HA HC NH TRNG

(H2N2)-n mn kim loi l hin tng t n mn v ph hu b mt dn dn ca cc vt liu

kim loi do tc dng ho hc hoc tc dng in ho gia kim loi vi mi trng bn ngoi.

1. Cu to ca kim loi v nh hng ca n n qu trnh n mn:

Cu to ca kim loi c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh n mn kim loi. iu kin bnh

thng kim loi v hp kim u trng thi rn, c nh kim, dn nhit, dn in, tnh cng
ngh tt, Kim loi c cu to mng tinh th, cc nguyn t c sp xp theo mt th t
nht nh. Gia chng c khong cch. Cc ion nguyn t trong kim loi khng chuyn ng
hn lon m n ch dao ng xung quanh mt v tr cn bng. Mi lin kt trong kim loi v bn
cht th ging mi lin kt cng ho tr. Nhng c im khc l cc in t ho tr trong kim loi
khng ch dng ring cho 1 cp lin kt ng gn nhau m dng chung cho ton b khi kim
loi. Cc in t ho tr sau khi tch khi nguyn t kim loi th chuyn ng hn lon, n i t
qu o ca nguyn t ny sang qu o ca nguyn t khc to thnh lp my in t. Mi
lin kt c bit gi l lin kt kim loi. Tuy nhin trong kim loi cn tn ti dng lin kt
cng ho tr. Hai dngny c kh nng chuyn ho cho nhau.

2. S n mn kim loi

n mn kim loi l hin tng t n mn v ph hu b mt dn dn ca cc vt liu kim loi

do tc dng ho hc hoc tc dng in ho gia kim loi vi mi trng bn ngoi.

Khi nim g kim loi ch dng cho s n mn st hay hp kim trn c s st vi s to thnh
sn phm n mn ch yu gm hydroxt b hydrat ho. Kh nng pht sinh n mn ph thuc
nhiu yu t ca vt liu kim loi, tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi gian, p lc.

Phn loi n mn

a Da theo qu trnh n mn n mn c chia ra:

1. n mn ho hc

2. n mn in ho.

1/6
HA HC NH TRNG

b- Da theo mi trng Tu theo mi trng ngi ta chia ra:

1. n mn trong kh : xy, kh sunfuar, kh H2S,2. n mn trong khng kh : n mn trong

khng kh t, n mn trongkhng kh m, n mn trong khng kh kh.3. n mn trong t.4.
n mn trong cht lng (kim, axit, mui,

Nh vy : Dng n mn xm thc l do s chuyn ng tip xc gia cc b mt vt rn v

dng chuyn ng ca cc cht lng, cht kh. (n mn ho hc); Dng n mn do tip xc vi
cc mi cht nh a xit, baz v c tc nhn in gi l n mn in ho . Kim loi en: nh
thp, gang b n mn mnh nht. Thang n mn c xp theo bng sau :

3. Phn loi mc chu n mn ca vt liu

a s kim loi u b n mn (b r) khi tip xc vi mi trng , mt s rt t b r hn ch hoc

lp r c kh nng t bo v ly n. Kh nng pht sinh n mn ph thuc nhiu yu t: loi
kim loi, tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi gian, p lc.

2/6
HA HC NH TRNG

V d:

Mg: b g nhanh trong khng kh, nhng khng r trong mi trng nc bin

Al: c kh nng chng g mi trng khng kh, nhng d b ph hu mi trng kim.

Cr: chng g i vi axt v c nhng d g trong axit hu c ( axit axetc,

H2S)

Thp Cr Ni: C kh nng chu c mi trng axit chua.

Zn ( km): Chng g tt mi trng nc lnh, nhng nhit ln hn 60 (T0>600 ) th

d b g.

