Laser Engraving Machine

Nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin 2016 i hc Cn Th
ti: May gia cng kh c va c t CNC dung tia laser cng su t nho Khoa Cng Ngh
DANH SCH CC THNH VIN THC HIN TI
STT H v tn n v Nhim v
1 Vo Minh Tri Khoa cng ngh Cn b hng dn

Trng i hc Cn th
2 L Vi t Anh Lp C i n t 1, K39, Ch nhim ti

Khoa Cng ngh
Trng i hc Cn Th
3 L Vn Gin Lp C i n t 1, K39, Thanh vin chinh

Khoa Cng ngh
Trng i hc Cn Th
4 Dng Hoang Nam Lp C i n t 1, K39, Thanh vin chin

h
Khoa Cng ngh
Trng i hc Cn Th
1
MUC LC
DANH SCH CC THNH VIN THC HIN TI ..................................1
DANH MC BNG ..................................................................................................4
DANH MC HNH ...................................................................................................5
THNG TIN KT QU NGHIN CU CA TI .......................................6
NHN XT CA NGI HNG DN V NHNG NG GP KHOA
HC CA SINH VIN THC HIN TI (PHN NY DO NGI
HNG DN GHI): .................................................................................................7
THNG TIN V SINH VIN .................................................................................8
CHU TRCH NHIM CHNH THC HIN TI ......................................8
TM TT ..................................................................................................................9
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................10
CHNG 1. M U ...........................................................................................11
1.1 T VN ..................................................................................................... 11
1.2 MC TIU TI ............................................................................................. 12
1.3 PHM VI TI................................................................................................ 12
1.4 I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU .................................................... 12
CHNG 2. C S L THUYT .......................................................................13
2.1 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V THIT B LASER................................. 13
2.1.1 Khi nim .................................................................................................13
2.1.2 Phn loi thit b laser ..............................................................................14
2.2 GIA CNG BNG TIA LASER .................................................................... 17
2.2.1 Khi nim im hi t ..............................................................................17
2.2.2 Phng php xc nh ..............................................................................18
2.2.3 Cch tin hnh ..........................................................................................19
2.2.4 Kt qu th nghim ...................................................................................20
2.2.5 Xc nh su ct ca tia laser bng phn phi nng lng Gausian ...22
2.3 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V CNG NGH CNC.............................. 24
2.3.1 Khi nim .................................................................................................24
2.3.2 Tng quan.................................................................................................25
2.3.3 Ngn ng G Code ....................................................................................25
CHNG 3. THIT K C KH ........................................................................29
3.1 CU TRC TON MY ...................................................................................... 29
3.2 KHUNG MY .................................................................................................... 31
3.3 TRC X, Y ....................................................................................................... 33
3.4 TRC Z............................................................................................................. 34
3.5 TRC A TRC PH DNG GIA CNG VT TH TRN XOAY .............................. 36
CHNG 4. MCH IN ....................................................................................37
2
4.1 TNG QUT MCH IN................................................................................... 37

4.2 B IU KHIN................................................................................................. 37
4.2.1 Mch 128x64 ............................................................................................37
4.2.2 Arduino Atmega 2560 ..............................................................................38
4.2.3 Ramps 1.4 .................................................................................................39
4.3 DRIVE NG C BC ..................................................................................... 40
4.4 MCH IU KHIN LASER V LASER 2 W ........................................................ 40
4.4.1 Mch iu khin laser ..............................................................................40
4.4.2 Laser 2 W .................................................................................................42
CHNG 5. PHN MM .....................................................................................43
5.1 INKSCAPE ......................................................................................................... 43
5.2 J TECH PHOTONICS LASER TOOL...................................................................... 44
5.3 HORIZONTAL G-CODE TOOL ............................................................................ 46
5.4 GIMP2 ............................................................................................................. 46
5.5 PHN MM MARLIN ........................................................................................ 48
CHNG 6. KT QU V THO LUN .........................................................49
6.1 KT QU T C ......................................................................................... 49
6.2 HAN CH .......................................................................................................... 51
CHNG 7. KT LUN V KIN NGH .........................................................52
7.1 KT LUN ........................................................................................................ 52
7.2 KIN NGH..................................................................................................... 52
PH LC .................................................................................................................55
TRUY XUT GCODE T TP NH 2D TRNG V EN ............................62
3
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1 S liu th nghim .........................................................................................20

Bng 2 Mt s lnh G-Code thng c s dng cho my khc laser [11] ...........27
Bng 3 Thng s k thut mch arduino atmega 2560 .............................................39
Bng 4 Thng s k thut ca laser 2W ...................................................................42
4
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1. Mt s thit b laser ph bin ....................................................................14
Hnh 2.2. Laser rn ....................................................................................................14
Hnh 2.3. Laser kh ....................................................................................................15
Hnh 2.4. Excimer laser .............................................................................................15
Hnh 2.5. Laser bn dn ............................................................................................16
Hnh 2.6. Laser bn dn ............................................................................................17
Hnh 2.7. Minh ha im hi t ca laser .................................................................18
Hnh 2.8. Controller Yamatake SDC10 ....................................................................19
Hnh 2.9. B tr th nghim tm nhit ti im h t ca laser.............................19
Hnh 2.10. th phn b nhit ca laser theo cao ........................................21
Hnh 2.11. Nhit t c ti im hi t ca laser ............................................21
Hnh 2.12. Cch thc hot ng ca mt h thng CNC..........................................25
Hnh 2.13. Ngn ng G-code ....................................................................................26
Hnh 3.1. Thit k c kh tng th ca my ..............................................................29

Hnh 3. 2 Bng v chi tit khung my.......................................................................30
Hnh 3.3. Khung my ................................................................................................31
Hnh 3. 4 Kch thc bng v ...................................................................................32
Hnh 3.5. Dn ng trc X v Y ca my .................................................................33
Hnh 3.6. Dn ng trc Z ........................................................................................34
Hnh 3. 7 Bng v trc Z ...........................................................................................35
Hnh 3.8. M hnh thit k ca trc A ......................................................................36
Hnh 4.1. Tng quan mch in ................................................................................37

Hnh 4.2. Mn hnh iu khin thng minh 128x64 .................................................38
Hnh 4.3. Mch Arduino Atmega 2560 .....................................................................38
Hnh 4.4. Ramps 1.4 ..................................................................................................39
Hnh 4.5. S cc chn mch drive ng c bc 2 pha .......................................40
Hnh 4.6. S mch iu khin ..............................................................................41
Hnh 4.7. Mch iu khin laser ...............................................................................42
Hnh 4.8. Laser 2W ...................................................................................................42
Hnh 5.1. Giao din lm vic ca phn mm Inkscape .............................................43

Hnh 5.2. Cc thng s cn thit lp cho tin ch m rng J Tech photonics laser
Tool ...........................................................................................................................45
Hnh 5.3. Cc thng s cn thit lp cho tin ch m rng Horizontal G-code Tool46
Hnh 5.4. Hnh nh trc khi x l ............................................................................47
Hnh 5.5. Hnh nh sau khi c x l bi phn mm GIMP2 .................................47
5
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC CN TH
THNG TIN KT QU NGHIN CU CA TI

