 2
P=
r
Vbase 2
Q=
x
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > High-Pass Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the following:
The R-L-C connections of the high pass filter are displayed in the diagram shown on the
right of the dialog box.
When you connect a high-pass filter into the network, you may choose to install it on
single-phase, two-phase, or to connect three such filters to ground, in a Star-grounded
connection (3 phases).
Note that in short-circuit analysis the high-pass filter is ignored and will be treated as a
constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
1
Z1 = jX 1 = j ( )
C
Z 2 = jX 2 = j (L)
Z3 = R
Z 2* Z3
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
Z 2 + Z3
R2 + X 2
r=
R
R2 + X 2
x=
X
Vbase 2
P=
r
Vbase 2
Q=
x
Select the menu option Equipment > Harmonic > C-Type Filter to display the
corresponding dialog box. You need to specify the following:
The C-type filter is designed to have lower losses at fundamental frequency than other
types, especially when the tuned frequency is low.
The R-L-C connections of the C-Type Filter are displayed in the diagram shown on the
right of the dialog box.
R1, R2, R3 Filter resistances in Ohm
L1, L2, L3 Filter inductances in mH
C1, C2, C3 Filter capacitances in uF
You can install C-Type filter on single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase sections.
Note that in short-circuit analysis the C-Type filter is ignored and will be treated as a
constant kVA Load for the power flow analysis.
1
Z1 = R1 + jX 1 = R1 + j (L1 )
C1
1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2 = R 2 + j (L 2 )
C 2
1
Z 3 = R3 + jX 3 = R3 + j (L3 )
C 3
Z 2* Z3
Z = R + jX = Z1 +
Z 2 + Z3
R2 + X 2
r=
R
R2 + X 2
x=
X
Vbase 2
P=
r
Vbase 2
Q=
x
21.6 Branches
Two possible uses of the RLC branch are as a small capacitance to ground and as a
large resistance to ground, either of which could be connected to a bus which is otherwise not
connected to ground (for example, on the Delta side of a transformer).
For this component, the impedance is defined by magnitude and phase angle at up to
100 different harmonic orders. Linear interpolation is used to find the impedance at harmonic
orders between defined harmonic orders.
The impedance at frequencies below the lowest defined frequency will remain equal to
the impedance given for the lowest defined frequency. Similarly, the impedance for frequencies
above the highest defined frequency will remain equal to the impedance given at the highest
defined frequency.
Click on a field or use the <Tab> key (or Up, Down, Left and Right arrows keys ) to move
to a field and then type a number in it. Press <Enter> to register the value.
You can install it on single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase sections. For three-phase
sections, it may be connected in GY, Y, and D.
For this component, the impedance is defined by magnitude and phase angle at up to
100 different harmonic orders. Linear interpolation is used to find the impedance at harmonic
orders between defined harmonic orders.
The impedance at frequencies below the lowest defined frequency will remain equal to
the impedance given for the lowest defined frequency. Similarly, the impedance for frequencies
above the highest defined frequency will remain equal to the impedance given at the highest
defined frequency.
Click on a field or use the <Tab> key (or Up, Down, Left and Right arrows Keys ) to move
to a field and then type a number in it. Press <Enter> to register the value.
CYME comes with many turbines, exciters and stabilizers models. They are all listed with
the model diagram along with descriptions and values of the parameters model. It is also possible
to create new models or modify existing ones. Please refer to the Transient Stability Analysis
Users Guide for all information about creating and editing control models.
Provides an interface to manage wind speed curves. Please refer to the Transient
Stability Analysis Users Guide for all information about creating, deleting, renaming and editing
wind models.
Provides an interface to manage insolation curves. Please refer to the Transient Stability
Analysis Users Guide for all information about creating, deleting, renaming and editing insolation
models.
CYME comes with a library of equipment symbols. For each equipment type, you have
many predefined symbols you may choose from to meet your needs. You may also create your
own symbols with the help of the Symbol Editor that you can easily add to the library. You may
refer to the File Menu chapter in the CYME Reference Manual for details on using the Symbol
Editor.
Whenever you create an equipment, it is being associated with the default symbol
defined for its type.
Equipment Provides the name of all equipment types available. When you select
Type an equipment type from this list, the names of all database records
available for that equipment type are listed along with their
associated Symbols and Use Default indicators.
Equipment ID Each name or equipment ID is hyperlinked. When you click on a
name, the Equipment Properties dialog box will open allowing you
to visualize its parameters values.
Symbol Click on the symbol icon to open the Symbol Selection dialog box.
The equipment type of the associated equipment is automatically
selected and all its available symbols are listed. If you have created
new symbols of this type with the Symbol Editor they will also be
listed here. If it is so desired, you may even change the equipment
type selected for something else thus providing the capability to use
any of the symbols available in the library.
Chapter 24 Instruments
Unlike the other equipment, instruments are not accessible from the CYME Equipment
menu. Instead, they are available in the Switching and Protection group from the Explorers
Symbol Bar tab. You must use drag and drop to add an instrument from the list into the network.
Some instruments can be placed on nodes and others on sections. If a node or a section is
highlighted while you are dragging an instrument symbol on the network, it is an indication that
you can drop the selected instrument on that node or section. Here is the list of available
instruments:
Current transformer
Over current relay
Motor relay
Potential transformer
Voltage relay
Frequency relay
Load shedding relay control model
Generic control model
The following icon in the Display toolbar allows you to display or hide the
instruments on the network. If the instruments should be visible and they are not, you should try
to adjust their symbol parameters in the Symbols Default Symbols dialog box under the
Instrument category. Refer to the chapter Display Options in CYME Reference Manual.
