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    6 Borehole PDF

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    Sony Alfarizi

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    of 10
    Integrating Borehole and Seismic Data Integration of wireline and seismic data not only enriches the confidence of seismic interpretation, but can be eruc je approach the fundamentals of data integral ‘Tying Well and Seismic Data PHIL SCHULTZ (moderator) “The integration of wiceline and seismic data is rarely stag ‘watt, Where clo you begin? "THANG NGUYEN Ideally, you can introduce wireline data during one oF more phases of handling seismic data curing data processing, inespre tation or reservoir characterization. The most critical element of, integration is what we call the seismic tie—the linkage between seismic and borehole data. And by integration, I mean moving borehole measurements into the spatial picture constructed from seismic data. This tie is easy in vertical wells but difficult or Bo uae impossible in deviated wells. iodo SUE RAIKES Etudes et Productions niin “The vertical seismic profile (VSP) allows you to perform a thre. ‘way tie—well log, VSP and surface seismic data. Examining these. ties, oF misties, gives you a much better sense ofthe source of terror. This can be a powerful too! for vertical ray path (zero offset, ‘or “walk-above") VSPs. The VSP also provides interval velocity information, and, where the geometry provides lateral coverage of the subsurface (lfset source VSPs and walk-above surveys in| deviated wells), the VSP allows us to do some mapping ancl test ‘our structural interpretation. NGUYEN ‘Another value ofthe VSP is tha its inversion! can recover some: acoustic impedance values that might be missing from wells with incomplete log data | would therefore rank sonic velocity as the jst important parameter in tying fog data to suriace seismic data, Itallows you to switch back and forth between time and depth domains. Clamart France Jerry Korlula Schlumberger Well Sevices Houston, Texas, USA 36 Oilfield Review Fred Metrailer ‘Amoco Production Company Reseaach Center Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA Lee Lawyer Chevron Exploration and Production Services ‘Houston, Texas, USA Woody Nestvold Shell Internationale Petrofoum ‘Maatschappii B.V. The Hague, The Netherlands | al for seismic data acquisition and processing. Here we convene five industry experts to discuss how they WOODY NEsTvOLD. Tying the wellbore and seismic trace? is nontrivial. Aer doing ‘many three dimensional (3D) seismic surveys worldwide, we leamed that subsurface structures are not what we thought. Faults, for instance, tend to be more fractal-like than smooth This implies that many mis-ties are clue o our inadequate understand ing of subsurface structure. It's easier to tie a well with 3D seismic than with two-dimensional (2D) because you have a greater den sity and volume of data and because outot-the-plane effects have been corrected by 3D migration. With 2D, you're lucky ifthe well falls on the seismic section. But with 3D, there are always seismic lines that tie with the well NGUYEN Except for eservoits with complex structures, we've found that in most cases 2D processing ties better with the well because we ‘can account for borehole information better than when process ing 30 data. With 3D data, is not yet possible to interact all the processing parameters withthe logs. This is partly because of the large volume of 3D data, and also because much of 30 dala pro: cessing fs automatic. This makes it ficult to do quality control fon corrected common midpoint gathers? by comparing the recorded seismogram with the synthetic seismogram.t RAIKES ‘At British Petroleum (BP), the question of 2D vs. 3D comes up fre: ‘quently, especially regarding estimations of wavelets? and acous- lic impedance. n general, where we have 3D seismic we also have more wells and ean do more tes. This gives a clearer picture ‘of where changes are related to the wavelet, and where you can and can’t confidently perform an interpretation. 1 Inveion of Portes scat ds fe to timation ofan coat Inyeince ed! fom mvssured ia A funder dict wth nero 8 "rung aurea md can be ut fo he sae dt, orton & ‘ttc consi tetra ar menses such a nel as function o ine 2.Aseimicvace san acute cde tne can ch 3. Acranen midpoint gather tof ec aces tht he he sae suc Peinrbrtccen source atl rcev poston sod may be sured i neck Cae 4. Asim esmogram a artical sec tection ead found by como ‘heralectvityfnctin, baie rm drat and onc vlc log dt wth the ‘eee tha sinltenav accune soagy ple veg veg eat, S.A wavelet the fler—1 combination of source recording sytem sponse apd preg ctl 6. Migaton the proces by which efector soon the sekmic econ ae ened 7.A z0o-pase wave dls te highs pose emporio for aes recone quency ang. folactay the MODERATOR ‘What do you do to inctease the accuracy of your ie? RAIKES Ir we have surveys of different generations, we can estimate ‘wavelets on different lines, This