Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ComplexAnalysisMath344 135 PDF
ComplexAnalysisMath344 135 PDF
1
1.1
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2.1
9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3.1
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i
ii
4
4.1
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
iii
iv
C
) + (
-
) (
1.1
C R2 :
(a, b), (c, d) R2
(a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d) .1
1
2 1.1
) 1.1.1 (
z, w C |.|z + w| |z| + |w
)|z + w|2 = (z + w) (z + w
)= (z + w) (z + w
= |z|2 + |w|2 + z w + z w
)= |z|2 + |w|2 + 2Re(z w
| |z|2 + |w|2 + 2|z w
= (|z| + |w|)2
. .z
.
z = x + iy | r = |z
x = r cos , y = r sin
z ) z = r(cos + i sin
z = r(cos ( + 2k) + i sin ( + 2k)), k Z.
) . = arg(z
) arg(z
) Arg(z z ].(,
1.1.2 z = 1 i .
i 1 .
=r = 12 + (1)2 2
1 1
= cos = , sin
2 2
. = 2 4 = 74
7 7
=1i ( 2(cos + 2k) + i sin ( + 2k)), kZ
4 4
7
4
74 >
7
< 2 = < Arg(1 i) = .
4 4 4
3
1.2
. (1 i)100
n
!n
= (a + b)n n N ank bk , a, b C
k=0
k ! ( n k !)
101 .
) z = r(cos + i sin .
z2 = r2 (cos + i sin )2
)= r2 (cos2 sin2 + 2i cos sin
)= r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2
.
) 1.2.1 (
z j = r j (cos j + i sin j ), j = 1, ..., n
)) z1 ... zn = r1 ...rn (cos (1 + ... + n ) + i sin (1 + ... + n
7 7
(1 i)100 = [ 2(cos + i sin )]100 = 250 (cos 175 + i sin 175) = 250
4 4
1.3
1.3.1 X ) d : X X [0,
d( x, y) = 0 .1 . x = y
d( x, y) = d(y, x) .2 . x, y X
.3 x, y, z X ).d( x, y) d( x, z) + d(z, y
4 1.3
)B( x, r d ) (X, d . x X r > 0
) B( x, r x r
B( x, r) = {y X, d( x, y) < r}, B( x, r) = {y X, d( x, y) r}.
) (C, d | d(a, b) = |a b
.
1.3.2 C z r > 0
.B(z, r) F F c.
O = {z C, } O {1 ) .!( }1 < Re(z) < 1 1.3.3
1.3.4 A ) (X, d < ) diam(A
)diam(A) = sup d( x, y
x,yA
) 1.3.5(
) (X, d A, B X = A B
.A B = X X .
.
a 1.3.6 C a, b a,b
b .a,b
C 1.3.7 Z .
1.3.8 a, b
]ta + (1 t)b , t [0, 1
] [a, b .
1.3.9 . C .
)!(
.
.
1.3.10 ( xn )nN ) (X, d x X
> 0 N N
n > N, )xn B( x,
( xn )nN > 0 N N
n, m > N, d( xn , xm ) <
1.3.11 x
) ( xn .
) . (
5
1.3.12 F X F F
.F
C 1.3.13 ) . (
) (zn ) ( xn R . ) (yn
.
x inX A 1.3.14 A ) .(X, d
> 0
B( x, ) \ { x} A ,
1.3.15 } = B(0, 1) {2i 1 2i .
) 1.3.16 ( ) (X, d
) (Fn F1 F2 ... diam(Fn ) 0 Fn .
.
.
1.3.17 K ) (X, d G
K .
1.3.18 ) B(0, 1 .
) B(0, 1 1n
.
R2
.
) 1.3.19 -(
K Rn K .
1.3.20 K X A K A .K
A K x K Bx
.A } G = {Bx , x K K
A K . .K
6 1.4
.
.
1.3.21 ) (X, d ) (Y, f : X Y . x X
> 0 > 0
d( x, y) < ( f ( x), f (y)) <
f X .X
1.3.22 f X, Y :
f .1 .
.2 O Y ) f 1 (O .X
.3 F Y ) f 1 (F .X
.4 ) ( xn x X )) ( f ( xn ) f ( x .Y
.
X 1.3.23 ) (X, d ) (Y, f : X Y .
> 0 > 0
( f ( x), f (y)) <
.d( x, y) <
= )f ( x
x2 , x R ) .R!(
1.3.24 f : X Y )( X f
)( .Y f .X
1.3.25 C ) ( fn .C
) ( fn f
lim sup | fn (z) f (z)| = 0
n z
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2 z, w C
|||z| |w|| |z w
1.4.3 :
3i z
=z , =w
1+i 3
|| = 2, .Arg() = 4 , Arg() = 2 || = 3
7
1.4.4
1 ei(n+1)t
.
1 eit
.cos t + cos 2t + ... + cos nt
1.4.5 .z3 = 1 i
1.4.6 z C Re(zn ) 0 .n N z .
1.4.7 f (z) = z + 1z C )} f ({|z| = 1 )}. f ({|z| = 2
8 1.4
2.1
2.1.1 (an )nN . lim sup an lim inf an
lim sup an = lim sup ak , lim inf an = lim inf ak
n n kn n n kn
2.1.2 (1)n
lim sup(1)n = 1 , lim inf(1)n = 1
n an | n |an.
.
2.1.4 n an .