Cu trc ca g cng khc nhau: g vng, g b mt, g ngm, g t bong, g vng bn

3/6
HA HC NH TRNG

nhm
a/
c/
4.Cc
phn
Do n
n
mi dng
mnmn
ng n
u,
la
ho
trng
ho mn
b/
chn,
hchc
m n b
hayd/
kim mt
mn
n
lin
loi khng
mn
kt
tip gia
ho u,
xc, cc
hc.
c tinh
nhiu th.
yu t (th
nc m,
L
mi
n
dng
sunfua,
benzen,
V
n
v
V
O2
Hin
Fe3C
Qu
Nhm
li
kh
tc
Hin
mn
d
Brm
Lu
n s
trng
ph
Ti
d:
+
snng
lng
Fe n
tng
+
trnh
dng
ho
mt
nhin
:hunh
ph
mn lng
hu
th
1/2
CO2
H2O
(Al)
tng
mn
Cc
(ch
ph
hu
do xung
mt
ngn
ngn
cc
hc
tc
rt
xy
FeO
mt
O2
l =
mt
liu
cht
kim
=
3
yu
xy
quanh
dng
mnh
hu
nng
chm.
khng
ho
cc+
cc
nguyn
bon.
cn
cn
cc
lng
O2
3Fe
Fe
loi
bon
khng
chm.
chyl
khra
ca
bon
+
qu
Sau
qu
bon
vi
i
=>
+
t2
do
CO
s
trong
::c
ch du
tc
in
thp
CO
CO
cha
nhiu
vi
ph
Fe3O4
ca+
lm
trnh

hp
do lH2
mi
ho,
dng
thp
yuvcc
thp
kim
xm
ly
kim
hu cht
l
gim
:trng
cc
gang
+
khuych
Cr,
hydro v
tt
W,
xng,
Brm
thit
don
loi
mnh
O2

nhp
gi
xm
qu
=>
gang
nht
Mn
b,
thun

bon,
tn
l
du
lng,
vi
ca
c
kh
thc
ng
nhit
Ti.
trnh
Fe2O3
cng, :
dng
hinca
khong
Cu,
kh
v

mi
ca
lu
(O2,
dn
trong

ViSn,
xy
chu
cc

tngnng
hunh
phn
cc
S2,
ho
trng
tng
bon
dn
cc
thng.
Ni,Pb mi
yu

ra
nhin
ng
Cl2,)
nng
yu
;kim
thpmi
c
mn
kh,
ho
loi
ngoi
hn.
bn
hydro
liu
vi
cc
v
cn
:ca02,
trng
chy,
bit
Al
b
Hay
hc
bonN2,
lng
nhit
gim
cc
v
ni
gang
mt.
sulft)
dung
cc
gia
ln
cch
gii
nguyn
Cr c
v
cht
vt
cc
mikhc
cao.
hn
lp
thp
t
gy
khng
liu
hp
hu
n
xyd
W,
kim
nhm
l
cra
cht
hi.
Mn
cc
in
qu
nh
loi
cht,
ch
ly
trnh
chng
c
vi
c
Fe3C
Phn
loi.
Fe
Hi
S
400C
Cu
Trong
Cu2O
Hi
bn +
n
+ H2
nc
O2
nc
v +
ng2
mn
mi
+ =H2
=>
H2
gy ny
Fe
trong
ca
(>400C):
= +
Cu2O
trng
2 3Fe
lm
H2O
phn
kh
Cu +
gim CH4
ng
hydro
hydro
+ H2O lng
thny
i
ng cc
thot
vi ng
xytbon
ra v
cng
thng
b kh tolm
: ra
xy kh
ph ra CH4
hu
nhitlm
lin ph
kt
hu
trong
trn mi
kim lin
loi. kt trong kim
S
6Cu

NiS
ny n+
nhit
nm
to mn
SO2
thot
cao
thnh nn
vng ra
nhng
ca:hp
khqua
Cu2O
3tinh
Ni +ng
+gii
cht vt
sunfuar
SO2 Cu2S
Ni nt
ht bin
=lmnh.
(SO2)
NiS
Ni2S2 +gii
ph i ht
2 v
c vi
NiO
nhit
milm
ng
ph
lin :kthu
nng v mi
chylm lin
thp
gim (kt trong
khong
bn625kim
nhit.loi,
oC) lm
cc gim
hp cht