gives us some hope of seeing where mis-ties ave related to wavelet timing and perhaps where they're related to problems with migration. Detecting these causes of misties can be difficult using the nonideal orientation of a 2D survey, MODERATOR. Say you make a good estimate of wavelet character atthe wel itself What does that allow you to do? RAIKES Knowledge of the wavelet allows you todo further processing, such as converting the seismic section to zero:phase.? Detailed Inexpretation of seismic data is often based on micromodeling, which also depends on knowledge ofthe wavelet, Micromodeling is detailed! modeling ofthe seismic waveform in a paticulae zone inorder to refine the interpretation of subsurface lithology, partic ularly how it varies laterally away from the wellbore. “Thang Nguyen Elf Aquitaine Sue Raikes Pau, France British Petroleum International, Ld. Sunbury, En 37 ‘MODERATOR ‘What are the most common reasons for lack of good tie? NGUYEN Seismic and log data are often assumed to be correct, which isnot always the case. We often find tha the seismic data will give evi- dence of a poor log reading from, for instance, a gas effect, caving ‘invasion. When we see this, we check withthe log analyst 10 cconfitm whether there is a problem with the log ata given depth But usually, when logs are of good qualiy, we find a good match between log and seismic data. We can't say our data are errr free, but we have ways to determine their quality For example, in ‘most cases | have confidence in bath data sets if a properly pro: cessed VSP and a properly processed synthetic seismogram agree LEE LAWvER The geophysics’ fist—and not necessarily corect—assumption is thatthe logs are wrong when they disagree with surface seismic data. Geophysicists have a general mistrust of the sonic log because of hole problems or poor quality contol daring acquis tion. Most geophysicists don't understand logging acquisition parameters as well as those of seismic measurements, s0 they dis Card the sonic ifit doesnt te with the seismic data. This can be a fatal error, because the seismic data may be impropety pro cessed. Ths ean introduce atfacts into the seismic data that pre- vent them from tying well information, JERRY KORDULA Which is more likely to tie wth surface seismic data, the synthetic Soismogram constructed from borehole measurements, or the VSP? RAIKES ‘We've seen both. Sometimes the surface seismic has problems, for example, with deconvolution. In this case, the synthetic seis 'mogram may tie much better tothe VSP than either of them eo to the surface seismic. We then investigate the causes of mismatch, The logs have to be wel calibrated—the sonic logs have to be tied to the surface using a VSP or check shot survey. Where log calibration and reliability are good, we see a good match between all three—at least in areas of low structural complexity for where we have a 3D survey. ‘you can believe the wavelet, shen You can confidently equalize your dara for subsequent interpretation of lithology, pore fll and so on 38 ‘Seismic Acquisition and Processing MODERATOR Let’ tak about sesmie acquisition and processing, Athi stage, how important are data integration techniques? Lawyer ‘A key aspect of data integration, prior to the acquisition of seismic dat, is conversion of wieeine information to model daa in order to plan seismic surveys and an overall exploration strategy I you looking fra sand channel, you might bul a staigraphic nl depositional model from wireline data to decide what vari tions ae key othe tapping mechanism. Say you have a simple sand that i pinching out upp. Can the seismic data resolve that problem? To help us estimate the answer, we use the tadtional model tudy—a reservoir mode based on witeline information ‘Another approach isto determine the velocity within the area, Using wireline information to assess regional velocity information can help us pick field acquisition parameters, suchas offset and line o receiver spacing, The wireline information crives the slec- tion ofthe survey planning parameters. saints In general, there are three ways that borehole data can make seis mic processing more effective. One, borehole data can provide a second measure of velocity, which s especially useful when you have problems picking your sacking velocity. Two, borehole data can help establish the optima fold of slack. Where taces, partic larly those at far oft, are distorted by high noise levels, deco ‘olution atacts or uncompensated ampltude-verssoffet {AVON eet, including the inthe stack may recace the quay the final section, The optimal fold can be estimated by examin ing te match between the syhetcsesmogram a a seties of slacks generated using races within inte offset ranges Awd three, borehole daa can provide an estimate of the spectrum of the unerying reflectivity. Satistical deconvolsion assures the specttum is at—and i athe picture ofthe subsurface ram the dleconvolvedsefamic section wil be distorted, itis possible to ‘compensate fortis efiect an inprove the quality f the section. Wireline data are ao useful if you want to do further proces ing, such as correcting the phase ofthe section prior to calculat ing absolute acoustic impedance. Here, wieline dota help in est ‘mation ofthe wavelet, which can then be converted © 2e%0 phase on the seismic data, and they provide low requeney Infor Imation so that you can get an absolute acoustic impedance NEsIvOID Borehole data can also help when the surface seismic suve involves multiple sourceeceiver combinations. We had th problem in 1985 when we shot a 3D survey over Rotterdam —a Aificul place to survey because of sets, a busy harbor and sas houses, We used airguns and hydrophones inthe harbor, Nibroseis!