Number By default, this is the same as the device number the instrument is
connected to. However, You may type in any valid ID.
Status The instrument is either Connected or Disconnected.
Current transformers are applied in many applications among others to measure current
and voltage, to sense current overloads, detect ground faults, and isolate current feedback
signals.
Neutral Mark check this option to indicate that neutral line will be
connection measured.
Primary Rating Primary current rating of the current transformer in Amps
(Phase/Neutral).
Secondary Secondary current rating of the current transformer in Amps
Rating (Phase/Neutral).
This instrument is a type of protective relay which operates when the load current
exceeds a preset value.
In a typical application, the over current relay is connected to a current transformer and
calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay operates, one or more
contact will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit breaker.
Symbol Text The text that appear within the relay symbol. In the example
above, 50 is used for an instantaneous over current (IOC),
51 for a time over current (TOC).
Protection Type Phase protection only.
Type Electromechanical, Electronic, Definite Time
Add Click on this button to add breakers that will be controlled by the
relay. Click on the down arrow ( ) to see the breakers
available in the network and select one. Click on the selected
breaker corresponding check box ( ) to enable
effective control by the relay.
Remove Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Current Information on the associated default current transformer
Transformer installed. To modify default values, double-click on the current
transformer symbol (inside the dotted circle) to open its dialog
box.
Symbol Text The text that will be written down within the relay symbol.
Protection Type Phase protection only.
Manufacturer List of motor relay manufacturer names available in the TCC
Database.
Model List of motor relay models for the selected manufacturer. This
list is not populated if the manufacturer is Undefined.
Click on this button to open the TCC protection coordination
dialog box for the relay, so that you may inspect and adjust its
settings as well as create a new standard setting.
Note: You do not need to have CYMTCC installed in order to
use this command. However, with CYMTCC, you will be
able to perform more extensive protection analyses.
The description field next to the TCC Settings button will
display key parameters information coming from the TCC
database that corresponds to the relay identified.
Pickup You may enter the pickup current directly or you may use the
settings provided by TCC. Select the desired option.
Add Click on this button to add the breakers that will be controlled by
the relay. Click on the down arrow ( ) to see the breakers
available in the network and select one. Click on the selected
breaker corresponding check box ( ) to enable effective
control by the relay.
Remove Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Current Information on the associated default current transformer installed.
Transformer To modify default values, double-click on the current transformer
symbol (inside the dotted circle) to open its dialog box.
This instrument allows meters to take readings from electrical service connections with
higher voltage (potential) than the meter is normally capable of handling. Therefore, their main role is
to step down the voltage to be measured to levels suitable for the measuring instrument. It is
designed to have an accurately known transformation ratio in both magnitude and phase, over a
range of measuring circuit impedances so as to present a negligible load to the supply being
measured.
Symbol Text The text that will appear in the relay symbol.
Operating Time Minimum approximate time delay for the relay to operate.
Add Click on this button to add the breakers that will be controlled by the
relay. Click on the down arrow ( ) in the Breaker Number column to
see the breakers available in the network and select one. Select the
cell in the Voltage Threshold column and type in the voltage value (set
point) that will cause the breaker to operate. Click on the down arrow
( ) in the Operation column to choose either operation Close or
Open for the selected breaker. Click on the selected breaker check
box ( ) to enable effective control by the relay.
Remove Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Potential Information on the associated default potential transformer installed.
Transformer To modify default values, double-click on the potential transformer
symbol (inside the dotted circle) to open its dialog box.
Symbol Text The text that will appear in the relay symbol.
Operating Time Minimum approximate time delay for the relay to operate.
Add Click on this button to add breakers that will be controlled by the
relay. Click on the down arrow ( ) in the Breaker Number
column to see the breakers available in the network and select
one. Select the cell in the Voltage Threshold column and type in
the voltage value (set point) that will cause the breaker to
operate. Click on the down arrow ( ) in the Operation column to
choose either operation Close or Open for the selected breaker.
Click on the selected breaker corresponding check box
( ) to enable effective control by the relay.
Remove Click on this button to remove the selected breaker from the list.
Potential Information on the associated default potential transformer
Transformer installed. To modify default values, double-click on the potential
transformer symbol (inside the dotted circle) to open its dialog
box.
Node / Bus ID ID of node or bus where the load shedding relay control is
installed.
Control Model List of relay types available through the menu command
Type Equipment > Library > Control Model.
Control Model List of relay IDs available for the selected relay type. Click on
ID
to consult the default parameters of the selected relay ID.
P/Q Load connected at node/bus.
Description You may type in any comment you feel relevant for this particular
relay control.
Name / This table shows the default parameters values for the relay ID
Description / selected. You may change any parameter value. Select a
Value/ Unit parameter cell in the Value column and then type the new value.
columns You may also double-click in a Value cell to position the cursor in
that cell and then use the normal editing functions to enter the
new value. Note that Value is the only column you can modify.
Name / Use this table to indicate the bus controlled by the relay. Select
Description / ID the desired bus ID in the drop-down list under The ID column.
INDEX
INDEX 195
CYME 5.02 Equipment Reference Manual
196 INDEX