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Biofilm forms when bacteria adhere to surfaces in aqueous environments and begin to
excrete a slimy, glue-like substance that can anchor them to all kinds of material such as
metals, plastics, soil particles, medical implant materials, and tissues. A biofilm can be
formed by a single bacterial species, but more often biofilms consist of many bacterial
species, as well as fungi, algae, protozoa, debris and corrosion products.

1: individual cells populate the surface

2: EPS* is produced and attachment becomes irreversible
3 & 4: biofilm architecture develops and matures
5: single cells are released from the biofilm
EPS*=extracellular polymeric substances

Where do biofilms occur?

Literally on you and all around you. Some well known
examples include:
Sticky bacterial scum on teeth that promotes plaque formation
Contact lenses (if not properly sterilized)
Indwelling catheters contribute to large numbers of hospitalborne
infections
Your shower curtain!
The lungs of people with Cystic Fibrosis disease
 Bacterial infection of heart valves
Corrosion on metal pipes
Thick, often colorful, biofilms called microbial mats live about
the geysers of Yellowstone National Park and can be hundreds
of years old.

Flagella are attached by a hook and rings that anchor it to the cell wall of the microorganism.
In gram-positive bacteria (A) the rings are located in the cytoplasmic membrane and the
flagella passes through the peptidoglycan to the outside environment. In gram-negative
bacteria (B) there are additional protein rings in the outer membrane.

Motility test medium

demonstrates if cells can swim in a semisolid medium. A semisolid medium such as O.75%
agar is inoculated with the bacteria in a straight-line stab with a needle. After incubation, if
turbidity (cloudiness) due to bacterial growth can be observed away from the line of the
stab, it is evidence that the bacteria were able to swim through the medium.

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