NHIT NG LC HC K THUT

Thermodynamics engineering
GV: TS. Nguyn Minh Ph
nmphu@yahoo.com.vn
Gio trnh: 1. Nhit ng lc hc k thut
Hong nh Tn & L Ch Hip
2. Bi tp Nhit ng lc hc k thut v truyn nhit
Hong nh Tn et al.
3. Thermodynamics An engineering approach
Y. Cengel et al.
Kim tra: 20%
Qu trnh: 30%
Thi: 50%
 Ni dung
Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn v nhit ng
lc hc
Chng 2: nh lut nhit ng th nht
Cc qu trnh nhit ng c bn ca kh l tng
Chng 3: nh lut nhit ng th hai
Chng 4: Cc chu trnh s dng kh
Chng 5: Cht thun khit
Chng 6: ng c hi nc v my lnh
Chng 7: Khng kh m
Chng 8: ng tng tc - ng tng p
Chng 1: Cc khi nim c bn v
nhit ng lc hc
Cc lnh vc lin quan
NHIT NG LC HC - Thermodynamics
ng c nhit

Nhit C
nng nng

My lnh/Bm nhit
 ng c nhit
My
nhit
My lnh
Bm nhit
My
nhit
V d: ng c t trong
V d: My lnh
NHIT NG LC HC - Thermodynamics
ng c nhit

Nhit Cht mi gii C

nng nng

My lnh/Bm nhit
NHIT NG LC HC - Thermodynamics
ng c nhit

Nhit Cht mi gii C

nng nng

My lnh/Bm nhit
H nhit ng
 Cc loi h nhit ng
He nhiet ong

He oan nhiet: He co lap: chat

He kn: Khong He h: Co trao Khong trao oi moi gii va moi
trao oi chat vi oi chat vi moi nhiet gia chat trng khong co
moi trng trng moi gii va moi bat ky s trao oi
trng nang lng nao
 Thng s trng thi
1. nhit , TSTT c bn
2. p sut,
3. th tch ring (hay khi lng ring),

4. ni nng, TSTT dn xut

5. enthalpy,
6. entropy.
 Thng s trng thi: Nhit

Thang nhit

H SI H IP

Kelvin (K) Rankine (R)

Celcius (oC) Fahrenheit (oF)
Nhit Nhit
tuyt i tuyt i

t T (TSTT)
n v nhit
Thng s trng thi: p sut
n v p sut
 Cc loi p sut
- p sut kh quyn patm (o bi Barometer)
- p sut d pgage (o bi Manometer)
- p sut chn khng pvac (o bi Vacummeter)
- p sut tuyt i pabs
- Chn khng tuyt i
 Cc loi p sut (tt)
p sut tuyt i (TSTT)
 Thng s trng thi: th
tch ring, khi
lng ring

V
th tch ring v
m
1 m
khi lng ring
v V
 V d
chn khng trong bnh
ngng hi ca turbine c ch
s 9,52mH2O, ch s baromet
thy ngn l 740mmHg. Xc
nh p sut tuyt i (bar)
ca hi trong bnh ngng?
Bit khi lng ring ca nc v
thy ngn ln lt l 1000kg/m3
v 13600kg/m3.
S: 0,0534bar
 V d
Mt Manometer c
dng o p sut bnh
nh hnh v. Lu cht c
Gas
t trng SG=0,85, chiu
cao ct Manometer l
55cm. Bit p sut kh
quyn l 96kPa, xc nh
p sut tuyt i trong
bnh?
S: 100,6kPa
The body mass index (BMI)

Category BMI range kg/m2

Very severely underweight less than 15
Severely underweight from 15.0 to 16.0
Underweight from 16.0 to 18.5
Normal (healthy weight) from 18.5 to 25
Overweight from 25 to 30
Obese Class I (Moderately obese) from 30 to 35
Obese Class II (Severely obese) from 35 to 40
Obese Class III (Very severely obese) over 40
Theo WHO
 Nhit dung ring c

He He

cp ca nc?
Ideal Gas vs. Perfect Gas

cv and cp
Ideal gas T-dependent
Perfect gas Constant
 Nhit dung ring mol ca kh l tng
kcal/kmol.K kJ/kmol.K
Kh l tng k=cp/cv
Mcv Mcp Mcv Mcp
Kh 1 nguyn t
(Kh tr: Ar, Xe, He, ) 3 5 12,6 20,9 1,66

Kh 2 nguyn t
(Khng kh, O2, N2, CO, H2, ) 5 7 20,9 29,3 1,4

Kh 3 nguyn t tr ln
(CO2, CmHn, ) 7 9 29,3 37 1,3

M: phn t lng (g/mol)