1. Thng tin chung:
- Tn ti: May gia cng kh c va c t CNC dung tia laser cng su t nho
- Sinh vin thc hin:
+ L Vi t Anh
Lp: C i n t 1 Khoa: Cng ngh Nm th: 3 S nm o to: 4.5
+ L Vn Gin
+ Dng Hoang Nam
- Ngi hng dn: Vo Minh Tri
2. Mc tiu ti:
- Trn c s giai ma cng ngh kh c va c t laser tai nh m mu c ic h ch ta o thanh
cng may kh c laser lam cng cu phu c vu sinh vin nganh c i n t trong vi c ve,
kh c va c t nhanh cac v t th oi hoi chin h xac.
3. Tnh mi v sng to:
- Ch to thnh cng my khc laser chy bng th nh. Vn hnh my khng cn
s dng my tnh nh cc my CNC truyn thng.
4. Kt qu nghin cu:
- Ch to thnh cng my khc laser cng sut nh.
5. ng gp v mt kinh t - x hi, gio dc v o to, an ninh, quc phng v
kh nng p dng ca ti:
- Lam cng cu h tr c lc cho sinh vin nganh C i n t ta i PTH tay ngh
CT - T ng Hoa. Kh c phu c nhng ha n ch ma vi c ho c t p, nghin cu va
sang ta o cua sinh vin khi cha co s h tr cua may kh c laser.
- Giup sinh vin (C i n T) n m c c u truc may CNC va nguyn ly kh c
laser t o sinh vin co th v n hanh, bao tri, thi t k , ch ta o, l p rap cung nh
phu c vu vi c ao ta o.
Ngy 30 thng 12 nm 2016

Sinh vin chu trch nhim chnh
thc hin ti
(k, h v tn)
L Vit Anh
6
Nhn xt ca ngi hng dn v nhng ng gp khoa hc ca sinh vin thc

hin ti (phn ny do ngi hng dn ghi):
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, nhm nghin cu cn gp nhiu kh khn v
kinh ph v thi gian thc hin. Tuy nhin, nh nhng n lc ca cc thnh vin trong
nhm nghin cu ti hon thnh c mc tiu ra. Ngoi ra, cc em cn
khc trn mt s qu lu nim trn nhiu vt liu khc nhau (bt ch, qu, nht k, da,
mo cau,...). y l im sng to ln ca nhm nghin cu t c.

Xc nhn ca Trng i hc Cn Th Ngi hng dn
(k tn v ng du) (k, h v tn)
V Minh Tr
7
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC CN TH
THNG TIN V SINH VIN

CHU TRCH NHIM CHNH THC HIN TI
I. S LC V SINH VIN:
nh 4x6
H v tn: L Vit Anh
Sinh ngy: ngay 01 thang 01 nm 1994
Ni sinh: Mn, Cn Th
Lp: C in T 1 Kha: 39
Khoa: Cng Ngh
a ch lin h: p ng Hin, x ng Bnh, huyn Thi Lai, TP.Cn Th
in thoi: 01656966547 Email: anhB1305770@student.ctu.edu.vn
II. QU TRNH HC TP (k khai thnh tch ca sinh vin t nm th 1 n nm

ang hc):
* Nm th 1:
Ngnh hc: K thut C in T Khoa: Cng Ngh
Kt qu xp loi hc tp: Kha (HT : 2.82 / 4 RL : 95 / 100)
* Nm th 2:
Kt qu xp loi hc tp: Kha (HT : 2.86 / 4 RL : 91 / 100 )
S lc thnh tch: t thnh tch tt trong cng tc on v phong tro thanh
nin (Giy Khen)
* Nm th 3:
Kt qu xp loi hc tp: Kha (HT : 2.85 / 4 RL : 91 / 100
Xc nhn ca Trng i hc Sinh vin chu trch nhim chnh
Cn Th thc hin ti
(k tn v ng du) (k, h v tn)
L Vit Anh
8
TM TT
ti nghin cu khoa hc My khc v ct CNC dng tia laser cng sut

nh nhm mc tiu ch to my gia cng CNC dng tia laser bn dn c kh nng
khc v ct vt liu mm nh da, vi, g, nha, vv v c vn hnh c lp vi
my tnh. My s gp phn lm gia tng tnh thm m v gi tr ca cc sn phm m
ngh v lu nim, gim thiu lao ng chn tay ca con ngi. V c thit k
hot ng c lp vi my tnh nn s c trong gia cng do my tnh b li bt ng
i vi phng php iu khin thng thng c loi b. My c thit k
da trn nn tng cng ngh CNC, cng ngh laser, mn hnh iu khin thng minh
v s dng phn mm thit k v x l ha min ph Inkscape xut tp tin nh
dng G-code cho my hot ng. My c ch to thnh cng vi kh nng gia
cng chnh xc vi thm m cao trn cc vt liu mm v c th c vn hnh
hon ton c lp vi my tnh trong qu trnh gia cng vt th.
9
ABSTRACT
Low power laser cutting and engraving CNC machine research aims at
making a CNC machine utilizing laser diode for cutting and engraving on soft
materials such as leather, textile, wood and plastic etc. And being able to operate
without controlling from a computer. This machine will help to reduce people work
load and to increase the value of souvenir and craft products. Furthermore, with new
method of running the machine it removes erroneous effects from controller computer
in case the controlling computer is under unexpected errors for those machine
working with a computer influence. This machine is relied on CNC technique, laser
principle, LCD smart controller. In this research, we use a free open-source vector
graphics editor, Inkscape, to generate Gcode files format for operating the machine.
In conclusion, the machine was successfully created. It is capable of cutting and
engraving on soft materials with high accuracy and can be operated independently
with computer during the process of machining objects.
Key words: laser machining, laser cutting and engraving machine, CNC, Gcode.
10
CHNG 1. M U
1.1 T VN
Gia cng bng tia laser l mt qu trnh ch to phi truyn thng, tia laser
c chiu trc tip ln b mt vt th cn c gia cng. Qu trnh ny ng dng
nng lng nhit t chy cc b b mt cn c gia cng ca vt th c tnh
kim loi hoc phi kim. Khi lm vic, tia laser c iu chnh im hi t tp trung
ngay trn b mt ca chi tit v nng lng nhit ca laser c chuyn sang b mt
cn gia cng lm nng, tan chy hoc bc hi vt liu. My gia cng CNC (Computer
Numerical Control) laser hin ang c ch to v ng dng rt rng ri trn ton
th gii c trong lnh vc cng nghip v th cng nghip. C rt nhiu nh sn xut
my CNC laser ni ting trn th gii nh PERFECT LASER, Liaocheng Jingke
Laser Equipment Co., Ltd, GRAVOGRAPH, v.v
Tuy nhin, Vit Nam th cng ngh laser ni chung v my CNC laser ni
ring vn cn mi v cha c nghin cu v ng dng ph bin trong sn xut bi
nhng l do c bn nh sau: th nht, a phn cc my CNC laser trn th trng Vit
Nam hin nay iu c nhp khu t ngoi nc do chi ph u t s dng
mt chic my CNC l kh c so vi phn ln ngi dng Vit Nam. Thm vo
, ngi dng phi u t mt chic my tnh c th iu khin mt my CNC
laser hot ng. iu ny cng lm tng thm chi ph u t v vn hnh. Th hai,
vic tip cn vi cc my CNC laser hin nay l cc k kh khn i vi nhng ngi
dng khng chuyn v cng ngh c bit l ngi nng dn v th th cng. iu
khin c mt chic my CNC laser, theo thng thng, ngi dng phi bit s
dng my tnh, cc phn mm thit k v x l ha v phn mm iu khin my
hot ng, c dng chuyn bit cho tng loi my c th. i vi ngi dng
khng chuyn v lnh vc cng ngh th nhng yu cu ny tht s l mt thch thc
ln v th ngi cn gia cng thng chn dch v gia cng thay v b kinh ph
u t mt chic my phc v cho nhu cu sn xut ca mnh. Th ba, vic nghin
cu ng dng ca my gia cng CNC laser trn a dng cc vt liu nhm phc v
11
cho mc ch ch tc m thut, sn phm m ngh v qu lu nim ng dng vo