® and geophones on city sees and dynamite and eo phones in parks. This vaition in sourcereceiver pairs means tach acquisition technique produced a liferent wavelet, We extracted wavelet foreach ype of ourcefecever pai and cali brated to borehole data where avalable. We used these wavelets to equalize the races as they appear on the processed 3D sure This equalization allowed us to wash out nearsurace eects sae t0 aration in sourcelecever pairs, making the final survey a mote reliable indicator of subsurface geotony This kine of work i tremendously complex. But ifyou can believe the wavelet, then you can confidently equalize your data for subsequent interpretation of ithology, pore ill and so-on, We do this equalization befor stack. Oilfield Review LAWYER ‘We also prefer belore-stack equalization. Like signature deconvo- lution! it is done early in the processing so that subsequent pro- ‘cesses will be uniform, You won't face ciferent wavelets NEsTVOLD “That's where the well logs come in. You can use log and seismic data to determine the signature. LAWYER The big gap in our seismic data that wireline is going to fill isthe measurement of shear velocity. Now we make gross assumptions about shear velocity to decile whether an AVO response is expected, knowing that we can create false AVO responses by poor data processing. To make the processing believable, we must be able to match our model response to the observed data. This problem willbe solved when the new dipole shear sonic logging tool becomes more widely available RAKES Shear measurements will be important for understanding AVO anomalies in both hard and soft formations. Standard (monopole) {ull waveform sonic measurements often don't give good readings ‘of shear velocity in shales. Having the Poisson’s rato justin san is of litle use because seismic amplitude is influenced by the Poisson's ratio contrast across the sanclShale boundary. This can be a limitation in core analysis, unless your core samples all for- ‘mations. Typically, cores provice a data sot just for the reservoir and nothing for the nonreservoir. Recently introduced dipole mea. surements, where available, help address this problem. However, tying logged shear velocities fo those seen by suriace seismic is dificult, particularly for marine surveys. Lawyer ‘Shear logging will become especially valuable in the US gulf coast, ‘where you can sometimes pour the core from sand out on the table, Preserving the sof shales is not much easier. I’ dificult to {gt them back tothe lab without some heroic procedures. But pre- dlicting AVO anomalies and tacking them away from the borehole is not the whole slory. We need! a way to tell when AVO anoma- lies result from changes in lithology versus changes in fluid type, ‘We don't want to pick an AVO anomaly and diil a hard streak KORDULA, ‘When we speak of AVO effects we usually mean surface seismic data, Can you learn more about AVO effects from the VSP? RAIKES ‘Although conceptually you have a better chance to learn more from VSP than from surface seismic surveys, in practice VSP does rot tell you more about the AVO. We studied afew cases ancl did't find much advanvage to the VSP in this respect. In general, to achieve a suitable range of incident angles in a VSP, without the subsurface reflection point varying significantly, you wind up with a wide range of offsets and a complicated acquisition geom- tty In this case, compensating for source effects (static, radiation pattern) and applying proper gain corrections can be dificult. We twied to model the VSP response in advance to aid in planning the survey, but what we predicted did not match our field recordings. This was partly because we lacked the shear velocity information, ‘needed in addition to available compressional velocities, for proper presurvey planning, July 1995 Conquering Mountains of Data MODERATOR ‘Are workstations enabling you to perform data integration you ccouldh't before, or the same tasks but more easily? FRED METRAILER The workstation definitely improves cfficiency. Rather than having cams of paper strung all around your office, you have the infor- ‘mation all on one screen, The chief advantage ofthe workstation is tha it allows you to mocity your interpretation and immediately see the consequences of your modification. This