9
10 2.1
) (zn C . .
a C
an (z a)n
n=0
.n=0 zn
n
1 zn+1
= zk
k=0
1z
|z| < 1 zn n .
1
|z| < 1, = zn
n=0
1z
.
2.1.5 an (z a)n a C 0 R
1 n
| = lim sup |an
R
.1 .|z a| < R
.2 .|z a| > R
.3 0 < r < R }.{z C : |z a| < r
R .
2.1.6
zn
n=1
n
R = 1
n 1
lim sup =1
n
|z| = 1 .
z = 1 ) .z = 1 !(
2.1.5 .
11
2.1.7 an (z a)n .R
an
R = nlim
an+1
.
N N |z| < r < c a = 0 .c = limn anan
+1
.
zn
= ez = exp z
n=0
!n
R
(i)n
= ei
n=0
!n
(i)2n (i)2n+1
= +
n=0
!2n n=0
!)(2n + 1
= cos + i sin
12 2.1
) z = r(cos + i sin z = rei
.r
2.1.9 :
.1 .C w = rei C z = ln r + i .ez = w
|ez | = |e x+iy | = |e x | |eiy | = e x > 0.
.2 .
. z1 , z2 C
ez1 = ez2 z1 = z2 + 2ki, k Z
z C
eiz + eiz eiz eiz
= cos z = , sin z
2 2i
= cos z = 0 eiz + eiz = 0 e2iz = 1 = ei z + k, kZ
2
sin z = 0 z = k, kZ
. f
e f (z) = z
f .
)log(z) = ln |z| + iArg(z
elog(z) = eln |z|+iArg(z) = eln |z| eiArg(z) = |z| eiArg(z) = z
2.1.10 . f f
z , e f (z) = z. )(2.1.1
Arg ).[, + 2
13
) 2.1.12 (
C f , g k Z
z , f (z) = g(z) + 2ki
C \ R .log z + 2ki
) .C!(
.z f , g
e f (z) = eg(z) = z k(z) Z, f (z) = g(z) + 2k(z)i
) k(z .
)f (z) g(z
= )k(z
2i
) k(z. f , g ) k( Z .
2.2
.
2.2.1 f . f a
)f (a + h) f (a )f (z) f (a
lim = lim
h0 h za za
) . f (a f f
.
.
f a ) (h limh0 (h) = 0
)f (a + h) f (a) = h(h) + h f (a
.
2.2.2 f (z) = z3 )( . z C
(z + h)3 z3 ) ((z + h) z)((z + h)2 + (z + h)z + z2
lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
= 3z2
2.2.3 f (z) = z .
z+hz h
lim = lim
h0 h h0 h
h R
h
lim =1
h0 h
14 2.2
ih
lim = 1
h0 ih
2.2.4 f f f (z) = 1z .z
z0 f (z0 ) = w0 ew = z0 z z0 w w0 f .
0
) f (z) f (z0 w w0 1 1
lim = lim w = = w
zz0 z z0 w w0 e e
w 0 e 0 z0
E Rn f : E Rm f a E
) A L(Rn , Rm
|)| f (a + h) f (a) A(h
lim =0
h0 ||h
f a f
.a f (z) = z
)f ( x, y) = x iy = ( x, y
f1 ( x, y) = x, f2 ( x, y) = y
) f1 ( x, y ) f1 ( x, y ) f2 ( x, y ) f2 ( x, y
= 1, = 0, = 0, = 1
x y x y
) z = ( x, y
[ ]
1 0
=A 0 1
. .
2.2.5 f , g a f + g, f g, f g
a
= )( f g) (a )f (a) g (a), ( f g) (a) = f (a) g(a) + f (a) g (a
g(a) , 0 f /g a
f )f (a) g(a) f (a) g (a
= )( ) (a )(a
g g2
) 2.2.6 (
f a g ) f (a
g f a
))(g f ) (a) = g ( f (a )f (a
2.2.7 f f (z) = 0 z f .
15
f . a ) = f (a } .A = {z , f (z) = A
. ) (an A a
f (a) = nlim
f (an ) =
. f A a A > 0 .B(a, )
) z B(a,
](t) = (1 t)a + tz, t [0, 1
)) g(t) = f ((t
)g( s) g(t )g( s) g(t) ( s) (t
lim = lim = f ((t)) (t) = 0
st st s t )( s) (t st
g ] [0, 1 ) f (a) = f (z ) z B(a, .
2.3
.
.
2.3.1 ) f = u( x, y) + iv( x, y f
) z0 = ( x0 , y0 f z0
) ux ( x0 , y0 ) = vy ( x0 , y0 ) , uy ( x0 , y0 ) = vx ( x0 , y0
) . f (z0 ) = ux ( x0 , y0 ) + ivx ( x0 , y0
f z0 h R
)) u( x0 + h, y0 ) + iv( x0 + h, y0 ) (u( x0 , y0 ) + iv( x0 , y0
f (z0 ) = lim ) = u x ( x0 , y0 ) + iv x ( x0 , y0
h0 h
)) u( x0 , y0 + h) + iv( x0 , y0 + h) (u( x0 , y0 ) + iv( x0 , y0
f (z0 ) = lim ) = iuy ( x0 , y0 ) + vy ( x0 , y0
ih0 ih
.
f .