V d: Tm cp v cv ca kh CO?
k: s m on nhit
 Thng s trng thi: ni nng
ng nng
Nng lng: Th nng
Ni nng
 Thng s trng thi: ni nng (tt)
i vi kh l tng: ni nng ch ph thuc nhit
bin thin ni nng

u =cv T
cv (kJ/kg.K) l nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch
 Thng s trng thi: enthalpy

i = u + pv
 Thng s trng thi: enthalpy (tt)
i vi kh l tng: enthalpy ch ph thuc nhit
bin thin enthalpy

cp (kJ/kg.K) l nhit dung ring khi lng ng p

 Thng s trng thi: entropy

Qu trnh thun nghch Qu trnh khng thun nghch

q Thc t
q
L tng ds= ds=>
T T
Qu trnh on nhit thun nghch:

s = const
 K tn 6 TSTT
K hiu
1 n v tiu biu
Tnh nhit dung ring cp v cv ca 1 KLT

1 2 3 4 5 6
K hiu
n v
 Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng
Kh l tng

Phng trnh trng thi kh l tng (1802)

pV = mRT

pv=RT

8314
hng s cht kh R , J/kg.K
M
 V d
Density?
S: 140,3kg
Introduction to thermodynamics and heat transfer, 2nd, Cengel, p. 136
Cc phng trnh trng thi khc

(1873)

Phng trnh trng thi van der Waals

(1928)
(1940)
Hn hp kh l tng
 Hn hp kh l tng
nh lut Dalton v Amagat
nh lut Dalton
n
p pi
i 1

pi - phn p sut (p sut ring phn)

nh lut Amagat
n
V Vi
i 1
Vi - th tch ring phn (phn th tch)
 Hn hp kh l tng
thnh phn hn hp
Thnh phn khi lng
mi mi
gi
m mi
gi 1

Thnh phn th tch (CNG L THNH PHN MOL)

Vi Vi
ri
V Vi r 1
i
 Hn hp kh l tng
phn t lng hn hp
Phn t lng hn hp
n
1
M hh n ri Mi
gi i 1
i 1 M i

Hng s cht kh ca hn hp
8314
Rhh
M hh
 Mt s cng thc khc
Chuyn i thnh phn
gi
ri M hh
Mi

Phn p sut tnh theo thnh phn th tch

pi ri p
 Khng kh c xem l
hn hp kh l tng gm
cc kh sau vi thnh
phn th tch tng ng:
N2 78%, O2 21%, Ar 0,9%,
CO2 0,1%. Tnh phn t
lng ca khng kh.
 Nhit dung ring hn hp KLT
Nhit dung ring khi lng ng p
n
c p gi c pi
i 1

Nhit dung ring khi lng ng tch

n
cv gi cvi
i 1
 Mt hn hp gm c 0,1kg CO2, 0,18kg CO, v
0,2kg N2. Cho bit p sut ca hn hp l
180kPa. Xc nh phn p sut ca tng thnh
phn v s m on nhit ca hn hp?
Chng 2. NH LUT NHIT
NG TH NHT
 ng c nhit

Nhit Cht mi gii C

nng nng

My lnh/Bm nhit
 Cng
Cng c hc
F

W = F.x
W Fdx
F 2
W Fdx
1
dx [J ] [ N ].[ m]
 Cng (tt)
Cng trong h kn
dV

F=p.A

Mi cht dx

Wtt Fdx pAdx pdV

V2
Quy c du:
hay Wtt Cng > 0 : sinh cng
pdV
V1
Cng < 0 : nhn cng

Cng do s thay i th tch

 Cng (tt)
Cng trong h h
Cng lu ng (flow work) + Cng k thut

wkt
H h
MY NN

2
wkt vdp Chng
1 minh
sau
wkt vdp
 Tm li

Biu din 2 loi cng

ca qu trnh nn kh
trn th p-v
 Nhit lng

84 J/s
 Tnh nhit lng
1. Theo nhit dung ring
Quy c du:
Q = mct Nhit > 0 : nhn nhit
Nhit < 0 : ta nhit
Q m ct
q = ct
q cdt
Ch !
2. Theo entropy
q
ds q Tds q Tds
T
 nh lut nhit ng th nht
H kn
tt

E1 + Q = E2 + Wtt
Hay Q = E2 E1 + Wtt = E + Wtt
Q = U + Wtt

q du wtt
q = dh vdp
 nh lut nhit ng th nht
H h
1 2 1 2
qin wkt ,in ( pv ) in (u V gz ) in qout wkt ,out ( pv ) out (u V gz ) out
2 2