is far better than sending it infor processing and looking at it two days later, won- dexing, “Now, why ddI send this in?” ‘One application of the workstation isin the estimation of shear velocities from compressional data." We compare information in ‘our extensive rock data base with log measurements in order to improve our estimates of rock properties. In integrating these data ‘with seismic, we have gone to a common operating system—the \window-based UNIX system. Ths allows us to transport files from one operating system to another and immediately integrate ‘well and seismic data 1A check shot wy tht menses nena seme ave ie ve Ahh hie wed to caleate tne o depth fora pen wel nautice inc oat the rn anc om cure ce, wie oe ‘Vato hozonal disance between sae lest andere positon 10, Anpitideversc ote VO) tec fer anon inthe ape he ‘etumang energy wth ree othe dite aed othe feces Hom he source. Wilden A anal Nuon Ke “Cerin Coloured inary Reet in Dec “hin” Gesu Prospecting 36 148 28-297, 12, Mafcof Comins Oi Company. 1, Signa econo i process by which oe alent rene vari fone cura om he tae replace tee source wae a Suter nae shape: Tas Jone sn mds sc, for example ha he ‘cond woul ok ie wih difeence swe. 1H. Recent pp on eintin of shee selctis or compen at ‘i Sas PL Leet PS GC aa illo PM: “Buran of Pand ‘ive etc fom 2-0 Rtleeon Dat Set and ppt to Dect dream Deecon 6h SG Anal Msn Exped bso Sin Farcteco, Clon US, Seplenber 1327, 1950" 181-1184 {deta and Garkhout A-Loal inven of PFS SP aS Reectons ‘Goh StC Aust eins Egunded Asta, San anes, Caos, USA, Guat, Yllenox Cand Grange PY:"Conpaing -D Operations and Res fe Conve 3 Wave, 6 SEG Anil Mtn, Expand Asc, San Fane, calfamla, USA, sepenie 2.27, 1990 1086 Toe. Soc RT: Convene Wave SV Monet Estimation” 60h SEG Anal wing Expanded Absit, San Fane, Calta, USA Sayer 2327, Toon toe CGR and Spence TW Welch Characins of Pave in Aria” 60 Se Avastin Fant Abc, sn ance, Cor, 0S se ber 2027 190 138-138 15, drm of ART 39 No correlation |+between sonic and density—>| Density Sonjo only: reflectors missing data (Courory ot BP Inornatenal) Sa aos Megaured seismic survey NesTVOLD Inthe Shell companies, we don't have a choice, Workstations are ‘essential By the end of 1990, our companies outside North ‘America recorded about 50,000 square kilometers (km) (20,000 square miles slightly more than the area of The Netherlands— ed 1 3D seismic data, Most ofthese surveys were recorded in the last wo or three years, indicating that growth in the number of 3D ‘surveys is clearly exponential." Without workstations, we could never make use ofall thi information. MODERATOR How is Chevron coping with this growing mountain of datat Lawyer In the past, we have used simple, ad hoc solutions. Interpreters solve their own problems independently by brute force, building files and somehow making those files available. Now there are industry-wide efforts at large-scale data management. A lot ofthis involves communication links between software programs and data bases, which are necessary for full data integration. In ‘Chevron it's a critical isu. The seismic people need ready access to:wirelin information ina form they can use. A og printout af a ‘well deviated 20 degrees i of almost no use to the seismic spe- Cialist t must be readily available ina usable form. KORDULA "Now that we've begun to address the problem of integrated soft ‘ware, is software assisting in the task of data integration? 40 LAWYER Integrated data management—and I use the term cautiously—is the wave ofthe fature, Inthe past, we had stand-alone systems, dedicated to specific tasks: one workstation for 3D seismic inter- pretation, another for data processing, and a third for built models, But the trend is toward integration because the disc plines need to use each other's data. At this morning's [SEG] ses- sion, we saw demonstrations of a 3D seismic survey interpretation that led rectly to ceservoir characteristics.” It included maps that the reservoir engineer could use immediately. Today, this is atypical—the results usually have to be moaified and redrawn by development geologists tobe of value to reservoir engineers. Pitfalls Integration KORDULA, ‘What are the most common problems and ptialls in wieline/seis: ric integration? RAKES ‘The density log is often an averlooked piece of wireline data. All {00 often we make da with just the sonic log and either assume ‘constant density or, moe usualy, that sonic and density logs €or relate, so we can just ransforn velocity into density. Then the acoustic impedance and reflectivity re effectively based on the Sonic alone. Ihave an example showing how the density log can bee important in determining the character ofthe seismic data (above). The example isa sonic log section displayed in two-way time. tis virtually featureless, bt stiong events appear if You include the measured density. These events match the surface data much more accurately. Without the density log, you might have ether complained about the inaccuracy or uaveliability