-

( )

ca=cb a=b
-:

A0 A .BC

...
-1
2 -1 1 1 2 4
=A 0 2 5 =, B 3 2 0
3 1 4 1 1 -2

-1 0 3
=C 5 1 2
0 3 -2

(A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C -)1
(A (B + C) = AB + AC -)2

-1 X
1 3 2 4
X =
5 0 -3 6

-2 A AA=A2 AAA=A3 :
n( AA------A=An )
 -
( )

3 -2 1 4
=A =B
0 1 2 -1

:
2 2 2
(A + B) = A + AB + BA + B

-3 A,B AB=A , BA=B A2=A

B2=B

-:

-1
( )Zero Matrix or Null Matrix
0 .
) B=(bij mxn ( Square -2
)Matrix n m=n , ----- ,
b11 , b22 bnn ( )main diagonal .

1xn ()Row Matrix -3

mx1 )(Column Matrix -4

) B=(bij n -5
( )Lower Triangular Matrix bij=0 ij
( )Upper Triangular Matrix bij=0 ij
 -
( )

6 8 5 2 0 0
0 -2 7 6 3 0
0 0 1 4 -1 8

-:


.
) B=(bij n -6
) (Diagonal Matrix bii
i=1,------,n bij=0 ij
)diag(b11 ,b22 , ------- , bnn

) diag(b ,b , ------- , b -7
)(Scalar Matrix

7 0 0 -:
.3 0 7 0
0 0 7

) diag( 1,1,-----,1 -8
)(dentity Matrix
n n .

1 0 0 1 0 -:
= 3 0 1 0 =,2
0 0 1 0 1

= = , ----
 -
( )

-:

.
-:
4 5 6
=A
1 2 3

:
2 A =A 3 = 2 A 3 = A .

A , B -9
AB=BA

A , B
AB=-BA
)(Skew-Commutative

3 2 4 1 -:
=A =, B

2 3 1 4

:
14 11 14 11
=AB =, BA
11 14 11 14

 -
( )

:
1 -1 1 1

=P =,Q
2 -1 4 -1

1 -1 1 1 -3 2
=PQ =
2 -1 4 -1 -2 3

3 2 -3 2
=QP =-
2 3 -2 3