thc trng sn xut cha c thc hin rng ri. Trong khi , gi tr ca cc mt
hng ny s c gia tng rt nhiu nu ngi sn xut s dng cng ngh mi ny
vo qu trnh ch tc [1]. Cui cng l mi quan h tng tc gia ngi dng v nh
sn xut. V cc nh cung cp my CNC laser nc ta hin nay ch yu l mt trung
gian phn phi cc my CNC laser c nhp khu t ngoi nc v th mi quan
h gia h v ngi dng ch l bn bn v bn mua. Trong trng hp ngi dng
cn s h tr v k thut, vn hnh hay bo tr u rt kh khn.
Tuy vn c mt s c nhn v t chc ch to thnh cng my CNC laser song

ch dng li mc th nghim hoc thng mi ha nhng cha p ng c
nhu cu v cha tng thch vi trnh ca phn ln ngi dng [2]. Do , mt
chic my khc laser vi chi ph u t v vn hnh thp, vic vn hnh my n
gin v ph hp vi phn ln ngi dng ph thng, c mt cng ng s dng rng
ri l nhng yu cu thc tin cp thit cn c gii quyt.
1.2 MC TIU TI
ti my khc v ct CNC dng tia laser cng sut nh vi mc tiu ch to
my gia cng CNC dng u laser bn dn cng sut nh c kh nng khc v ct
cc vt liu mm nh vi, da, g, nha, vv V c kh nng hot ng c lp vi
my tnh (khng thng qua bt k kt ni no vi my tnh) trong qu trnh gia cng.
Vic vn hnh v bo tr my ph hp vi phn ln ngi dng ph thng. C gi
thnh sn xut, vn hnh v bo tr thp. Hot ng n nh vi chnh xc cao.
1.3 PHM VI TI
Thit k v ch to my, ng dng cc tin ch v phn mm h tr min ph.
1.4 I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

- i tng: may kh c laser c nh dng u kh c laser 2W. Gia cng chi ti t
co kich thc ti a b ng kh gi y A4.
- Phng php nghin cu: thi t k , ch to, th nghim, anh gia.
12
CHNG 2. C S L THUYT
2.1 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V THIT B LASER

2.1.1 Khi nim
Laser l tng hp nhng ch ci u trong cm t light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation c ngha l khuch i nh sng bng pht x kch
thch ca bc x. Thit b laser u tin c ch to bi Theodore H. Maiman [3]
phng th nghim nghin cu khoa hc Hughes da trn hc thuyt cung cp bi
Charles Hard Townes v Arthur Leonard Schawlow [4]. nh sng ca thit b laser
khc hn so vi nhng ngun sng thng thng ch n pht ra nh sng c tnh
lin tc (Hnh 2.1). S gn kt lin tc cho php ngun sng ca cc thit b laser c
th tp trung mt im nh, ng dng trong vic khc v ct vt liu. S gn kt
lin tc cng cho php tia laser vn gi c tp trung khi truyn i khong cch
xa c ng dng trong ch to thit b h tr thuyt trnh dng tia laser (hay cn gi
l bt ch laser). Thit b laser c ng dng trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca i sng.
Laser c dng trong cc a quang, cc my in laser v cc my qut m vch;
cng c lp tnh t ADN, si quang, truyn thng quang hc trong khng gian, phu
thut bng tia laser v tr bnh v da; ct, khc v hn vt liu; cc thit b dng
nh du mc tiu, c lng khong cch v tc trong qun i v cc lc lng
thc thi php lut; n hnh laser ng dng trong lnh vc gii tr.
13
Hnh 2.1. Mt s thit b laser ph bin

2.1.2 Phn loi thit b laser
Hin nay, c n hng ngn cc loi laser khc nhau c bit n tuy nhin
phn ln trong s chng c s dng cho cc nghin cu khoa hc ring bit. Cc
thit b laser thng c phn loi da vo cht liu pht laser m chng dng th
rn, th kh, excimer, nhum hoc bn dn.
Hnh 2.2. Laser rn
Laser rn (Hnh 2.2): l loi laser c cht liu dng pht tia laser c
phn phi dng mt ma trn cht rn. V d: laser hng ngc.
14
Hnh 2.3. Laser kh
Laser kh (Hnh 2.3.): l loi laser m dng in c phng thch thng

qua mt loi cht kh cung cp nh sng lin tc. Laser kh l loi tia laser lin tc
u tin v l loi laser u tin hot ng trn nguyn l ca dng chuyn i nng
lng in thnh nng lng nh sng ca laser.
Hnh 2.4. Excimer laser
15
Excimer laser (Hnh 2.4.): l mt dng ca laser t ngoi thng c dng

sn xut cc thit b vi mch in t, mch bn dn tch hp hoc chip, phu thut
mt v cng ngh vi x l.
Hnh 2.5. Laser bn dn

Laser nhum (Hnh 2.5.): l loi laser dng cht pht tia laser l mt loi thuc
nhum hu c, thng l dung dch cht lng. Nu so snh vi cc mi trng pht
tia laser kh v rn th laser nhum, mt cht nhum c th c dng cho nhng
khong bc sng rng hn, thng ko di t 50 n 100 nm. V th loi laser ny
thng ph hp vi thit b laser c th iu chnh v laser xung.
16
Hnh 2.6. Laser bn dn

Laser bn dn (Hnh 2.6.): l mt loi bm tia laser in bn dn moi
trng hot ng ca laser c nh bi mt lp bn dn P-N ca mt diode bn
dn.
2.2 GIA CNG BNG TIA LASER

