Causative Verbs

We use the causative structure when we contract the

service of another person.
The main aspect is that we dont do the
action; someone else does it for us, and we
pay for it.

The formula is Have something done

The verb have can be used in any tense present,

present perfect, past perfect, etc. It depends on the
context implied in the sentence and/or the time
expressions that appear in the sentences.
 Ben always has his car
repaired in the same auto
mechanic centre.

Ricks having his hair cut by

the new hairstylist.
A British modal:
Neednt
 Neednt is an exclusively British modal;
it doesnt exist in American English.

It can appear in sentences related to the past.

When we say that someone needn't have done
something, it means that they did it, although it was not
necessary.
Examples:
- You needn't have washed the dishes. I would've
put them in the dishwasher.
- I needn't have prepared all that food. They phoned
to say they wouldn't be coming.
 Didn't need to is also sometimes used in this way:
- You didn't need to wash the dishes. I would've put
them in the dishwasher.

We mainly use didn't need to to say that something

was not necessary under circumstances where it was
not done.

Here, we didnt do the action because it wasnt

necessary.
 Examples
- The sun came out so we didn't need to take any
rainwear on the trip.
- We had plenty of petrol in the tank so I didn't
need to fill up.
- We didn't need to wait for long for them. They
arrived just after us.
 In conclusin,

needn't have + past participle = when we did

-

didnt need to

Lets practice with some sentences.