Xt h nhn nhit, sinh cng

1 2 1 2
q w kt ( pv ) out ( pv ) in (u V gz ) out (u V gz ) in
2 2
1 2 1 2 Pt nng lng
q w kt ( hout V gz ) out ( hin V gz ) in
2 2 dng n nh

B qua bin i ng nng v th nng q wkt = h

q = dh + wkt
 p dng PT nng lng dng n nh
Dng qua van tit lu
h2=h1
1 2 s2>s1

Dng qua ng tit din thay i

V d

S: 78,8kg/s; 30oC
 Tm tt

i vi mi cht mi gii i vi kh l tng

H kn q du pdv q cv dT pdv

H h q = dh vdp q c p dT vdp
 Cng th tch
Cng k thut
Quy c du ca cng v nhit
Qu trnh tit lu
Qu trnh tng tc/tng p
4 phng trnh nh lut I
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Qu trnh?
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng

Qu trnh ng tch (isochoric/isometric): v = const

Qu trnh ng p (isobaric): p = const
Qu trnh ng nhit (isothermal): T = const
Qu trnh on nhit (adiabatic): q=0; s=const
Qu trnh a bin (polytropic):
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Ni dung nghin cu

f(p,v)=?

u , s
w, q, h ?
 Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Phng trnh c trng
Xt qu trnh a bin
q c p dT vdp vdp
n vdp n. pdv 0
q cv dT pdv pdv
dp dv
cdT c p dT vdp n 0
p v
cdT cv dT pdv
(c c p )dT vdp

p.vn = const
(c cv )dT pdv

c cp vdp

c cv pdv
p1v1n p2 v2n
c cp
t n n gi l s m a bin
c cv
 Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Phng trnh c trng
Xt qu trnh on nhit
q c p dT vdp vdp
k vdp k . pdv 0
q cv dT pdv pdv
dp dv
cdT c p dT vdp k 0
p v
cdT cv dT pdv
(c c p )dT vdp

p.vk = const
(c cv )dT pdv

c cp vdp

c cv pdv
p1v1k p2 v2k
cp
t k k gi l s m on nhit
cv
 Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Nhn xt
Xt qu trnh a bin p.vn = const
Xt qu trnh on nhit p.vk = const

Qu trnh on nhit: n = k
Khi n = 1 th pv = RT = const ng nhit
Khi n = 0 th p = const ng p

c cp
Khi n
c cv
th c = cv ng tch
 Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
Biu din trn th

8
p T

n=

0
n=
n=0

n=0
O O n=1
n=1
n=1
n=k n=
n= n=k n=k

v s
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
quan h p-v-T

n n
pv p v
1 1 2 2
n 1 pv = RT
T2 p2 n

T1 p1
n 1
T2 v1

T1 v2
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
cng do s thay i th tch

S: 920 J
Cc qu trnh nhit ng ca kh l tng
tm tt cng thc
 Bi tp

nhit v p sut ban u. (0,5 im)

n = 1.205
W = -34.84 kJ
Q = -9.894 kJ
m2 = 1.286 kg
Khong kh i vao may nen vi ap suat va nhiet o
lan lt la p1 = 1 bar va t1 = 300C. Sau khi ra khoi
may nen, ap suat cua khong kh la p2 = 8 bar. Cho
biet lu lng khong kh i qua may nen la 0,09
kg/s. Xac nh cong nen trong cac trng hp sau:
a) Qua trnh nen la oan nhiet.
b) Qua trnh nen la ang nhiet.
c) Qua trnh nen la a bien vi so mu a bien n =
1,25.
d) Ve bieu dien cac qua trnh tren o th p-v. Neu
nhan xet.
e) Neu qua trnh nen ang khao sat la a bien vi
n > 1,25 th cong nen trong trng hp nay nh
the nao so vi cong nen a xac nh cau c.
Nn on nhit 0,1kg/s hn hp kh l tng t
p sut p1=1bar v nhit t1=27oC n p
sut p2=8bar. Sau hn hp c lm lnh
ng p n nhit t3=47oC. tip theo hn
hp c nn ng nhit n p sut
p4=64bar. Bit hn hp gm cc kh vi thnh
phn khi lng tng ng: N2 (78%), O2
(21%), CO2 (1%). Cu hi:
a) Cng sut qu trnh nn on nhit W12 (kW)
b) Nhit lng nh ra trong qu trnh lm lnh
ng p Q23 (kW)
c) Cng sut qu trnh nn ng nhit W34 (kW)
d) Biu din ba qu trnh trn bng th p-v v T-
s.
 Chng 3:
Cc chu trnh s dng kh
GAS POWER CYCLES
 Chu trnh ng c t trong
Otto, Diesel, dual cycle

