manor ‘Standalone power systom - Wikipedia
Stand-alone power system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A stand-alone power system (SAPS or SPS), also known
as remote area power supply (RAPS), is an off-the-grid Hybrid Power Systems
electricity system for locations that are not fitted with an Combine multple ourcesto deliver nonintrmitent
electricity distribution system. Typical SAPS include one or __ | *#eticpower
more methods of electricity generation, energy storage, and
regulation.
Electricity is typically generated by one or more of the
following methods:
Photovoltaic system using solar panels
Wind turbine
Geothermal source
Micro combined heat and power
Micro hydro
Diesel or biofuel generator er01m
Thermoelectric generator (TEGs)
Schematies of a hybrid system
Storage is typically implemented as a battery bank, but
other solutions exist including fuel cells. Power drawn directly from the battery will be direct current extra low
voltage (DC ELV), and this is used especially for lighting as well as for DC appliances. An inverter is used to
generate AC low voltage, which more typical appliances can be used with.
Stand-alone photovoltaic power systems are independent of
the utility grid and may use solar panels only or may be
used in conjunction with a diesel generator, a wind turbine
or batteries [12]
Contents
= 1 Types
= 1.1 Direct-coupled system
= 1.2 Stand alone system with batteries
= 2 Hybrid system
3 System monitoring : 2
= 3.1 IEC standard 61724 ‘A typical stand-alone solar PV system at a sewage
Performance assessment treatment plant in Santuari de Liuc, Spain
Load related problems
Gallery
See also
References
External links
Types
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The two types of stand-alone photovoltaic power systems are direct-coupled system without batteries and stand
alone system with batteries.
Direct-coupled system
The basic model of a direct coupled system consists of a solar panel connected directly to a de load. As there are
no battery banks in this setup, energy is not stored and hence it is capable of powering common appliances like
fans, pumps etc. only during the day. MPPTs are generally used to efficiently utilize the Sun's energy especially for
electrical loads like positive-displacement water pumps. Impedance matching is also considered as a design
criterion in direct-coupled systems.)
Stand alone system with batteries
In stand-alone photovoltaic power systems, the electrical energy produced
by the photovoltaic panels cannot always be used directly. As the demand @ _
from the load does not always equal the solar panel capacity, battery banks
are generally used. The primary functions of a storage battery in a stand-
alone PV system are: @ 4
i ay
« Energy Storage Capacity and Autonomy: To store energy when
there is an excess is available and to provide it when required.
* Voltage and Current Stabilization: To provide stable current and ‘Schematic of a stand-alone PV system
voltage by eradicating transients. with battery and charger
+ Supply Surge Currents: to provide surge currents to loads like
motors when required.!41
Hybrid system
The hybrid power plant is a complete electrical power supply system that can be easily configured to meet a broad
range of remote power needs. There are three basic elements to the system - the power source, the battery, and the
power management center. Sources for hybrid power include wind turbines, diesel engine generators,
thermoelectric generators and solar PV systems. The battery allows autonomous operation by compensating for the
difference between power production and use. The power management center regulates power production from
each of the sources, controls power use by classifying loads, and protects the battery from service extremes.)
System monitoring
Monitoring photovoltaic systems can provide useful information about their operation and what should be done to
improve performance, but if the data are not reported properly, the effort is wasted. To be helpful, a monitoring
report must provide information on the relevant aspects of the operation in terms that are easily understood by a
third party. Appropriate performance parameters need to be selected, and their values consistently updated with
each new issue of the report. In some cases it may be beneficial to monitor the performance of individual
components in order to refine and improve system performance, or be alerted to loss of performance in time for
preventative action, For example, monitoring battery charge/discharge profiles will signal when replacement is due
before downtime from system failure is experienced.(]
TEC standard 61724
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IEC has provided a set of monitoring standards called the "Standard for Photovoltaic system performance
monitoring" (IEC 61724). It focusses on the photovoltaic system's electrical performance and it does not address
hybrids or prescribe a method for ensuring that performance assessments are equitable.[*]
Performance assessment
Performance assessment involves:
+ Data collection, which is a straightforward process of measuring parameters.
= Evaluation of that data in a manner that provides useful information,
= Dissemination of useful information to the end user.!71
Load related problems
The wide range of load related problems identified are classified into the following types:
# Wrong selection: Some loads carmot be used with stand-alone PV systems
* House wiring: Inadequate or low quality wiring and protection devices can affect the system's response
1 Low efficiency: Low efficiency loads may increase energy consumption.
« Stand-by loads: Stand-by mode of some loads waste energy.
= Start-up: High current drawn by some loads during start-up Current spikes during the start-up can overload
the system temporarily.
* Reactive power: The circulating current can differ from the current consumed when capacitive or inductive
loads are used,
"Harmonic distortion: Non-linear loads may create distortion of the inverter waveform.
* Mismatch between load and inverter size: When a higher rated inverter is used for a lower capacity load,
overall efficiency is reduced.!9!
Gallery
Solar powered
parking meter
See also
« Australian Greenhouse Office
Building-integrated photovoltaics
Distributed generation
Energy harvesting
Electrochemical energy conversion
Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
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