f ) ( x0 , y0
[ ] [ ]
) u (x , y ) u (x , y ) u ( x , y ) u ( x , y
)D f ( x0 , y0 ) = v x( x0, y0) vy( x0, y0) = v x( x0, y0) u x( x 0, y 0
x 0 0 y 0 0 x 0 0 x 0 0
h = (h1 , h2 ) C f
|) | f ( x0 + h1 , y0 + h2 ) f (z) D f ( x0 , y0 )(h1 , h2 |)) | f (z0 + h) f (z0 ) h(u x (z0 ) + iv x (z0
0 = lim = lim
h0 ||h h0 ||h
16 2.4
) f (z0 + h) f (z0
lim ) = u x (z0 ) + iv x (z0
h0 h
f .z0
2.3.2 ) f ( x, y) = x2 3y2 + i(2 xy + x2 + 3 x .
ux = 2 x, uy = 6y, vx = 2y + 2 x + 3, vy = 2 x
f .z = ( x, y) C
) ( x, y
1 3
= 2 x = 2 x, 6y = 2y 2 x 3 y x+
2 4
f y = 12 x + 34 ). f ( x, y) = 2 x + i(2y + 2 x + 3
2.3.3 f
1
f (z) = , z .
z
g 2.2.4 . f (z) = 1z .
f f (z) = 1z
)g(z) = z e f (z
1
) f (z ) f (z
g (z) = e
+ ze ( )=0
z
g . g , 0 f
C .g(z) = e h(z) = f (z) + .eh(z) = z .
2.4
2.4.1 C f : R C2 . f
f = f xx + fyy = 0
= )v( x, y 2.4.2 u( x, y) = 2 xy u = 0 + 0 = 0
x2 y2 .v = 2 2 = 0
f u, v = u + iv 2.4.3
.
C .
17
) 2.4.4 (
u v u f = u + iv
.
2.4.5 u( x, y) = 2 xy . v
.u v f = 2 xy + iv .C f
)ux = vy 2y = vy vy = y2 + ( x
uy = vx
2 x = ( x) ( x) = x2 + c, cC
.v( x, y) = y2 x2 + c
log |z|2 2.4.6 .
C . v log |z|2
f (z) = log |z|2 + iv .C
) log( x2 + y2
= f + iv x
x
) log( x2 + y2 ) log( x2 + y2
= i
x y
x iy 2
=2 2 =
x + y2 z
12 f 1z 2.3.3 C .
.
2.4.7 a R r > 0 u ) B(a, r .u
.a = 0
y x
= )v( x, y ux ( x, t) dt uy ( s, 0) ds
0 0
2.5
2.5.1 ) (an ), (bn .R
lim sup an lim inf an , lim sup(an + bn ) lim sup an + lim sup bn , lim inf(an + bn ) lim inf an + lim inf bn
2.5.2 a . .
an zn , an zn , !zn
2
3.1
3.1.1 C : [a, b] C ] [a, b ,R
C . ) (t ] t [a, b ) .( smooth path
) ( pointwise smooth a = t0 < t1 .... < tn = b
) (t j , t j+1 ] .[t j , t j+1 ) (a ) (b .
) (a) = (b .
3.1.2 ] [a, b
f (a + t) f (a) )f (b + t) f (b
(a) = lim+ , (b) = lim
t a t t b t
3.1.3 .
z0 C r > 0 ) (z ,r :
0
) (z ,r .
0
] [A, B A, B ,
][A,B] : [a, b] [A, B
(b t)A + (t a) B
= )[A,B] (t
ba
a = 0 , b = 1 .[A,B] (t) = (1 t)A + tB
{
:
eit ,0 t
= )(t 2t3
, t 2
] [1, 1 )
(t = .
19
20 3.2
1 2 .
] [0, 2
(0,1) (t) = eit , n(0,1) (t) = eint , n N
. )n(0,1 )(0, 2 ) (0,1
.
3.2
3.2.1 : [a, b] C L
b
= L | (t)|dt
a
2 2
.Ln )(0,1
= 0
|nieint |dt = 2n L )(0,1
= 0
|ieit |dt = 2 3.2.2
3.2.3 , 3.1.3
2
2
= L |ieit |dt + | |dt = + 2
0
3.2.4 : [a, b] C f f
b
= f (z)dz f ((t)) (t)dt
a
2
1 nit
= f (z)dz nit nire dt = 2ni
)n(0,r 0 re
3.2.6 f (z) = z A, B C
1
= f (z)dz ((1 t)A + tB)( B A)dt
][A,B 0
[ ]
1 1 t2
) = ( B A) At + ( B A)0 = ( B2 A2
2 2
3.2.7 : [a, b] C f
))f (z) = f ((b)) f ((a
b b
= f (z)dz = f ((t)) (t)dt ))[ f ] (t)dt = f ((b)) f ((a
a a
21
3.2.8 f .
, .
3.2.7
. 1 .1 f (z) = ez . A B ez dz = eB eA
] [ ,
. 2 .2 f (z)dz = 0
f ) .(0,r
f (z)dz = 0
)(0,r
f (z) = 1z
1
dz = 2i , 0
)(0,r z
.