of the sonic or worried about what happened during processing. Oilfield Review Lawyer ‘A general problem in wireline/Seismic integration isthe avalabil ity of necessary data. Geophysics often have to be assertive and let. the reservoir engineoring group know that we need sonic logs inorder ta te seismic data to the borehole. This soften citicut lo achieve because reservoir engineers don’t need sonic velocity; they need porosity or density. We frequently have to prompt them lo make sure they don’t forget to run the sonic logs. NestvoLD ‘An additional problem with logs is that they tenl to be run over short intervals, Production people will log only over the produc ing interval. This doesn't pve us enough synthetic information to clerive an adequate wavelet. | think in many cases we aced not nly longer log intervals but sonic logs from mace wells [General agreement RAIKES Production wells ae also normally deviated, which complicates derivation of a wavelet. BP tries to ensure thal there is an ade= quate density of vestical wells ina feld—say, within 5-key = rile circles across the field—so that you can have a proper tie swith a sonic log NESTVOLD {have an example that illustrates a related problem: the apparent lateral shit in the pesition ofa rellector because of tay bending after 3 time migration (igh). You need to account fo this eflect 10 properly tie seismic ancl wireline data. Ray bending, or the Hubral effect, is due to lateral velocity gradients in the overbur: dlem above the subsurface target. Ray bending causes time maps to be shifted laterally when converted to depth Its important 10 make Hubval effect corrections, or your reflector will not be where you expect, In ather words, if you have a lateral velocity tion that was not accornmexdated by a processing step, com- monly refered to as depth migration, then the final image section fram the seismic will show anomalies in the lateral position as ‘well asin the vertical position ofthe final image reflectance. This example shows a tack from a 3D migrated data set in The Netherlands. A synthetic seismoura i spiced inte the profile at the surface tie ofa vertical well, indicated by the well schematic on the figure. At the well position, correlation near the target is ot good between the suface seismic and the synthetic. The anhiydrite-carbonate complex at 2.25 to 2.3 seconds is thicker on, the syrthetic fn the well than on the seismic, But about 175 16. Oosroan 3.0 sean as Eplortion Tool” 6th SEG Anu Me yuna sacs San Francs, alfa USA, Serer 2527, 1§ ks: Artbue Estacion: An inp Apttin in Ay Oda 2.0 Intestin Sey SG Ana etn Ep Aree Sn ‘eo, Calor, USA Sep 132230. 774r aso RA EM a EEN Ft et pres ‘her papeson Shells developnent of sDsasines: ‘Nesta ED “Te Use of 30 seis In Exploration, Abra an Fld Deo ‘raceme ofthe ith Ud Pern Congres vl 2 Chahost Neo EO: "The Use 0 Sein Expat art Pt.” sted the. Gas Peach! Seri Bagh, tam, Co 1 10 199. 'Spanered by ne tory nr eure ern gan en PHD Sess Grong Use aoa,” Pew Expo. England paper Dalley RM Covers ECA, San GM, Davies Gat CN aie PA and Meme G1O."Dapand Aaiath Dy fo 3D Stic eretaton Fis ano 19091 8698 17. Ali WL, Nese, Tae Sand ight BM: Medea echelon Old ‘ees By arco eld Resist SUG Anal Mest apa ‘suet Sn Fc, Calon, USA Seems 227,990: 777 July 1991 Tire, 986 ‘orection of ray bending CHubrat” effect) for improving the tit of synthetic and measured seismograms. The synthetic is spliced Into the 3D seismic section at two surface locations: (1) ihe ‘surface position of a vertical well, indicated by the woll ‘schomattc, and (2) about 175 meters southeas!, indleated by the aurow. For this shifted positon, the excellent tie at depth (ho: strong rellector from 2.2 10 2.3 soc) verlles the magnitude of the anhydrite carbonate complex. (Courtesy 2 Shel Internationals Petioleun Macschapps BV {0th pornssan ofthe Yer Pts Congres nl the cuter. From rlevonce 16 NestOra ED, 1937} 4 ‘meters [574 feet to the southeast, indicated by the arow on the figure, the synthetic ties the seismic exactly. This verifies our est ‘mate of the magnitude of ray beneng, which demonstates the Jmportance of accounting for lateral shifs. A shift of 175, ‘meters—about two [USA] football felds—may not sound ike ‘much, but is quite a lot. MODERATOR To account for these velocity shits you can't just cess the surface seismic data. How do you do it? NEsTVOLD ‘One way is to search atthe depth of interest fora place where the ‘well and surface selsmic data tie. We determined a velocity model based on borehole information anc on velocity estimates magle in processing the 3D seismic data, and did an afterstack. mmigration. The ultimate objective isa 3D before-stack depth migration, where velocities are determined in connection with the processing. We can't do this yet, but that's our goal. MODERATOR In building the velocity model for the eventual afterstack depth gration, do you make use of velocities infered from logst NESTVOLD Absolutely. We use log-

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