Chu trnh turbine kh

Brayton

Chu trnh ng c phn lc

Cc khi nim
 Chu trnh ng c t trong
Chu trnh Otto (cp nhit ng tch)

Xem animation
4 stroke internal combustion engine
 Chu trnh ng c t trong
Chu trnh Otto (cp nhit ng tch)

wout

win
Chu trnh Otto Chu trnh Diesel
 Chu trnh ng c t trong
Chu trnh Diesel (cp nhit ng p)
Xem animation?
Diesel internal combustion engine

T s gin
n sm
>1
 Chu trnh ng c t trong
Chu trnh cp nhit hn hp (dual cycle)
rprck 1
t 1
(rp 1) krp (rc 1)r k 1
p3
T s tng p rp
p2
Chu trnh turbine kh Brayton
Chu trnh ng c phn lc
T 3
q1 wT
b
4
2

wC q2
a
1
Hiu sut y

Vinlet Vexit

(Vinlet=Vaircraft)
Mt my bay phn lc bay vi vn tc
260m/s trong khng trung c p sut
0,35bar v nhit -40oC. T s p
sut ca my nn l 10, nhit kh
vo turbine l 1100oC, lu lng
khng kh qua my nn l 45kg/s. Ly
cp=1kJ/kg.K
Xc nh:
a. Nhit v p sut kh sau turbine
b. Vn tc kh ra khi ng tng tc
c. Hiu sut y ca chu trnh.
 Buong ot
Nhien
lieu 1100oC
May nen Tuabin
2 3 kh

rp=10
Ong tang toc
260m/s Ong tang ap
0,35bar 1 ?%
a ?oC 4
-400C b ?m/s
?bar
45kg/s
 Buong ot
Nhien
lieu 1100oC
May nen Tuabin
2 3 kh

rp=10
Ong tang toc
260m/s Ong tang ap
0,35bar 1 ?%
a ?oC 4
-400C b ?m/s
?bar
45kg/s

ng tng p PT nng lng Ta =266.8K ng tng tc on nhit T4 =621K

on nhit pa =0.5623bar PT nng lng V4 =1004m/s
My nn rp p 2 =5.623bar
=38610kW
on nhit T2 =515.1K
=8701kW
Bung t ng p p3 =5.623bar =22.54%

Turbine W MN = W Turbine Tb =1125K

on nhit pb =2.797bar
Mot ong c ot trong 4 th hoat ong theo chu
trnh ong c Diesel cap nhiet ang ap, cac thong
so can thiet nh sau: khong kh hut vao co
p1=100kPa, t1=27oC, t so nen r =18, nhiet o cc
ai cua chu trnh Tmax=2653,3K
1. Xac nh thong so p, v, T tai cac iem ac
trng cua chu trnh.
2. Xac nh hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh.
3. Bieu dien chu trnh tren o th T-s va the hien
bang dien tch cac phn nang lng lien quan:
q1, |q2|, w.
 1 2 3 4
P, bar 1 57,2 57,2 4,19
v, m3/kg 0,861 0,0478 0,1331 0,861
T, K 300 953,3 2653,3 1257,35

qin=1717,6kJ/kg, qout=689,95kJ/kg, =59,8%

 Review
Otto, diesel, hn hp, xng, du, ng tch,
ng p
Khc bit ng c xng v du
Chng 4. nh lut nhit ng
th hai
The second law of thermodynamics
Nhng hn ch ca nh lut I
ng c nhit (Heat Engine)
My lnh (Refrigerator)

(Coefficient Of Performance)
Bm nhit (Heat Pump)
ng c nhit My lnh Bm nhit
ng c nhit My lnh Bm nhit

Chu trnh Chu trnh ngc chiu

thun chiu
 Chu trnh Carnot
ng c nhit Carnot
T
1
q1
q1 q2 wnet q2
TN 2
ct 1
q1 q1 q1

TL 4 3
q2 TL s2 s1
ct 1
s TN s2 s1
-cht lng ngun nhit
TL TN TL
-TN=TL ct 1
-TN hoc TL0 K TN TN
Khng th c bt k ng
c nhit no c th bin
ton b nhit lng nhn
c thnh ra cng.
 Chu trnh Carnot
My lnh Carnot
T q2 TL s3 s4 TL 1
COPR
q1 q1 q2 TN TL s3 s4 TN TL TN 1
TN 1 2 TL