3.2.9 1 (t) = t + it, 0 t 1 . 2 (t) = t + it2 , 0 t 1 1 (0) = 2 (0) = 0
1 (1) = 2 (1) = 1 + i .
zdz , zdz , zdz , zdz
1 2 1 2
] 1 = [0, 1 + i
(1 + i)2
= zdz =i
1 2
1
= zdz (t + it2 )(1 + 2it)dt
2 0
1
= t + 3it2 2t3 dt = i
0
,
1
1i
= zdz )(t it)(1 + i)dt = (1 + i =1
1 0 2
1 1
i
= zdz = (t it2 )(1 + 2it)dt t + it2 + 2t3 dt = 1 +
2 0 0 3
.
3.2.7 zdz = zdz f (z) = z
F (z) = z2
2
1 2
. zdz , zdz z C
. ) F (z) = U ( x, y) + iV ( x, y
1 2
U V
= )F (z ( x, y) + i ( x, y) = z = x iy
x x
22 3.3
-
U U 2 U 2 U
= x, = = y + 2 =2
x y x 2 y
U , F . .
f [a, b] R F ) x (a, b ) F ( x) = f ( x
x
.F ( x) = a f (t)dt
) 3.2.10 (
,, C
: [a, b] C f , g
( f (z) + g(z))dz =
f (z)dz + g(z)dz . 1 .1
) (t) = (a + b t f (z)dz =
f (z)dz . 2 .2
|) f (z)dz f (z)dz sup | f (z L . 3 .3
z
3 1 2 . , f (z)dz = rei
= f (z)dz = r ei f (z)dz
b
= Re(ei f ((t)) (t))dt
a
b
f ((t)) (t) dt
a
|)) sup | f ((t L
]t[a,b
3.3
,
, .
3.3.1 z0 C \ z0
1 dz
= ) I (; z0
2i z z0
I (n(z0 ,1) , z0 ) = n
23
z0
. .
3.3.3 : [a, b] C ) z 7 I (, z .C \
< ) d(z,
4 z0 C \ ) . = d(z0 , ) z B(z0 , 4
> |)|z (t ], t [a, b
4
b
||z0 z
|) |I (; z) I (; z0 | (t)|dt
a (|( t ) z()( t ) z 0 |)
2
| |z z 0 L
16
) I (; z .C \
3.3.4 : [a, b] C z C \ I (, z) Z
C \ .C \
: [a, b] C .z C \ g ] [a, b
x
) (t
= )g( x dt
a ( t) z
g g(a) = 0 ) g(b) = 2i I (, z .g ( s) = ( s()s)z ) ( x) = eg(x
) ( s
= ) ( s) = g ( s)eg( s )( s
( s) z
( )
)( s ) ( s)(( s) z) ( s)( s
= =0
( s) z (( s) z)2
((x)x) z
a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b ) .( x j , x j+1
)(a ) ( x1 )(b
= = = ...
(a) z ( x1 ) z (b) z
) (a) = (b
)(a) = (b) 1 = e2iI (,z
C \ I (, z) Z C \ ) z 7 I (, z
)!( .
1 ) b (t
I (, z) = zlim dt = 0
2i a (t) z
24 3.4
3.3.5
] [a, b R > 0 ) B(0, R ) C \ B(0, R
.
3.3.6
1 + e2it ,0 t
2
(t) = ) 1 + e4i(t 2 , 2 t
1 + eit , t 2
) = (1,1
) (1,1
1 i
I (, ) = 1 , I (, 1 ) = 1 , I (, 5) = I (, 2012i) = 0
2 2
3.4
.
) 3.4.1 (
f ) . B(a, r
f (z)dz = 0
)(a,r
) . f (z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y f ux , uy , vx , xy
) ux = vy , uy = vx -( .
= u( x, y)dx v( x, y)dy (v x uy )dx dy = 0
)(a,r )B(a,r
= v( x, y)dx + u( x, y)dy (u x vy )dx dy = 0
)(a,r )B(a,r
= f (z)dz )(u + iv)(dx + idy
)(a,r )(a,r
= u( x, y)dx v( x, y)dy + i v( x, y)dx + u( x, y)dy
)(a,r )(a,r
3.4.2 z+2
f (z) = z2 , g(z) = sin z
z2 dz = 0
)(0,1
z2 .C
sin z
dz = 0
)(0,1 z+2
25
. sin z
z+2 sin } C \ {2 ) B(0, 1
z+2
z
3z6
dz
)(0,2 z1
.
.
3.4.3 f C
f (z)dz = 0
a > 0
f (z)dz = a
,L
1
1 , L
f ( z) dz
f ( z) dz = ) L(1
1 4 2
(n )nN
1 1 L
f (z)dz f (z)dz ... n f (z)dz , = ) L(n
n 4 n1 4 2n
(n )nN
1 2 ... n ..., lim L(n ) = 0
n
3.2.10
L L
(z z 0 ()O z z0 ) dz |) n n sup |O(z z0
n 2 2 zn
26 3.4
a
|) sup |O(z z0
L2 zn
a > 0
lim sup |O(z z0 )| = 0
n zn
3.4.4 f (z) = 1z
C ] 1 = [1 i, 1 i, i
1
dz = 2i I (1 , 0) = 2i , 0
1 z
,1 ] 2 = [1, 2, 1 + i
1
dz = 0
2 z
C 2
) 3.4.5 (
f ) ( f
.
f
) . = B(a, r
= )F (z )f (w)dw, z B(a, r
][a,z
h C ] = [a, z, z + h ) .B(a, r
=0 = f (w)dw f (w)dw + f (w)dw + f (w)dw
][a,z ][z,z+h ][z+h,a
1
= )F (z + h) F (z f (w)dw = h f (z + th)dt
][z,z+h 0
1
) F (z + h) F (z
= ) f (z f (z + th) f (z)dt
h 0
|) sup | f (z + th) f (z
]t[0,1
h ) .F (z) = f (z f ).B(a, r
3.4.6 f
F . f
) .3.4.5 !(
27
.