2.2.1 Khi nim im hi t
im hi t ca laser l im m ti chm tia laser c kch thc nh nht,
v nhit t chy ln nht [2].
17
Hnh 2.7. Minh ha im hi t ca laser

Vic tm ra im hi t c ngha quan trng trong cng ngh laser, t ta c
th xc nh c cc vt liu m laser c th t chy c da theo nhit chy
(ignition temperature) ca cc vt liu, mt khc i vi vic ct vt liu, cho ra
nhng ng ct nh, p, t hao tn vt liu. i vi vic khc laser, nng cao
phn gii ca bc nh, cho ra hnh nh p, sc nt.
2.2.2 Phng php xc nh

xc nh c nhit ti im hi t ca laser ta phi tin hnh thu thp
nhit ca nhiu im nm trn ng thng tnh t b mt ca laser ti mt phng
khc hnh thnh nn mt th phn b nhit ca laser theo cao. Da vo
c im ca chm tia laser th c to ra s c gi tr cc i ti im hi t ca
laser v cc gi tr nhit gim dn khi v tr cng xa im hi t. Cm bin c
dng o nhit l thermocouple s dng Controller chuyn dng trong cng
nghip Yamatake SDC10 vi thi gian ly mu ngn (0,5s) chnh xc cao (sai s
0,5%) [2].
18
Hnh 2.8. Controller Yamatake SDC10
2.2.3 Cch tin hnh

i vi tiu c f1 ca thu knh hi t laser, ta tin hnh o nhit ca chm
tia laser ti b mt ca mt phng khc. ng vi nhiu cao khc nhau ca u
khc laser so vi mt phng khc, ta c c s liu nhit ca chm tia laser thay i
theo cao gia u khc laser v mt phng khc [2].
Lm tng t vi tiu c f2, ta c mt bng gi tr s liu mi. T cc s liu

thu c tin hnh v th, nh gi, phn tch tm ra c gi tr nhit ln nht
ti im hi t ca laser cng nh v tr ca u khc laser so vi mt phng khc ng
vi cc gi tr cc tiu c [2].
Hnh 2.9. B tr th nghim tm nhit ti im h t ca laser
19
2.2.4 Kt qu th nghim
Bng 1 S liu th nghim
Chiu cao (mm) Nhit (f1)( 0C) Nhit (f2)( 0C)

120 230 200
115 254 205
110 271 213

105 274 217
100 276 223
95 277 226
90 280 232
85 290 243
80 292 254
75 294 268
70 300 283
65 292 290
60 287 300
55 275 291
50 272 283
45 251 263
40 221 255
35 198 225
30 161 173
25 150 157
20 99 128
15 91 110
10 83 69
5 78 62
0 60 50
20
Hnh 2.10. th phn b nhit ca laser theo cao

Da vo th ta thy vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca 2 tiu c f1 v f2, khi thay
i cao ca u khc laser so vi mt phng khc gi tr nhit ln nht ca u
khc laser t c vn l 300 0C. T ta c kt lun ti im hi t ca laser nhit
t c l 300 0C.
Hnh 2.11. Nhit t c ti im hi t ca laser
21
Theo kt qu ny, my khc laser vi u khc cng sut 2W c th khc c

trn cc vt liu c nhit chy thp hn 300 0C nh g (nhit chy 250 0C),
giy (nhit chy 233 0C) [10]
2.2.5 Xc nh su ct ca tia laser bng phn phi nng lng Gausian

Gi s ton b nng lng ca tia laser c chuyn thnh nhit nng. Nng
lng b tn tht c b qua [5]. Nng lng c tp trung mt vng din tch
nh v cng ca tia laser c dng phn phi nng lng Gaussian [6]. Theo phn
phi nng lng Gaussian th cng ca tia laser c xc nh theo cng thc:
I0 l cng cc i ca tia laser ngay ti tm, R l bn knh hi t ca

tia laser v c ng ngha l khong cch t tm n khi cng gim xung n
I0/e2. i vi tia laser c cng sut pht P tp trung trn vng gia cng vi s hp th
nng lng a. Khi nng lng nh I0 c xc nh bi:
V trong phn tch ch quan tm n phn phi cng ng tam dch

chuyn ca tia laser nn cho y = 0. Biu thc (1) tr thnh:
Xem xt mt vng din tch nh S ng tm dch chuyn ca tia laser trn

b mt gia cng. Vng din tch S c n v l X v Y ln lc trn trc x v
trc y.
Cng sut ca laser p t ln vng din tch ny dc xc nh bi:
22
Trong qu trnh ct, b rng ca ng ct lun gi c nh v c gii hn

bi ng knh ca tia laser. ng ct c xem xt y l ng tm dch chuyn
ca tia laser bi v trn ng ny su ca lp ct l ln nht.
Nu tia laser dch chuyn vi vn tc V (mm/s) th thi gian tia laser vt

khi din tch S l:
Th X biu thc (6) vo biu thc (4) v th kt qu nhn c vo biu

thc (5) khi ton b nng lng c hp th bi vng din tch S c xc nh
bi:
i vi mt cht liu c th khi lng ca vt liu W b bc hi xc nh bi:
Q (J/g) l nn lng cn thit lm bc hi 1g ca cht liu v c

xc nh bi:
Trong cng thc trn, c l nhit dung ring ca cht liu, Tm l nhit nng
chy, Te l nhit ca mi trng, Lv l nht n ca s bay hi.
Trn mt n v din tch nh chiu xu ca lp ct thu c t:
23
, l trng lng ring ca cht liu. Thay th W v S t cc biu thc
pha trn vo biu thc (10) chiu su lp ct D (mm) c cho bi:
Khi n kch thc ca din tch 0 hoc 0 phn trnh tng

trn tr thnh mt biu thc tch phn:
Sau khi tnh tch phn biu thc (12) thay th I0 bng phn phi nng lng
Gaussian t biu thc (2) v xem xt n s hp th ca vt liu chiu su ct l:
Nu bc sng ca laser hon ton b hp th bi vt liu th a=1.
2.3 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V CNG NGH CNC

2.3.1 Khi nim
CNC vit tt bi Computer Numerical Control (iu khin bng my tnh)
cp n vic iu khin bng my tnh cc my mc khc vi mc ch sn xut (c
tnh lp li) cc b phn kim kh (hay cc vt liu khc) phc tp [7] , bng cch s
dng cc chng trnh vit bng k hiu chuyn bit theo tiu chun EIA-274-D,
24
thng gi l m G. CNC c pht trin cui thp nin 1940 u thp nin 1950
phng th nghim Servomechanism ca trng MIT.
2.3.2 Tng quan
Hnh 2.12. Cch thc hot ng ca mt h thng CNC

2.3.3 Ngn ng G Code
G-code l mt ngn ng lp trnh ng dng trong iu khin s, thng c
s dng trong t ng ha vi s tr gip ca my tnh. G-Code trong chng trnh
NC (Numberical Control) l chui lnh thng bt u bng ch G tng ng vi
mt hay mt chui cc hnh ng m my thc hin v th i khi G-Code cn c
gi l ngn ng lp trnh G.
Ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1950 t vin cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT).
K t , G-Code ngy cng c hon thin v c nhiu nc trn th gii s
dng.
25
Hnh 2.13. Ngn ng G-code