Cc
(1)
(2)
(3)
hu
5.
L n
(ch
in
trong
khc
NaCl,
Cht
N
mn
vipin
nhiu
Hin
Ta
ly
khng nhm
Tc
Qu
(4)
nh
qu
do
Qu
mn
xut
ca
ho
dung
in
hidratho.
mn
tip
so
tng
thnh
bit lykim
trnh
kim
c
vi
theo n
khng
ngi
phn dch
xc).
in
rng
H+hin n
trnh
in
pht
ta
xy
mnh
yu
n loi
mn
ho
ymn
tng
xy
ho:
loi).
nggi
in
:ra
trn
hydrat
ng
trong
v mn
OH khc
ho
sinh
in
:Tc
khi
:thng
H2SO4
l
phn xy
theo
ho
dung
ly
HCl,
l
b dng
ho
-. ho
dng:nhau
hc
dng
ho
theo
kim

mt
Trong ra
xy
thi
dch
loi
xy
mt
HNO3,
tc,
hc.
mn
tip
n
ncth
khng
chm
ra
gian
in
mn
phn
to kh
rt
cht
tip
ra
hng
t
H2SO4
axit
mn

xc, 2nng
i;
hn.
in

hu
hiu
xy
thnhkh
nguyn
t chiu
nhanh
in
chuyn
xcvng
nht
ncvi
ho
ly b
nhng
cn
mi
long,
c,
cng
ra
r
ph
mtkhicc
bn

cht n
dy
ng
khc
nh
xygi
bin.
khng
gckim mn
lp
ccto
trng
ra
trong
mui
cht
v
ch nhau
tl
ba
loi
Bn
tc
105.
phn
cng
kh ho
nn
vng tng
cht
kim
in
trn
mnh
z:
baz,
tip

mn
mtcht
ly,n hc
lp
in
loi
b cng
tuyn
xyt
phn
lit
NaOH,
nc
xc
in
mn
gy
lng
cc mt
cc
v
vi rt
ho
n
in
mi
nguyn
rt khc
tnh
gii).n
so
tc
dng
kim
nybn
vi
l
(tr
nguyn
mn
nh ta nhau.
ttheo
loi.
mn
n
cc
n
mi thi
vng;
mn
ion
Qu
vng
NH4OH),
cht
trng
ho
cn
in
cc xy
tm
hydro
phn H2O.
ho
in
ra gian.
tc
trng
in ho
chuyn
hiu
trnh
ho
in
cc
mnh
lin
tl dn
phn xy
hc.
l
n
hin
do
kt
nccc
mui ho
in
ng
s
lit
cc mn
(n
vi n
tng
hn
phn
xy

4/6
HA HC NH TRNG

Do
mt
Cc
lng
Qu
vo
mng
nhau
nhau.
n c
trung
ion
dunglin
cc
trnh
th
licatm
khkt
sp
dch.
n
ca nh
tch
cht
nng
mn
nxp
S in
vy
in
nc
ny
di
b nn
lydng
hng
chuyn
mt
cng
ho cc
trong
tit
l v
khc
dophn
trong
dung
xc ngi
i
kh
v t
khng
dch
hi nc
ta
nng
chuyn
phi gi
nc
gian
ca
c khng
phn
u
gi
vo
mt
ion lin
bt
dung
kim s
nng nc
lc ly
loi
dch c
hidrat
ht
lngl
tch mt
phn
tnh
ho.
in
in
khi trung
ly. t
ko
i
b lng
ca
iontm
mt
vicc
kim in
cc
cacc.
phn
loitch
kim
n t
ra
v m
loinc
:khi v
chuyn
khc
-hin
dch
in
Nh
b
Khi
v
V
Zn
vo +mn
Qu
trong
1.
(hay