3.4.7 f C f f
.
f . .3.2.7
. .3.4.5 a F
= )F (z f (w) dw, z
)(a,z
) (a, z a z . F
) (a, z . ) (a, z a z ) = (a, z) (a, z
.
f (w) dw = 0 = f (w) dw f (w) dw
)(a,z ) (a,z
).F (z) = f (z
.
.
3.4.8 C
\ .
3.4.9 C ) B(0, 2) \ B(1, 21 .
C \ [0, ) 3.4.10 ) B(i, 2 } {z C : 2 Im(z) 4 .
.
.
3.4.11 , C f
.
.
) 3.4.12 (
f C
f (z)dz = 0
28 3.5
f . 3.4.11 ) . = B(0, 1
. f 3.4.3
f (z)dz = 0
f .
3.4.13 f 1 , 2 1 , 2
= f (z)dz f (z)dz
1 2
= 1 2
3.5
) 3.5.1 (
: [a, b] [c, d] C g : [c, d] C
b
= )g( s (t, s)dt
a
g C1
s g . ,
b
)(t, s
= )g ( s
dt
a s
3.5.2 C fn f . fn
f
lim
n
= fn (z)dz f (z)dz
) 3.5.3 (
a C r > 0 f ) B(a, r ) z B(a, r
1 )f (w
= )f (z dw
2i )(a,r wz
a = 0 . r = 1 ) z B(0, 1
1 2
eit
= )1 = I ((0,1) , z dt
2 0 eit z
29
1 2
f (z)eit
= )f (z dt
2 0 eit z
[0, 1] R
1 2
( f (eit + s(z eit )) f (z))eit
= )g( s dt
2 0 eit z
g ] [0, 1
|eit + s(z eit )| |eit (1 s)| + | sz| < (1 s) + s = 1
g(1) = 0 g(0) = 0 .
1 (eit z)( f (eit + s(z eit )))eit
2
= )g ( s dt
20 eit z
2
1
= ( f (eit + s(z eit )) dt = 0
2i(1 s) 0
.g(1) = g(0) = 0
= ,z0 0 a
r f ) B(a, r ) 0 B(a, r ) B(0, 1
)g(z) = f (a + rz
g ) ,B(0, 1 .g
3.5.3
. 1 .1 C , .
f ) ,B(a, r R > r f )B(a, R
f F ) .B(a, R
1 )F (w
= )z B(a, r), F (z dw
2i )(a,r wz
F
)(n !n )F (w
= )F (z dw
2i )(a,r (w z)n+1
). f C (
. 2 .2
3z6
dz
)(0,2 z1
f (z) = 3z6
3z6
dz = 2i f (1) = 6i
)(0,2 z1
30 3.5
3.5.4
)log(z
dz
) (i, 1 )(z i)(z + 1
2
:
,B(i, 1
)2 = ) f (z
1 )log(z
z+1
)log(z)/(z + 1
)dz = 2i f (i
) (i, 1 )(z i
2
)log(i 2i
= 2i =
i+1 1+i
:
)log(z)/(z + 1 1 )log(z 1 )log(z
= dz dz dz
) (i, 1 )(z i 1 + i ) (i, 1 zi 1+i ) (i, 1 z+1
2 2 2
)2i log(i
= +0
1+i
) 3.5.5 (
f .C
I (, z) = 0, z C \
z \
1 )f (w
= )I (, z) f (z dw
2i wz
) 3.5.6 (
r > 0 a C f ) B(a, r ) z B(a, r
= )f (z an (z a)n
n=0
)f (n) (a 1 )f (w
= an = dw
!n 2i )(a,r (w a)n+1
1 )f (w
= )f (z dw
2i
(a,r) w z
2
1 f (a + reit )reit
= dt
2 0 a + reit z
2
1 ) f (a + reit
=
2 za dt 1 reit
0
.1
31
z a < 1
it
re
(
1 z a )n
=
1 zreita n=0
reit
(
2 z a )n
1 it
= )f (z f (a + re )
it dt
2 0 n=0
re
( 2 )
1 it )eint dt (z a)n
= )f (z f (a + re
n=0
2rn 0
1 )f (w
= dw (z a)n
n=0
2i )(a,r
( w a) n+1
) B(a, r ,
)f (n) (a 1 )f (w
= dw
!n 2i )(a,r (w a)n+1
3.5.7 f C a r > 0
= )z B(a, r), f (z an (z a)n
n=0
) ,r < d(a, .
3.5.8 1z ) ,B(i, 21
1 1
z B(i, ), = an (z i)n
2 z n=0
)(n
)f (i (1)n
= an = n+1
!n )(i
) 3.5.9 (
a C r > 0 f ) B(a, r
) (n
f (a) 1
|)sup | f (z
n! rn |za|=r
32 3.5
3.2.10
) (n
f (a) 1 )f (w
= dw
!n )2i (a,r) (w a n +1
2
1 it int
=
2rn 0
f (a + re )e dt
1
|) n sup | f (z
r |za|=r
) 3.5.10 (
f ) ( . f .