C th, G-Code l mt ngn ng lp trnh m thng qua cc cng c thit b n
c th thng bo, ra lnh cho cc thit b (ng c, laser...) bit phi di chuyn ra sao,
tc bao nhiu, bt tt khi no.
G-Code c 2 nhm lnh chnh l nhm lnh G v nhm lnh M:

- Nhm lnh G:
+ Qui nh s dch chuyn
+ Qui nh ch lm vic ca my
+ Lnh G c m ha t G00 n G99, mi lnh c cc chc nng v yu cu
ring
- Nhm lnh M:
+ Qui nh cc chc nng ph nh bt u, dng, kt thc, tt m mt vi cc chc
nng khc nh bm nc, trc chnh
+ Lnh M c m ha t M00 n M99, mi lnh c cc chc nng v yu cu
ring
26
Bng 2 Mt s lnh G-Code thng c s dng cho my khc laser [11]
G90 S dng ta tuyt i
Cc dng ta G91 S dng ta tng i
G92 t h ta gc
G00 Di chuyn nhanh
G01 Ni suy ng thng
Cc lnh di chuyn G02 Ni suy cung trn cng chiu kim ng h
G03 Ni suy cung trn ngc chiu kim ng h
G04 Thc hin dng tm thi
G20 Khai bo n v gia cng h inch

Khai bo n v gia
cng
G21 Khai bo n v gia cng h mt
Khi ng trc chnh quay theo chiu kim
M03
ng h
Quay v dng trc Khi ng trc chnh quay ngc chiu kim
M04
chnh ng h
M05 Dng trc chnh
Km theo lnh G v lnh M l cc tham s. Cc tham s ny qui nh cho my

bit cc gi tr i km lin k sau dng cho mc ch no, cc khong cch cn di
chuyn hoc iu khin mt thit b no . y l vi thng s thng dng v thng
gp:
- X, Y, Z, A, B, C l ta theo cc trc
- I, J, K l ta tm cung trn theo cc trc tng ng l X, Y, Z
- F (feedrate) l tc hay lng chy dao
- S (speed) l tc quay ca trc chnh
- T s th t dao
27
i vi my khc laser, trc chnh (spindle) c thay th bng u laser v th

vic iu khin ng ngt laser c thc hin thng qua cc lnh M03 v M05, vic
iu chnh cng sng ca laser thng qua tham s S.
Phn tip theo trnh bi v mt trong s hai b iu khin ca my, l mt board

mch thng dng hin nay, c nhiu rt bn sinh vin s dng trong hc tp, nghin
cu, nhng cn kh mi m trong lnh vc CNC ni chung v trong my khc laser
ni ring l board mch Arduino, c th trong ti s dng board mch Arduino
Atmega 2560.
28
CHNG 3. THIT K C KH
3.1 CU TRC TON MY

My khc laser c thit k da trn cu trc ca mt my gia cng CNC 3
trc c bn my ng yn. Trc Y di chuyn theo phng dc c lp c nh trn
khung my, trc X di chuyn theo phng ngang c lp cng trn khp trt ca
trc Y, trc Z di chuyn theo phng thng ng mang u khc laser, trc A (trc
ph dng gia cng chi tit trn xoay) c thit k tho lp d dng to thun tin
trong qu trnh gia cng. Do c im u khc laser c trong lng nh nn ti trng
tc dng ln cc trc l khng ng k, thit k trn rt ph hp vi my c kch
thc nh. Vi thit k ny s tit kim ti a khng gian my g lp phi. ng
thi gim i mt s chi tit my ma vn m bo c bn c hc ca my trong
qu trnh lm vic.
Z
Y
Hnh 3.1. Thit k c kh tng th ca my
29
Hnh 3. 2 Bng v chi tit khung my
30
3.2 KHUNG MY
Khung my phi m bo cng vng gia cc chi tit trong trng thi ngh
v trng thi lm vic. thun tin cho qu trnh gia cng nhm nghin cu chn
vt liu lm khung my bng thp tm v thp nh hnh. Kch thc khung my di
x rng x cao: 30 x 30 x 30 (cm). Ngoi ra, mt s chi tit lm khung my nhm nghin
cu tn dng nhng chi tit t my photocoppy c (bn my, c vt, chn my,...)
Hnh 3.3. Khung my
31
Hnh 3. 4 Kch thc bng v
32
3.3 TRC X, Y
Trc Y c nhim vu gi vng ton b h chuyn ng ca my (trc X, trc Y,
u laser, ...). Trc Y di 27 cm, gm 01 thanh trt vung v 01 trt vung. H
thng dn ng trn trc Y la bnh ai dy ai thang (tn dng t my photocoppy
c).
Trc X c nhim v gi vng h chuyn ng trc Z v u khc laser. Trc X

di 21 cm, gm 01 thanh trt vung v 01 trt vung. H thng dn ng trn
trc Y la bnh ai dy ai thang (tn dng t my photocoppy c).
Gi u khc laser c lm t nhm v thp tm. Vt liu trn gp phn

gim khi lng my.
Trc Y
Trc X
Gia
Hnh 3.5. Dn ng trc X v Y ca my
33
3.4 TRC Z
Tia laser l chm tia hi t, n sc. Do nhu cu khc trn nhiu vt liu v kch
thc khc nhau nn cn thai i im hi t cho ph hp vi tng loi vt liu. Trc
Z c tac dng thay i cao ca u laser thay i im hi t cho ph hp vi
nhu cu khc.
Hnh 3.6. Dn ng trc Z
34
Hnh 3. 7 Bng v trc Z
35
3.5 TRC A TRC PH DNG GIA CNG VT TH TRN XOAY

Trc A dng gia cng mt s phi trn xoay (vit ch, vit bi, vit g, ht
sen,....). Trc ny gm hai phn ng c v u chng tm. ng c to chuyn ng
xoay tng i gia gc xoay v chu vi vt th trn xoy. V d vit ch c ng
knh 0.8 (mm) v gc xoay ca ng c l 1.80. duy chuyn 1 (cm) trn b mt th
cn mt gc 710. Vy vit ch duy chuyn c 1 (cm) trn bn mt th cn 39
xung iu khin. Cch tnh tng t i vi vy th trn xoay khc. u chng tm
c nhim v gi u cn li ca phi xoay ng tm ng c. u chng tm phi
p ng c nhu cu gi phi xoay ng tm trong qu trnh gia cng v tho lp
phi d dng.
Hnh 3.8. M hnh thit k ca trc A
36
CHNG 4. MCH IN
4.1 TNG QUT MCH IN
B iu khin
ng c trc X
LCD 128x64
ng c trc Y
Arduino ng c trc Z
Atmega
2560
ng c trc A
Ramp 1.4
Driver laser Laser