TL 4 3 -TN=TL
q2
-TN hoc TL0 K
s
 Chu trnh Carnot
Bm nhit Carnot
T q1 TN s3 s4 TN 1
COPHP
q1 q1 q2 TN TL s3 s4 TN TL 1 TL
TN 1 2 TN

TL 4 3
q2

s
Khng th c bt k mt
my lnh hoc bm nhit
no c th vn chuyn
nhit lng lng t mt
ni c nhit nh hn
n mt ni c nhit
lng ln hn m khng
tiu tn nng lng
 Tho lun
(Perpetual-motion machines)
 Tho lun
(Perpetual-motion machines)
 ngha ca chu trnh Carnot
T
q2 ADC 65
q1c t 1 1
1 2 q1 AAB 65
TN B
q1
C q2 c A4365
A c 1 1
D
q2 q1c A1265
TL 4 3
q2c

5 6
c t
s
Trong cng iu kin nhit Tmax v nhit
cc tiu Tmin, khng th c bt k mt chu
trnh nhit ng thun chiu no c hiu sut
ln hn hoc bng hiu sut nhit ca chu
trnh Carnot
 Cc hiu sut, COP Carnot
TL TN TL
ng c nhit Carnot ct 1
TN TN

My lnh Carnot TL
COPR
TN TL

Bm nhit Carnot TN
COPHP
TN TL
1. Cho hai ngun nhit c nhit ln lt l 37oC v 197oC. Ln lt
t cc my nhit (ng c nhit, my lnh, v bm nhit) vo hai ngun
nhit . Xc nh hiu sut nhit ln nht, h s lm lnh ln nht, v
h s lm nng ln nht m cc my nhit c th t c?

2. Mt nh pht minh khng nh rng pht

trin mt t lnh lm vic khng gian lm lnh
35oF trong khi nhit phng 75oF v COP l
13,5. Tuyn b ny hp l khng?
3. Mt k s cng b nghin cu c mt loi ng c dng cho xe
t. ng c ny l mt h thng nhit ng kn, khi hot ng cht mi
gii ca ng c nhn nhit t mt ngun kh t c nhit l 1370oC
v nh nhit ra mi trng xung quanh 27oC. ng k s tuyn b rng,
cng sut ca ng c c th t n 60HP khi lu lng kh t tiu th
l 4,5kg/h. Gi s khi t 1 kg kh th xem nh cht mi gii nhn c
nhit lng l 10000kcal. C th thc hin c ng c hay khng?
T tit sau mang theo sch c bng tra ph lc
Chng 5. Cht thun khit

Pure substances
 Tm tt
n lut nhit ng th nht

i vi mi cht mi gii i vi kh l tng

H kn q du pdv q cv dT pdv

H h q = dh vdp q c p dT vdp
 Cht thun khit
L cht/hn hp ng cht v n nh
v thnh phn

Hn hp ca nhiu pha nhng cc

pha c cng thc ha hc ging nhau
Pha v bin
i pha
 Qu trnh ha hi ng p

p T
5

100oC 2
3 4

1atm
1 2 3 4 5
1
v s
 Qu trnh ha hi ng p
Hi bo Hi bo Hi qu nhit
Lng cha si Lng si ha m ha kh

p T
5
Hi bo Lng
si Hi bo
ha kh ha m
Lng Hi bo 100oC 2
Hi qu 3 4
si ha m
nhit Hi bo
1atm
1 2 3 4 5 ha kh
Lng 1
cha si v s
 Kh l tng Cht thun khit
8
T
n=

0 T
n=

n=0
s
s
 T
5
Lng
Hi bo si Hi bo
ha m ha m
2
Hi bo ha kh, mh
3 4
Hi bo
ha kh
Lng si, ml
1
s

mh x = 0 : trng thi lng si

kh x
ml m h
x = 1 : trng thi hi bo ha kh
0 x 1 0 < x < 1 : hi bo ha m
Qu trnh ha hi ng p

1atm
v
Qu trnh ha hi ng p

p
K: im ti hn
Lng
cha Hi Hi
si bo qu
ha nhit
1atm m
v
 p T
K K

v s
v' v" s' s"

f f'
Trong vng bo ha: f f f f = (1-x)f + xf x f ' 'f '
 Cch xc nh thng s trng thi cht
thun khit
1. Bng bo ha
t p v v h h r s s
oC bar m3/kg m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg.K kJ/kg.K

2. Bng lng cha si v hi qu nhit

p,bar t,oC 20 40 60 80
0.04 v
i
s
0.08

 V d
Xc nh h, s, p ca nc bit nhit 30oC v
th tch ring 10m3/kg
Xc nh cc v, i, s ca nc bit: p=8bar;
t=220oC
Xc nh nhit ca nc p sut 6 bar v
enthalpy 2900kJ/kg.
 Ni suy
x0 x x1
y0 y
y? 1
 p
Biu din trn th
K T
p=const