} . M = sup{| f (z)|, z C
)f (n) (0
z C, = )f (z
n=0
!n
) (n
f (0) M
r > 0, n N,
n! rn
r f ,
) (n
) f (0 M
lim = 0 , n N
n! r rn
) f (z) = f (a ,z C f.
sin z, cos z, ez ,
.| sin x| 1, x R
z2 + 1 = 0
,
) 3.5.11 (
P .C
P = |) .lim|z| |P(z
a0 a1
( P(z) = a0 + a1 z + ... + an zn = zn )+ n1 + ... + 1
z n z
P f = P1
lim | f (z)| = 0
||z
33
3.5.12 f C a f m 1
f (a) = ... = f (m1) (a) = 0, f (m) (a) , 0
B(a, r)
)f (n) (a
z B(a, r), = )f (z (z a)n = (z a)m an (z a)nm
n=0
!n n=m
a m f r > 0 g ) B(a, r
) z B(a, r ) f (z) = (z a)m g(z .g(a) , 0
) 3.5.13 (
f C .
. f 0 . 1 .1
. 2 .2 a f (n) (a) = 0 }.n N {0
. 3 .3 } Z f = {z : f (z) = 0 .
. ) .(2
r > 0
)f (n) (a
z B(a, r), = )f (z (z a)n = 0
n=0
!n
A a .Z f . a f
.Z f A A = . a A
)f (n) (a
z B(a, r) b , = )f (z (z a)n
n=0
!n
k f (k) (a) , 0
) f (k) (a
)f (n) (a
f (z) = (z a)k + (z a)nk
!k n=k+1
!n
)f (k) (a
)f (n) (a
= )h(z + (z a)nk
!k n=k+1
n !
. f (z) = z+1 g
1 n
f ( 1n ) = n+1
g( 1n ) = n+1 f g = 0 } A = { 1n , n N A . f g
n
f a m f r > 0 g
) B(a, r ) g(z) , 0, z B(a, r
z B(a, r), )f (z) = (z a)m g(z
.
) 3.5.14 (
f C a
|)| f (a)| = sup | f (z
z
f .
3.5.15 C f
sup | f (z)| = sup | f (z)|.
z z
.
3.5.16 C L . f \ L
.
f .
3.5.17 .a f } \ {a a
ef f = ef }. \ {a
35
{
)(z a) f (z , z,a
= )g(z 0 , z=a
f g } \ {a 3.5.16 g
. r > 0
z B(a, r), = )g(z )an (z a)n = (z a an (z a)n1
n=0 n=1
) ef = gz(za ef
e )g(z
= )f (z = f (z), z \ {a}.
za
36 3.5
4.1
, .
) B(a; r, R } {z C : r < |z a| < R a C .0 < r < R
4.1.1 a C f r > 0 f ).B(a; 0, r
a:
a . 1 .1 g ) B(a, r g = f ) .B(a; 0, r f
) B(a, r ef .g
a . 2 .2 m a ) g(z) = (z a)m f (z
.eg(a) , 0
a . 3 .3 .
f (z) = 22zz+1 ) ,B( 12 ; 0, r g(z) = z g
+z
4.1.2
2
) B( 12 , r g = f ) B( 2 ; 0, r
1
1 )z(2z + 1
(z B ; 0, r), = )f (z =z
2 2z + 1
= a f 1
2
4.1.3 f (z) = 1z C z f (z) = 1
a = 0 . a = 0 f
f (z) = 1z C ef
C
1
dz = 2i
)(0,1 z
4.1.4 f (z) = e z C z , 0
1
1 1 1 1
ez = 1+ + 2 +
1
+ .... + + ...
z 2z (3!)z3 (n!)zn
a = 0 ,e z n N zn e z
1 1
.
37
38 4.1
m 4.1.5 f ) B(a; 0, r a f m
a ).g(z) = (z a)m f (z
4.1.6 g ) B(a, r
)g(z 1
= )f (z = n (z a)n
(z a)m (z a)m n=0
0 1 m1
= + + ... + + n (z a)nm
(z a)m (z a)m1 (z a) n=m
| {z }
) 4.1.7 (
a C 0 < r < R f ) B(a; r, R
z B(a; r, R), = )f (z an (z a)n
n=
1 )f (z
= an )dz, t (r, R
2i )(a,t (z a)n+1
.
4.1.8 a f f
= )f (z an (z a)n , z B(a; 0, r).
n=
:
f ) a (1 an = 0 n 1 > 0 .1
).B(a; 0,
a (2) .2 m am , 0 an = 0 n > m
= |)lim | f (z
za
a (3) .3 an , 0 n
> 0 )) f (B(a; 0, .C
(1) .1 a . f ef ) B(a, r f = ef
.a ) B(a, r
e
= )f (z n (z a)n
n=0
39
f = ef ) B(a; 0, r
= )f (z = an (z a)n n (z a)n
n= n=0
an = 0 n 1 . an = 0 .n 1
e )B(a, r e f f f = n=0 an (z a)n
a f ) B(a; 0, .0 < < r
) (1 0 < < r f ) .B(a; 0, 3.5.17
g ) B(a, r f = g a a . f
(2) .2 a m . f
. 2 } C \ {3
3 z 3
.z } = {z C, |z| > 3
1 1
=
) z 3 z(1 3z
40 4.1
3
||z <1 z
(
1 1 3 )n
=
z3 z n=0 z
4.1.11
z2 ez sin z
= )f1 (z = ), f2 (z = ), f (z
)(z 1)(z i 2 z sin z 3 z
. 1 .1 f1 } .C \ {1, i .a = 1, i
) (zz i ) B(1, 12 2
2
z2
1
= ) an (z 1)n , z B(1,
(z i)2 n=0
2
f1 a = 1
1
a0
= )f1 (z = a (z 1)n + a1 + a2 (z 1) + ... + an (z 1)n1 + ...
