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Week 9, Lecture 2
Absorption
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Major Techniques for
Capture/Elimination of Gas
Pollutants
Oxidation to form nontoxic compounds
Chemical reduction to form nontoxic
compounds
Adsorption onto solid surfaces
9Absorption into liquids
Biological oxidation to form nontoxic
compounds
Condensation of vapors to form liquids
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The Absorption Process
The transfer of material from a gas (absorbate) to
a liquid (absorbent)
Transfer is based on the preferential solubility of a
gaseous component in the liquid
Also known as scrubbing or washing
Examples include removal and recovery of NH3 in
fertilizer manufacturing
Control of SO2 from combustion source
Control of odorous gases from rendering plants
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Mass Transfer in Absorption
diffusion
5
Types of Absorber Control
Equipment
Packed bed tower absorbers
Spray tower absorbers
Tray tower absorbers
Venturi Absorbers
Ejector Absorbers
Biofiltration Bed Absorbers
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Gas out
Gas Absorption
Equipment
Packed bed
absorbers most
common
Counter-current flow
tower configuration
Gas flow enters
bottom of tower and
flows upward
Gas in
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Gas exit
Gas Absorption
Equipment
Another counter-
current flow tower
configuration
Gas in
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Cross-Flow Scrubber
Gas
Flow Gas
in Flow
out
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Packing Elements
Lessing ring
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Packing Elements
Packing material provides a large surface
area for mass transfer
Packing elements made of plastic
(polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinylchloride), ceramic or metal
Sizes range from 1 to 4 inches each
Design depends on corrosiveness of gas,
scrubbing liquid, size of absorber, static
pressure drop and cost
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Packing Elements
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Spray Tower Absorber
Simplest device used for absorption
Consists of open vessel and a set of liquid spray
nozzles to distribute scrubbing liquid (absorbent)
Limited efficiency because of limited contact
between gas and spray droplets
Used when gases are
extremely soluble in absorbent
Chemical reaction in liquid
could cause clogging
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Gas Absorption Equipment
Spray Tower
Full Cone Nozzle
Co-current Spray Tower
Scrubber
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Tray Tower Absorber
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Packed Tower
Design
Diameter and height of the
bed can be estimated for this
design
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Simplified Design of Packed
Absorber
1. calculate value of
L g
0.5
abcissa =
G L
In the Generalized Sherwood flooding and pressure
drop correlation graph
L = mass flow rate of liquid
G = mass flow rate of gas
g = gas density
L = liquid density
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(G ' ) 2 F 0L.1
G L g
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Simplified Design of Packed
Absorber
3. use graph to find ordinate at the flooding
pressure drop, P
Goperating = G f
Where
Goperating = actual flow rate per unit area (lb/ft3-s)
f = coefficient (0.75)
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Simplified Design of Packed
Absorber
6. Calculate packed bed diameter on the actual
gas flow rate per unit area in the system
4 Tower Area
Tower Diameter = Note correction
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Problems with high gas flow
Channeling: the gas or liquid flow is much
greater at some points than at others
Loading: the liquid flow is reduced due to the
increased gas flow; liquid is held in the void
space between packing
Flooding: the liquid stops flowing altogether
and collects in the top of the column due to
very high gas flow
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