T=const

v s

lgp lgp

T=const

h h
Cc qu trnh ca cht thun khit
ng tch (vd: bnh kn)
q du pdv q = u
ng p (vd: lu cht qua thit b trao i nhit)
q = dh vdp q = h
on nhit (vd: lu cht b nn, gin n)
q = dh vdp wkt = -h
Enthalpy, entropy, ni nng

iti liu 1 iti liu 2

iti liu 1 = iti liu 2
Mot bnh kn the tch 200lt cha 3,5kg nc va
hi nc, ap ke ch 9bar.
a) Xac nh trang thai cua nc va hi nc
b) Tnh nhiet lng cap vao e ap suat tang
them 2 bar. Xac nh nc va hi nc luc
o. Bieu din tren o th p-v.
5kg hi nc trang thai ban au co P=1,2bar,
v=0,1m3/kg. Sau khi gia nhiet ang ap hi nc
co nhiet o t=200oC
Xac nh:
a) Cac thong so trang thai cua hi nc trc
va sau khi gia nhiet
b) Lng nhiet cung cap
c) Biu din qu trnh ln th T-s
Introduction to thermodynamics and heat transfer, 2nd, Cengel, p. 136
Kho st mt bnh kn cha R-22. Cho bit vo lc ban
u bnh ang trng thi cn bng nhit vi mi trng
xung quanh, trng thi R-22 trong bnh l bo ha m vi
kh l x1 = 0,42. Sau khi ly bt R-22 ra khi bnh v
ch cho n khi bnh tr li trng thi cn bng nhit vi
mi trng xung quanh, ngi ta thy th tch ring ca
R-22 tng gp i so vi gi tr lc ban u.
Xc nh:
p sut ch bi p k gn trn bnh tng ng
vi trng thi u v trng thi cui.
Khi lng ca R-22 c trong bnh tng ng
vi trng thi u v trng thi cui.
V th p-v minh ha.
Cho bit: - Th tch ca bnh l 50lt.
- Nhit v p sut ca mi trng xung
quanh ln lt l 30oC v 1bar.
Chng 6. Chu trnh hi nc
VAPOR POWER CYCLES
Khao sat chu trnh thiet b ong lc hi nc lam viec
vi cac thong so sau :
Nhiet o hi nc vao va ra khoi turbine lan lt la: t1 =
6000C va t2 = 450C.
Lu lng nc giai nhiet i qua bnh ngng la 104 m3/h,
o chenh lech nhiet o nc giai nhiet gia au ra va
au vao cua bnh ngng la 60C.
Ap suat lam viec cua lo hi la 100 bar.
a) Tnh nhiet lng cap vao lo hi, va nhiet lng nha
ra bnh ngng.
b) Xac nh hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh.
Mot thiet b ong lc hi nc hoat ong theo chu trnh qua
nhiet trung gian, cac thong so can thiet nh sau;
Hi vao tang au cua turbine p1=10Mpa, t1=450oC
Hi vao bo qua nhiet trung gian la hi bao hoa kho.
Hi ra khoi bo qua nhiet trung gian co nhiet o
t3=450oC
Ap suat ngng tu cua bnh ngng p4=0,05bar
Khi tnh co the bo qua cong tieu hao cua bm cap.
1. Bieu dien chu trnh tren o th T-s
2. Tnh hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh
3. Neu cong suat phat tren truc turbine la 100MW th nang
suat lo hi la bao nhieu T/h
Nh my nhit in hn hp kh- hi
 Chng 7: KHNG KH M
1. KHI NIM

KHNG KH M = KHNG KH KH + HI NC
Th tch V = Vk = Vh
p sut p = pk + ph
Nhit t = tk = th
Khi lng m = mk + mh

KH L TNG
C S L THUYT:
CHT THUN KHIT
Hi nc trong KKA thng l hi qu nhit

0,04241bar t=30oC Hi qua

nhiet
ph=0,027bar

v
2. CC LOI KHNG KH M
a. Khng kh m cha bo ha (A)
p

Qu bo
ha
Bo ha
D B
Cha bo
A ha
p C
hbh p t=const
h
ts

v
2. CC LOI KHNG KH M
b. Khng kh m bo ha (B, C)
p

Qu bo
ha
Bo ha
D B
Cha bo
A ha
p C
hbh p t=const
h
ts

v
2. CC LOI KHNG KH M
c. Khng kh qu bo ha (D)
p

Qu bo
ha
Bo ha
D B
Cha bo
A ha
p C
hbh p t=const
h
ts

v
3. CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M

3.1 M TUYT I

mh
h kg/m3
V
 3. CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M
3.2 M TNG I
h p
f %
hbh
p h h Rh T
hbh
phbh ph max hbh RhT
h
h ph
f T=const