z 1 n=0 n z1
a = 1 )( . f1 ,a = i
z2
1
= ) bn (z i)n , z B(i,
z1 n=0
2
f1 a = i
1
b0 b1
= )f1 (z = bn (z i)n + + b2 + b3 (z i) + ... + bn (z i)n2 + ...
(z i) n=0
2 )(z i2 zi
a = i .
. 2 .2 f2 . sin z f2
} .C \ {2k, k Z .a = 2k
sin z = cos z sin 2k = 1 , 0
a = 2k sin z Vk a = 2k
gk Vk gk (z) , 0 z Vk .sin z = (z 2k)gk (z), z Vk
ez
= )f2 (z , z Vk
)z(z 2k)gk (z
) g e(zz a = 0 . f2 k , 0 a = 2k 0
f2 ) z gekz(z .k , 0
2
. 3 .3 a = 0 , f3
1
sin z z2n1 z2n2
= (1)n+1 = (1)n+1
z z n=1 (2n 1)! n=1 !)(2n 1
a = 0 . f3
41
4.2
, .
4.2.1 a f
= )f (z )an (z a)n , z B(a; 0, r
n=
( z1 .Res( f , a) = a1
1
f a ) a1
4.2.2 a = 0 ,e z
1
1 1 1
e z = 1 + + 2 + ... + n + ...
1
z 2!z n!z
!).Res(zn e z , 0) = (n+1
1
1
.Res(e z , 0) = 1 ,
1
.
.
4.2.3 a f m f a
)[(z a)m f (z)](m1
Res( f , a) = lim
za !)(m 1
)gm1 (a )[(z a)m f (z)](m1
= Res( f , a) = m1 = lim
(m 1)! za !)(m 1
4.2.4 4.1.11 f1 a = 1 .a = i
z2 1
Res( f1 , 1) = lim(z 1) f1 (z) = lim =
z1 z1 (z i )2 (1 i)2
])[(z i) f1 (z
2
Res( f1 , i) = lim
zi !)(2 1
z2
[= lim ]
z1
z1
2z(z 1) z2 1 2i
= lim =
zi (z 1)2 (i 1)2
42 4.2
4.2.5 f3
ez ))ez (g0 (z) g0 (z
[Res( f3 , 0) = lim ] = lim
z0 )g0 (z z0 )g20 (z
sin z z2 z4
= )g0 (z =1 + ...
z !3 !5
) 4.2.6 (
C a1 , ..., an f } . \ {a1 , ..., an
a j < , j = 1, ..., n = ) I (, z z <
n
f (z) dz = 2i ) Res( f , a j ) I (, a j
j=1
4.2.7 f1 4.1.11
])f1 (z) dz = 2i[Res( f1 , 1) I ((i, 12 ) , 1) + Res( f1 , i) I ((i, 12 ) , i
) (i, 1
2
4.2.4
( )
1 + 2i
f1 (z) dz = 2i[Res( f1 , 1) 0 + Res( f1 , i) 1] = 2i
) (i, 1 (i 1)2
2
2i
= f1 (z) dz
) (1, 1 (i 1)2
3
a f2 = 0 4.2.8 f2 , 4.1.11
Res( f2 , 0) = 1
f2 (z) dz = 2i
)(0,1
4.2.9 . R >> 1
z2
dz
R z +1
4
{
Reit ,0 t
= )R (t 2t3
R , t 2
43
R 0 R ] .[R, R
z z+1 4
2
i 3i 5i 7i
a1 = e 4 , a2 = e 4 , a3 = e 4 , a4 = e 4
z2 4
z2
dz = 2i (Res ) , a j ) I (, a j
R z4 + 1 j=1
z4 + 1
a3 , a4
z2 2
z2
dz = 2i (Res ), a j
R z4 + 1 j=1
z4 + 1
z2
1 i
Res( 4 = ) ,a
z +1 2 4 2
) (
z2 1i 1+i 2i
= dz = 2i = 2i
R z +1
4
4 2 4 2 4 2 2
.
4.2.10
x2
dx
x4 + 1
R .
z2
= dz
R z4 + 1 2
R
x2 R2 e2it 2
dx + = iReit dt
R x + 1 R e +1
4 4 4it
0 2
R 2 2 2it
x 2
Re
dx = iReit dt +
R x 4+1
0 R 4 e4it + 1
2
44 4.2
2 2
R2 e2it R2 e2it
lim it
iRe dt lim iRe dt
it
R 0 R4 e4it + 1 R 0 R4 e4it + 1
2
R3
lim dt = 0
R 0 R4 1
x2
= dx
x +1
4
2
.