d:
hnh
y v
t
tiptrnh
Qu
ho.
dung
vy
ta l
dung
lp in
kim
gii
vi
Nhng
H2SO4
trong
trn)
km ant
catt
dn
trnh
Cc
dch.
loi
trong
nhng pin).
nguyn
H2SO4
xc
in b
dch
vi ho
phng
mu
ho
tch
vin.
ant
cht
b
qu
thanh
nhn
ZnSO4
dung bao
in
xy
(xy
Zn
loang
tan
trn
kp. mn
trnh
kim gm
t.2.
+ho
to
vo ra
n
trong
tng
dch,
b
S gii
loi
dung
H2
mt
3
trn
nhn
mn
nn
ccQu
vo

dung
vt
s qu
phng
dng
in
bbcmt
dch
ln
ion
d trnh
in
trnh
dch
hnh s
nhy
kim
in t
ho,
dung
long
(khng dic
cc)
catt
thnh do
kim
in
H2SO4
loi
t bn:
chuyn
l
dchkim
(qu
H2SO4:
theo
s
blp qu
loi
th loi
in
long
tchquy
hidrat
intrnh
trnh
t
hot
gia
inly,
vb
ant
lut
ho,
tch xy
n
oxy
ng
trn
b
hidro
m.n
kp
ccmn.3.
ti
ra
ho.
mt
b
mnca
trn
nh
mttt,
kim
(H2)
Trn
ca
ion Ion
ho
kim
b Qu
kimcc
scn
kim
1thot
pin
loi m)
trnh
ta
to
hc
mt
loiv
loi cc
loi
gildn
.dung
nn
ragii ion
chuyn
Tc
(kation)
nh qu
l
hn lp
dch
in
trnh
pin
dch
hnh
2 :n
in
xt
s n
pha vo
chuyn
in
kh
cc
mn dung
tch
mn
trn
chuyn
s cc
ly.kp
ca
xut

bng
T
in
c
ca
Qu
ho.phng
b
trnh
Khi
kh
bao
phngn
tath
khng.
mt
bng
trnh
hon
K
gm
xy gia
kim
php
hiu
nhng cch
b
nguynloi
nguyn
trnh
racc
chl mt
tnh
I1;
thun
in
thanh
do chn
tsang
haykim
bton
I2km
cc
tch l in
dung
mt
khloi
qu
nghch
kation
ca
Zn v cc
kimvi
xc
indch
trnh
ion
nh
vo
(ion dung
chun
tnh
s
v
loi.
km.m
sau:
dung c
dch
btrhidro
cc
dng)
Khi
dch bc
sgi
tuyt
hydrat vnhy
cation
cn
ca
mui
bng
kim l
quy
ho
tin
i
ca in
c
gi
dung
loi
ta nnn
cth
l
in th
in
(vngi
in
dti
qu
dch
dngcc. th
cc
b
tab
trnh
n
in in
ZnCl2) ch
mt
ca
xy
Ngha xc
mt
trao
thcc
ltit
kim
i nh
I1chun
kim
qu
dngxc.
loi.tr
=loi
trnh
in
I2 Hin
s
ca
gi
v
oxychnh
tng
trao
ta nay
hidro
l cha
qu
ho
c
ilch
i
v
ch

Phng
=

T0Eo
in
c
Trong
nghch)
ny
Bng (Eo
tin
=vith
tnhtrnh
so
25C,in
thc
gia in
dung
ttrn
kim
snh,
hyro
in thnng
c th
cc
ta
tiu cin
ngi
in
v
kim
dch,
loi
khng ngha
nng
ion
chun ta
th cc
loi
th
dung
o
kim chun)
o
quy
ca khi
ph
nhit
thuc:
ion
dch.
trc
in
loi
c
kim =
tip
th
trong
E0
loi kim
in l
gi
dung
025C 20C.
loi,
tr
cc
vn. tuyt
dch: Xt
nng
1gi
iu phng
dung
ca
kin
ion/l intrnh
dch
chun:
v gi th trnly,
l in
in ta
cc
th thy
nhit khi
cn, C
bng
chun. =lc,
piu1 th
(thun
kinE