hbh ph max
v
f = 100% khng kh m bo ha
VD: t=30oC, ts=20oC. Tm f?
3.3 CHA HI (DUNG M)
mh
w kghinc/kgkkkh
mk
phV
mh
RhT
pkV
mk
RkT
8314 8314
Rh
18
J / kg.K ; Rk
29
J / kg.K pk = p ph
ph f . ph max
w 0,622 0,622
p ph p f . ph max

VD: t=30oC, ts=20oC. Tm w?

 3.4 ENTHALPY CA KKA

h = hk + whh
kJ/kgkkkh

hk = cp,kt = t
hh = 2501+cp,ht
=2501+1,82t
cp,ht h=2501kJ/kg
0

h = t + w(2501+1,82t)
VD: t=30oC, ts=20oC. Tm h?
 3.5 NHIT NG SNG

p f=100%
w=const
Qu bo
ha
Bo ha
D B
Cha bo
A ha
p C
hbh p t=const
h
ts

v
 3.6 NHIT NHIT K T

f=100%
h=const

Vai cotton sach

Nhiet ke kho Nc cat

t
Nhiet ke t
t
 Quan h t, ts, ph, phmax
m tng i
cha hi
Enthalpy
Nhit ng sng?
Nhit nhit k t?
 V d

t o
( C) tso
( C) t o
( C) f w h
30 20
30 25
20 25
 3. th khng kh m
a. th Carrier f =100%
h, kJ/kgkkk w, g/kgkkk

h = const
ts t t
= khi f=100%
A w=const

o ts t t
t, C 55oC
 h
VD: t=30oC, f
ts=20oC.
Tm f, w, h,
w
t?

t
 th khng kh m
b. th Mollier

f
A
t
f =100%
t
ts
w=const

p , mmHg
h

w, g/kgkkk
Carrier
 4. Cc qu trnh ca khng kh m
a. Qu trnh gia nhit
f=100%
w, g/kgkkk

h2

h1

1 2
w1 = w2

t, oC
 4. Cc qu trnh ca khng kh m
b. Qu trnh lm lnh khng tch m

f=100%
w, g/kgkkk
1 2 h1

h2

2 1
w1 = w2

t, oC ts t2
 4. Cc qu trnh ca khng kh m
b. Qu trnh lm lnh c tch m

f=100%
w, g/kgkkk
h1

h2 1 w1 Lng nc
tch ra/kg
2 kkk
w2

t, oC t2 ts
 Phn bit 2 loi lm lnh
f=100%
khng tch m f=100%
c tch m
w,
w, g/kgkkk h1
h1

h2
h2 1 w1
2 1
2
w2

t, oC ts t2 t, oC t2 ts
t2 > ts1 t2 < ts1
 4. Cc qu trnh ca khng kh m
c. Qu trnh sy

1 2 3

f=100%
Buong say w
Bo gia nhiet
(calorifer)
h2=h3

h1 3 w3

2
w1=w2
1

t, oC
 Bi tp
Khong kh am trc khi i vao dan lanh co t1 =
320C va f1 = 80%. Sau khi ra khoi dan lanh, ngi
ta thay t2 = ts1 100C va f2 = 100%, trong o ts1
la nhiet o ong sng ng vi trang thai khong
kh trc khi i vao dan lanh. Cho biet lu lng
khong kh i qua dan lanh la 7500 m3/h.
1. Ve bieu dien qua trnh ang khao sat tren o
th h-w va t-w.
2. Xac nh nang suat ly thuyet cua dan lanh.
Mot thiet b say thong dung gom quat calorifer buong
say, san pham ti luc a vao buong say co khoi lng
m =800kg, san pham sau khi say kho at yeu cau co mc
=500kg, thi gian say =3gi. Khong kh vao calorifer co
thong so: nhiet o nhiet ke kho t1=30oC, nhiet o nhiet ke
t t =25oC, nhiet o khong kh ra khoi calorifer t2=60oC,
nhiet o khong kh thai khoi buong say t3=35oC.
1. Bieu din cac qua trnh nhiet ong cua khong kh
am tren o th h-w.
2. Tnh lu lng quat cua may say [kg/h]
3. Tnh nhiet lng cap cho calorifer [kW]
Cac ton that phu cua may say co the bo qua.
Chng 8. Chu trnh my lnh
REFRIGERATION CYCLES