4.2.11 ) P( x ) Q( x R deg P + 2 deg Q Q( x) , 0 ) x R
Q ( . a1 , ..an Q
) P( x
)P(z
dx = 2i (Res ), a j
Q ( x )
Im(a )>0
Q )(z
j
4.2.12
3
dx
x2 + 2 x + 2
P( x) = 3 Q( x) = x2 + 2 x + 2 P, Q ,4.2.11
2 48
= Q(z) = 0 z = 1 i
2
3 3
dx = 2i Res( 2 , 1 + i) = 3
x2 + 2 x + 2 z + 2z + 2
4.2.13 > 0 ) P( x ) Q( x R deg P + 1 deg Q Q( x) , 0
) x R Q ( . a1 , ..an Q
P( x)eix P(z)eiz
dx = 2i (Res ) ,a
) Q( x Im(a )>0
Q(z) j
j
4.2.14
cos x
dx
x2 + 1
) z2 + 1 = (z i)(z + i i, i
= 1 P( x) = 1 Q( x) = x2 + 1
eix eiz e1
(dx = 2i Res , i) = 2i =
x +12 z +1
2 2i e
4.2.15
x sin x
x cos2 x
2x + 1
)1 dx )2 dx )3
x2 + 1 x4 + 1 x 4 + 2 x2 + 1
1435/8/7:
: 1435-1434
: ) (
....................................................... : ...........................:
1
f
)f (z = z2 e z
.1 f .
.2 . f
.3 (z ) N
n n
lim f (z ) = 1
n
n
.4
f (z) dz
)(0,1
) (P f .
n
.1 . C ] C \ (, 0 .
.C )f (C .2 f .
.3 u .
.4 f } C \ {1
f
)(n
}(0) = n!, n N {0
) : (
.1 f a1 , ..., a f m1 , ..., m
n n
f I (, z) = 0 z C \ .
f
)(z n
dz = 2i ) m I (, a j j
)f (z
=1 j
dz
)(1, 12 ) z log(z
.2 .
1 cos x
)1 )d x , 2 dx
x2 + 2 x + 2 x
2 +1
(:
3
-
16 1435
)(
:
:
. 1 . = 1 + i
) (a 16 .log
.z4 = ) (b :
. 2
1e i(n+1)t
, nN
1 eit
.sin t + ... + sin nt
. 3 a C r > 0 u Bra .
log |z|2 B12 .
. 1 .
f C g g f z0 C
f .z0
.C
. 2 C f .
) (a 1 , 2
= f (z) dz f (z) dz
1 2
f .
) (b F1 , F2 f c C .F1 = F2 + c
. 1 C .C \
2
eit
dt
0 2eit 1
,R = Reit , 3 0t
2 . 2
eiz
lim dz
R R z2
-
16 1434
:
:
. 1 .
.R (t) = Reit , 0t
2 . 2
. R
log z dz ) (a z log z
) (b
1
lim dz
R R z2
. 1
2
z
dz
)(z i)2 (z 1
(t) = i + 21 eit , )t [0, 2] (a
(t) = 1 + 21 eit , )t [0, 2] (b
.n N = ) f ( 1n n
n+1 . 2 f
= )f (z 1
)(z1)(z+1
. 1
) (a .|z 1| < 12
) (b .|z| > 1
. 2
2
z +1 1
= )f (z , g(z) = z
)z2 (z i e 1
. 1 f C a m . f a
m . 1f
.(t) = (t, sin t), .C \ t0 . 2
-
17 1434
) 1(
:
:
. 1 .1 f (z) = e z .C
1
Pn , n N f ).(0,1
. 2 .2 C f : C , C f () g
g (w) , 0 .w a )) h(z) = g( f (z a
) f (a .
. 3 .3 C f ) g(z) = f (z .
. 1 .1 f .
f (z) dz = 0 )(0.0.1
.
. 2 .2 C f .
) (a 1 , 2
= f (z) dz f (z) dz )(0.0.2
1 2
f .
) (b F1 , F2 f c C .F1 = F2 + c
,R = 1 + Reit , 0t
4 . 3 .3
cos z eiz
1) lim dz , 2) lim dz )(0.0.3
R0 R z+1 R R (z + 1)2
. 1 .1
{
teit , 0 t 2
= )(t )(0.0.4
t , t 2
, .C
. 2 .2 C \ .(i) = i 2
))log(z . 3 .3 ) ,F (z) = log(z) (z ).(3 3i
(.
. 4 .4 C \
-
23 1434
) 1(
:
:
f (z) = e . z
i
1 .1
.2 |) limz1 | f (z .
.3 } .A = {z : f (z) = 1 ] A [0, 1 .
.4 w C (zn )nN zn 1 . f (zn ) w
.5 g : B(0, 1) C . h ) B(0, 1 .g = eh
.1 .
.2
{
teit , 0 t 2
= )(t )(0.0.1
4 t , 2 t 4
dz
)(0.0.2
z + 2
2
.3 :
dx 2
d
)1 )2 )(0.0.3
x2 + 2 x + 2 0 4 + cos
.1 ) f : B(0, 1) B(0, 1 . f (0) = 0 f (z) = z .|| = 1
.2 .|a| < 1
za
= )a (z )(0.0.4
1 az
.
.3 a || = 1 .|a| < 1
.4 ) f : B(0, 1) B(0, 1 f (a) =
1 ||2
|)| f (a )(0.0.5
1 |a|2
.5 ) f : B(0, 1) B(0, 1 f ( 12 ) = 34 . f ( 12 ) = 43