2W
Ngun
Hnh 4.1. Tng quan mch in
Chng trnh gia cng c thit k, x l v xut G-code bng phn mm trn
my tnh. Th nh lu tr cc file G-code. B iu khin c v x l G-code thnh
tn hiu in khin, to iu khin tng i gia cc c cu chp hnh.
4.2 B IU KHIN
4.2.1 Mch 128x64
Mch 128x64 c nhim v c v hin th chng trnh in khin ln mng
hnh LCD [8]. D liu c c trin n mch iu khin Arduino Atmega 2560.
Mch 128x64 c hi phn iu khin nm xoy v phm stop. Nm xoay c hai phn
iu khin bng cch xoay tri - phi (3600) v nhn dc trc. chn chng trnh
37
iu khin hoc cc lnh iu khin khc ngi dng xoay tri hoc xoay phi n
vi chng trnh nh mong mun v nhn dc trc chn chng trnh y.
Stop
Nm iu khin
Hnh 4.2. Mn hnh iu khin thng minh 128x64
4.2.2 Arduino Atmega 2560

Mch Arduino Atmega 2560 lm nhim v nhn d liu t mch 128x64 x
l iu khin cc c cu chp hnh v hin th ln mng hnh LCD. Vi s tin
dng ca mch ngi dng c th s dng mt cch d dng cho nhiu ng dng
khc nhau. Mch c hai phn cp ngun c lp t cp USB hoc t jack DC 5mm.
Hnh 4.3. Mch Arduino Atmega 2560
38
Bng 3 Thng s k thut mch arduino atmega 2560

Vi iu khin Atmega2560
in p hot ng 5V
in p u vo 7-12V
S lng chn I/O 54
S lng cn analog 16
Dng in mi chn I/O 20 mA
Dng in vi chn 3.3V 50 mA
B nh flash 256KB
SRAM 8 KB
EEPRAM 4KB
Tn s 16 MHz
4.2.3 Ramps 1.4
fan
Laser
Hnh 4.4. Ramps 1.4

RAMPS 1.4 lm nhim v trin tn hiu t mch Aduino Atmega 2560 n cc
driver v cp ngun cho cc driver. Mch c th iu khin 5 ng c bc c lp
v 3 thit b [9].
39
4.3 DRIVE NG C BC
Hnh 4.5. S cc chn mch drive ng c bc 2 pha
Drive A8825 iu khin c mt ng c bc 2 pha. Vi kch thc nh

gn v s tin dng cho ngi dng driver c s dng rng ri. Driver gm hai
phn chnh logic iu khin cng c bc 2 pha v dng iu khin ng c. Logic
iu khin gm ngun v tn hiu logic t mch Aduino Atmega 2560. Phn dng
iu khin ty thuc vo dng in ca ng c m ngi dng iu chnh cho phu
hp bng cch xoay bin tr trn driver cho ph hp (ch diu chnh mt ln khi text
ng c).
4.4 MCH IU KHIN LASER V LASER 2 W

4.4.1 Mch iu khin laser
Mch iu khin laser c chc nng nhn tn hiu iu khin t b iu khin
v iu cng sut ca laser tng thch vi tn hiu iu khin.
Mch iu khin c cng sut nh do ti s dng laser c cng sut tng

i nh 2W [2]. Di y l s nguyn l ca mch.
40
Hnh 4.6. S mch iu khin
LM317 l IC thng dng dng iu chnh in p u ra vi gi tr ln nht

khng ln hn gi tr in p u vo tr i 3V (Vin-Vout 3).
Mt s thng s ca IC LM317:
- in p u vo ti a Vi = 40V
-Nhit vn hnh t = 0 - 125
- Dng in u ra ln nht Imax = 1.5A
- m bo thng s Vi - Vo >= 3V
Dng in ti a qua laser c iu chnh bng bin tr tinh chnh 100.

Transistor trng IRF540n (VDS=100V, RDS=44mA, ID=33mA) dng nhn tn
PWM iu khin cng sut ca laser.
Di y l hnh nh thc t ca mch iu khin laser sau khi hon thnh
41
Hnh 4.7. Mch iu khin laser

4.4.2 Laser 2 W
ti s dng u khc laser chuyn dng dng cho cc my CNC c mua
trn website c a ch: http://laservietnam.com vi gin bn 1 triu 800 nghn ng
khng bao gm driver. u khc laser c cng sut 2W, pht ra nh sng mu xanh
dng, bc sng 445nm c th khc c trn g, vi, daTia laser pht ra c im
hi t nh nht vi ng knh l 0,1mm. Tiu cc c th thay i c bng cc
xoay thu knh t bn trong b phn tn nhit ca laser.
Hnh 4.8. Laser 2W

Bng 4 Thng s k thut ca laser 2W
Cng sut u ra 2W
in p hot ng 9V-12V
Dng in hot ng I < 1.6 A
Nhit lm vic -100C 400C
42
CHNG 5. PHN MM
5.1 INKSCAPE
Inkscape l mt phn mm x l ho vc-t min ph v m ngun m. y
l phn mm rt hu ch trong vic to hoc chnh sa cc vc-t ha nh cc s
, biu , tranh minh ha v cc hnh v phc tp. nh dng cc vc-t ha c
bn ca Inkscape l SVG (ScalableVector Graphics). Tuy nhin, n c th c v
xut cc tp tin nhiu nh dng khc. Vi s h tr ca cc cng c tin ch m
rng phc v cho vic khc v ct laser nh JPT laserTool hay Inkscape master th
vic chuyn i cc dng ha khc nhau sang ngn ng G-code dng trong lnh
vc CNC ni chung v khc/ct laser ni ring tr nn n gin hn bao gi ht.
Khng ch th, Inkscape cn c thit k vi giao din kh thn thin v d s dng.
Nh c trnh by Hnh 5.1, Inkscape c giao din kh trc quan, vi cc cng c
tin ch hin th ngay bn cnh vng lm vic gip ngi dng d dng chn la cng
c ph v cho qu trnh thit k, nh dng v chnh sa.
Hnh 5.1. Giao din lm vic ca phn mm Inkscape
s dng c chc nng xut G-code t thit k ha th my tnh phi

c ci hai tin ch m rng c h tr cho phn mm l J Tech photonics laser
Tool v Horizontal G-code Tool.
43
5.2 J TECH PHOTONICS LASER TOOL