5/6
HA HC NH TRNG

Nh
c
n
in
in
n.
n
vt
ly,
t,
(tinhth
v
tip
lch)
Trong
bin
tn
Ngi
kg
xut
6. mn
Cu, vy,
dng
ththo
cc
thin
nc,
gii
xc
k
hin nhng
hoc
php
ta
37 tan
kim
chun
in
ht,
c cc
nc
gia
thut,
kim

nay.
kg s
khc th
loi
ho
thin
di
loi
c Pb chun
nkim
m
dng
doc
no
bin,
cc
l
tc
phc
tnh th
mn
nloi
hn
tch
dng
kim
Lng m
cng
dng
dng
rng:
t
mn in
no
th
ni
s (kim
loi
loi,
n C
m
cc
cc
),
in
mn
vi
ccn
chung
hng
hiu1Angc
th
:th
th
r,
ng
loi chun
kim
nhau
khng
l
bit
ngy,y
y
tng
thm
lc li
loi
hin
dng
tnv H+
dng
kim
mv
thtnhng
hngy
cra
loi
nhng
i
ch
cn
tng
nguyn
in
do khi
c
ph (+).
c
ngay
xy
hc.
gi
1 nckim
tnh
xut
chiu
nhn
trong
mndung
in
bin
gia
ra khng
hot
hin
v
khi
hi,
b
vthdch
cc
a
cntip
chim
kr khi
bn th
ngca
chun
dng
cu
kim
xc
phi
thut
hng10%y
in
cht n
trc
vi
loi
vi
c
nm gy
nH+
dngv
ho
mi
ikimra
tip
vi
nhiu
gyg ho
hn
cckhi
cao,
trng,
sng
30% loi
xc
nh
tn tan
ra dung
kim
thit
khng
vi
lng
ltht
v th
khi
kh
dung
b
ni
90 kim
dch
loi
mui
ng
cng
cng
kim cloi
quyn,
kg dch
trn.
loi
to
Fe ca
th
ca
nht
trnh
ln.
S in
,sn
11
6.4Nguyn
6.1
bo,
phm
gy
dng
hc
hnh
6.2
ni
6.3
i
vic,
TS.
Ngun Thiu
mt
khi
iu
cho
mi
my,
Nguyn
lun


Do
c,
Nhit
Dinh vn
cn
nhm
tip
Nguyn
ti
l, nhn
php
kin
s
mn
ho
Minhhnh
khng
bng,
nhntun
xc
trng
ca bi
cam
ln
nhn ca
nh
khi
tnh
MXD-VN/SCCK.TK trn
th
do
nhau;
b
mi
Diem dovn
trong
vn
pht
ma
lm mi
:Do
mt
khc
ca cc
khng
b
tip
hin
chdu
st
Ht mn
hnh
vn
va
yu
tip
vic
trng
chi tc
chm,
cc
m
tt,
hnh
cu
mi,
xc
ti
thay
tit;
bn sgy
qu
s
cc
Mc dng.
v

trong
khi
trng
i
ngoi c
nn.
hn
iu
trong
phn
lm hng
khi
thay
tnh.
v
c thay
kin
Lp
qu
my
hc
vic;
t
Do
nhit
kh du
v
ghp
kim
i trnh
Bi
ti
ho,
my,

km,
loi qu
khng
thut
ca
trng
lm
t lm
bkhng
Doti;
mi
mi
khi
ng vic.
vic. khi
chun
cc
Khng
sa
vn
Qu
cht
trng
lmmn
vic
kim
Do cha
nn
hnh
ri
nhit
tra thng
gii
bn
dnh
rt
thay
hiumi
kp
hn
Bi
li.
tch
bm
i
tthi.
ghp
xuyn
trn
thi
t,
vo
ng.
chnh
sinh hay
khng
Do
khng
gian
b
cc
ra,kim
cc
dovn
mt
ch
lm u
sn
m
tra
hng
chi
bin bo
tit
lm

6/6