Expansion
valve
Lm lnh nh th no?
 My nn
1 2

Van
tit
lu 3
Thit b bay hi
4 Thit b ngng t
Tit lu

nitrogen
Khao sat may lanh co may nen hi loai mot cap. Cho
biet:
Tac nhan lanh la R-22.
Trang thai tac nhan lanh au ra cua thiet b ngng
tu (trang thai 3) la long soi ap suat 22 bar.
Trang thai tac nhan lanh au vao cua may nen
(trang thai 1) la bao hoa kho nhiet o 50C.
Nang suat lanh cua may lanh la 50000 Btu/h.
Xac nh nang suat nha nhiet cua thiet b ngng tu.
 Dan lanh
ien tr

t1 = 27,5oC
t2 t3 = 27,5oC
f1 80%
f2 f3 60%
m = 50kg/s Qo

1. Bieu din qua trnh tren o th t - w va h w

2. Tnh lng nc tach ra (kgnc/s)
3. Tnh nang suat lanh cua dan lanh (kW) va cong suat ien tr (kW)
4. Cho biet he so lam lanh cua may lanh la 3,5. Tnh cong suat may nen
(kW)
Cho ap suat kh quyen la 1bar. Giai bang phng phap tnh toan.
Chng 9. ng tng tc - ng tng p
Nozzles Diffusers
 Tc m thanh c

Tc m thanh
trong khng kh
Kh l tng -73oC v 27oC?
S Mach
 High-
Regime Subsonic Transonic Sonic Supersonic Hypersonic
hypersonic
Mach <0.8 0.81.2 1.0 1.25.0 5.010.0 >10.0
 Concorde - Supersonic airliner
Maximum speed of Mach 2.04
with seating for 92 to 128
passengers

On 25 July 2000, Concorde

crashed in France

Concorde entered service in 1976 and

continued commercial flights for 27 years.
Hi nc 1MPa v 350oC chy trong 1 ng vi
tc 300m/s. Xc nh: vn tc m thanh v s
Mach trong hai trng hp sau:
a) Hi nc l kh l tng s: 608 m/s
b) Hi nc l kh thc (cht thun khit) s: 604m/s
 Tc v hnh dng ng

dA 2 dV
( Ma 1)
A V
ng tng tc
 ng tng tc nh dn

V 2 2( h1 h2 ) V12

V 2 2(h1 h2 ) Kh l tng V2 2c p (T1 T2 )

 ng tng tc nh dn
Trng thi ti hn
V2 c
Ma=1
p2 pth
1 2 m max
pth

p1
 T s p sut ti hn
0.1 0.3 0.2

0.08
0.15

0.2
0.06
m (kg/s)

m (kg/s)

m (kg/s)
0.1

0.04
Kh 1 nguyn t Kh 2 nguyn t Kh t 3 nguyn
0.1 t v hi nc
0.02
0.05
qu nhit

0 0 0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PressureRatio p2/p1 PressureRatio p2/p1 PressureRatio p2/p1

k
2 k 1
Kh l tng
k 1
nh hng ca p sut mi trng sau ng

pb p sut sau ng
1 2 (back pressure)

p2 pth
iu kin:
p2 pb

pb > pth p2=pb khng t trng thi ti hn ng ra

pb < pth p2=pth t trng thi ti hn ng ra

V2 c; m max
 V d
Khng kh 1MPa v
600oC i vo ng tng tc
nh dn. Din tch ca ra
ca ng l 50cm2. Xc
nh lu lng qua ng
khi p sut mi trng
sau ng l:
a) 0,7MPa
b) 0,4MPa
s: a) 6.397 kg/s
b) 6.862 kg/s
 V d
Khi i vo ng tng tc nh dn, hi nc c
nhit v p sut ln lt l t1=450oC v p1=14
bar. Cho bit ng knh trong ca ng tng tc
nh dn ti ca ra l d2=25mm v p sut mi
trng sau ng l 1 bar.
1. Xc nh lu lng v tc hi nc ti
ca ra ca ng. Nhn xt?
2. V th h-s minh ha
ng tng tc hn hp (Laval)

Ma=1

C ng
pb

Ma<1 Ma>1
p1 Ma=1 p2
pth

p1 > pth > p2=pb

Laval-nozzle-(longitudinal-section-of-RD-
107-jet-engine)
 Bi tp 6.11
Hi nc c p1=20bar, t1=400oC gin n on
nhit trong ng tng tc Laval n p sut
p2=2bar. Xc nh tc v tit din ti c v
ca ra ca ng bit lu lng hi nc l 4kg/s