Tin ch m rng J Tech photonics laser Tool l cng c chnh dng khc
v ct bin dng, l cng c rt c lc cho vic chuyn i bin dng thit k trn
phn mm Inkscape hoc tp tin hnh nh c truy xut t bn ngoi. Hnh 5.2 bn
di l ca s lm vic ca J Tech photonics laser Tool. C nm phn tuy chn m
ngi dng cn phi ci t mi khi s dng tin ch m rng ny truy xut tp tin
G-code t thit k trn phn mm Inkcape. Th nht l khung Laser ON Command
y l ni ngi s dng nhp m lnh G-code iu khn bt laser. Mi loi my
ring bit s c mt m lnh Gcode iu khin bt laser khc nhau. Trong ti
nghin cu ny nhm tc gi s dng lnh G-code M106. Tng t, khung Laser
OFF Command l ni ngi dng nhp vo lnh G-code iu khin laser tt
(M107 c s dng trong ti). Khung th ba v th t ln lt l cc khung
nhp tc chy ca my khi tt v bt laser. Khung th nm, y l phn thit lp
thng s xung PWM iu chnh cng ca laser, gi tr ny nm trong khong t
0 n 255, 0 tng ng vi cng laser nh nht v 255 tng ng vi cng
laser ln nht. iu chnh thi gian t nng vt liu ca tia laser ngi dng cn
phi nhp thi gian mun tr hon laser t nng vt liu trc khi laser thc hin
chuyn ng gia cng tip theo vo khung Power-ON Delay. i vi my laser
trong ti ny th n v thi gian c ci t l ms. Nu dng phn mm cho cc
my laser s dng phn mm GRBL th n v thi gian c thit lp l s. Tip theo
sau l khung Passes dng thit lp s ln chy ca ton b bin dng. V d: nu
ngi dng mun cho chng trnh ct vt liu g ca mnh chy 3 ln m bo
l g hon ton b t th phn ny ngi dng phi nhp vo s 3.
i vi trng hp khc th nn thit lp cho chng trnh ch chy mt ln

bng cch gi mt nh s 1 nh trn hnh 5.2. Khung k tip Pass Depth l khng
dng cho thit lp chiu cao ca trc Z sau mi ln chy c thit lp khung
Passes, theo thng thng nn ci t trc Z h 1 mm sau mi ln chy m bo
vt liu c ct hon ton. lu tr tp tin Gcode sau khi c truy xut ngi
dng bt buc phi nhp a ch ng dn trn my tnh lu. Mc Filename
44
c dng t tn cho tp tin G-code. Tuy chn Add numeric suffix to filename,
nu ngi dng tch vo ty chn ny th trong trng hp tn tp tin G-code c
truy xut trng vi mt tp tin c tao ra trc th phn mm s t dng nh s
th t vo ngay pha sau tn ca tp tin. Ngoi ra ngi dng cn c th thit lp
my laser hot ng h inch hay mm khung All unit (mm or in). ty chn cui
cng Live preview c chc nng cho php phn mm c hay khng xut tp tin
G-code. Nu ngi dng chn vo ny th chng trnh ch to bin dng gia cng
ca tia laser trn phn mm m khnng lu li di dng tp tin G-code.
Hnh 5.2. Cc thng s cn thit lp cho tin ch m rng J Tech photonics laser
Tool
45
5.3 HORIZONTAL G-CODE TOOL

Tin ch ny c lp trnh phc v cho vic khc hnh nh. Vic thit lp
cc thng s cho tin ch m rng ny cng tng t nh c trnh by muc 5.2
(Hnh 5.3).
Hnh 5.3. Cc thng s cn thit lp cho tin ch m rng Horizontal G-code

Tool
5.4 GIMP2
GIMP (vit tt ca GNU Image Manipulation Program) l chng trnh my
tnh x l hnh nh c pht trin bi GNU. y l mt chng trnh to ra v
x l cc ha mng, nhng cng c h tr cho ha vc t. y l mt d n
phn mm m ngun m, min ph, c bt u xy dng t nm 1995 nh Spencer
Kimball v Peter Mattis v hin c bo tr bi mt nhm tnh nguyn vin. GIMP2
c ng dng trong ti vi mc ch lm tng tng phn, lc bin dng v
46
nng cao cht lng ca hnh nh phc v vic chuyn i hnh nh cn khc sang
ngng ng my CNC (G-code) i vi chc nng khc nh ca my.
Nhng hnh nh phc tp sau khi c x l vi GIMP2 c cht lng kh cao,
cc bin dng chnh ca nh c th hin rt r nt. iu ny gip cho vic truy xut
Gcode trn phn mm Inkscape c thc hin d dng.
Hnh 5.4. Hnh nh trc khi x l
Hnh 5.5. Hnh nh sau khi c x l bi phn mm GIMP2
47
5.5 PHN MM MARLIN

Marlin l chng trnh c vit cho cc vi x l n, h tr nhiu board mch
iu khin khc nhau nh RAMPS, RAMBo, Ultimaker, BQ v nhiu board mch
khc c thit k trn nn tng cng ngh in 3D. Cc my chy trn nn chng trnh
Marlin u c h tr vi hai chc nng, nhn code iu khin t my tnh hoc t
th nh SD.
48
CHNG 6. KT QU V THO LUN
6.1 KT QU T C
My gia cng khc v ct CNC dung tia laser cng sut nh t c nhng
kt qu nh sau:
- Hon thnh mc tiu m ti ra, my c thit k nh gn, c tnh thm
m (Hnh 6.1).
Hnh 6.1. Hnh nh tht ca my sau ch to

- My c kh nng gia cng c trn vt th dng phng hoc vt th hnh tr
c lm t vt liu mm nh g, vi, da, nha, bt ch, ht sen, vv
49
Hnh 6.2. Khc trn bt ch v s ghi ch

- My hot ng hon ton c lp vi my tnh trong qu trnh thc hin gia
cng.
- My c kh nng khc bin dng v khc ton b cc thit k ha, hnh
nh n gin (Hnh 6.3), v c nhng hnh nh phc tp trn nhng vt liu mm nh
g, da, vi, nha.
50
Hnh 6.3. Khc tranh chn dung ln mo cau

Cui cng, my c kh nng gia cng trn vt th dng phng c kch thc b mt
khng vt qu kch thc ca kh giy A4.
6.2 HAN CH
Trong sut qu trnh ch to v chy th nghim my c ghi nhn nhng hn

ch nh sau:
Tc khc v ct ca my kh chm. My ch c kh nng chy gia cng ti
a 500 mm/pht.
Vng lm vic ca my kh hp. My ch c th gia cng cc vt th c kch
thc nh hn 210 mm x 290 mm i vi gia cng trn cc vt th dng phng. i
vi vic gia cng trn cc vt th hnh tr th vt th phi c kch thc nh ngn hn
210 mm v ng knh nh hn 100 mm.
51
CHNG 7. KT LUN V KIN NGH
7.1 KT LUN
ti My gia cng khc v ct CNC dng tia laser cng sut nh hon
thnh c cc mc tiu ra v phn c kh, mch in, cng nh iu khin. My
c hon thnh trc ngy Din n khuyn khch Phong tro Sng ch
(03/11/2016), hi ngh ton quc v C in t - VCM ln 8 nm 2016 (25-
26/11/2016) kp d trin lm v trng bi sn phm. Ngoi ra, my khc mt s
qu lu nim (vit ch, nht k, tranh trn mo cau, khc hoa vn ln ht sen lm su
chui) d Cuc thi sng ch thit k sn phm qu lu nim, qu tng du lch tnh
ng Thp (30/11/2016, ti TP Cao Lnh, Tnh ng Thp). Tuy nhin my vn cn
c nhng nhc im, hy vng s c gii quyt trong tng lai.
7.2 KIN NGH

Vi kt qu t c nh trnh by cc phn trn, my hon ton c th ng
dng trong ngnh gia cng m ngh v sn xut sn phm qu lu nim nhm
nng cao gi tr v tnh thm m ca sn phm, to nn nhng gi tr mi trong nhng
ngnh sn xut nay. ng dng trong o to ngh ngi hc c th tip xc c
vi cng ngh khc v ct laser c gi thnh r. Dng lm mt thit b th nghim
sinh vin ngnh k thut v nhng sinh vin am m cng ngh mi c th tip
cn v hiu bit thm v cng ngh CNC v cng ngh khc laser, to thm ngun
ng lc tinh thn gip cc th h sinh vin i sau c thm ngun cm hng, nim
am m sng to thm nhng sn phm cng ngh mi ng gp cho s nghip
cng nghip ha hin i ha ca nc nh.
Kt qu nghin cu ny cng s l mt nn tng c s l thuyt mi nhng

ngi am m cng ngh khng chuyn c th t ch to cho mnh mt chic my
gia cng CNC laser phc v cho mc ch c nhn hoc sn xut. My c th c
ci tin p ng nhu cu khc/ct laser trn mica v kim loi phc v cho nhu cu
gia cng trong cng nghip, bng vic nng cp cng sut ca u laser. Tng chiu
52
di ca cc trc v cng sut ca ng c m rng thm vng gia cng phc v

cho cho vic gia cng trn cc chi tit c kch thc ln. Vi thit k c tnh phn
loi ngi dng, ngha l ngi dng c th nm ton b hai giai on cn bn trong
qu trnh s dng my l truy xut tp tin G-code v vn hnh my gia cng hoc ch
n thun l ngi dng ch c th vn hnh my (nhng ngi dng khng c kin
thc nhiu v my tnh v phn mm). i vi nhng ngi dng thuc nhm th
hai th vic kt ni vi nhng ngi dng nhm th nht v nh sn xut to nn
mt cng ng chia s d liu v thng tin s dng my l mt gii php cc k hu
hiu, gp rt ngn thi gian v chi ph o to ngi vn hnh, tng tnh tng tc
gia nh sn sut vi ngi dng v gia ngi dng cp tin vi ngi dng cui.
53
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Trotec Laser company, Laser engraving awards trophies.pdf. Freilingerstr. 99, A-4614
Marchtrenk, Austria.
[2] Nguyn Phc Huy, nm 2015. ti lun vn Nghin cu my khc laser cng sut
nh, Khoa Cng Ngh - i hc Cn Th.
[3] ng Hong Thy Tin, PHT X SNG HI V THNG TIN CU TRC PHN
T HCN, Kha Lun Tt Nghip, Mc I, 04/2009.
[4] Andrew H. Rawicz, Nick Holonyak Jr, THEODORE MAIMAN.pdf, National

Academy of Sciences, America, 2004.
[5] Bai Hua Zhou, Experimental and theoretical analyses of cutting nonmetallic materials
by low power CO2-laser. S.M. MahdavianSchool of Aerospace, Mechanical and
Manufacturing Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
31/10/2003.
[6] M. Isabel Ribeiro, Gaussian Probability Density Functions: Properties and Error
Characterization, 2004.
[7] The Hong Kong PolyTechnic University, Computer Numerical Control (CNC), 8/2009.
[8] RepRapWiki, RepRapDiscount Smart Controller.pdf, 20/8/2014.
[9] 3D Printer Czar. RAMPS 1.4 Assembly Guide.pdf
54
PH LC
I. HNG DN S DNG MY
s dng my gia cng khc v ct CNC dung tia laser cng sut nh ngi
dng trc tin phi ci phn mm Inkscape v hai tin ch m rng phc v cho vic
truy xut Gcode nh c gii thiu chng 5.
thm cc tin ch vo phn mm, ngi ch cn sao chp ni dung c trong
tp tin c ti v ca tng tin ch m rng vo th mc extensions nm trong th
mc ci t ca phn mm Inkscape trn my tnh a ch C:\Program Files
(x86)\Inkscape\share\extensions i vi ngi dng h iu hnh Windows phin
bn 64bit hoc C:\Program Files\Inkscape\share\extensions i vi ngi dng
Windows phin bn 32bit. Sau khi ng li phn mm cp nht cc tin ch
m rng.
Phn 1. Quy trnh xut Gcode phc v cho vic khc/ct theo bin dng ca
ha c thit k trn phn mm v nh 2D
Bc 1: Thit k vn bn trn phn mm.
Hnh 1 Giao din thit k vn bn trn phn mm Inkscape
55
Nh c th hin trn hnh 1, thit k vn bn trn phn mm ngi dng

trc tin chn vo cng c son tho vn bn ca phn mm sau nh ch cn
thit k.
Bc 2: Ngi dng cn chuyn i vt th sang bin dng bng cch chn vn bn
cn chuyn i sau chn th Path sau chn Object to path. Tt c cc chi
tit ca vn bn s c phn mm chuyn i sang vt th nh dng vc-t.
Hnh 2 Giao din chuyn i vt th sang nh dng vct
Bc 3: th Extensions ngi dng cn chn nh hnh bn di.
Hnh 3 Giao din chn cng c chuyn i G-code
56
Bc 4: Ci t cc thng s cho tp tin G-code trc khi truy xut.
Hnh 4 Ca s ci t cc thng s trn tin ch J Tech photonics laser tool
Bc 5: Mn hnh lm vic ca phn mm trong qu trnh truy xut G-code
Hnh 5 Mn hnh lm vic ca tin ch trong qu trnh truy xut G-code

Bc 6: ng chy gia cng ca laser s c nh du sau khi qu trnh truy
xut G-code kt thc nh c trnh by hnh bn di.
57
Hnh 6 Bin dng ng chy gia cng ca tia laser
Tp tin G-code sau khi c truy xut.
Hnh 7 Tp tin Gcode sau khi c truy xut

Thit k ha c bn.
Quy trnh truy xut G-code trn cc ha tit cng tng t nh i vi vn bn.
58
Hnh 8 Xut Gcode t cc thit k ha

Chuyn i nhiu thit k ha cng lc.
chuyn i nhiu thit k ha cng lc sang ngn ng G-code ngi dng
trc tin cn phi nhm cc chi tit li vi nhau. Sau chuyn i sang vct v
tin hnh truy xut G-code. Di y l mt v d.
Bc 1: V cc vt th n l.
Hnh 9 Thit k nhiu ha cng lc trn phn mm Inkscape
59
Bc 2: Nhm cc vt th n l li vi nhau.
Hnh 10 Nhm cc thit k ha li vi nhau

Step 3: Chuyn i sang bin dng.
Hnh 11 Chuyn i sang nh dng vc-t
60
Step 4: Khi ng cng c truy xut Gcode.
Hnh 12 Thit lp cc thng s cn thit trn tin ch v truy xut G-code
Step 5: Nhn Apply bt u qu trnh truy xut Gcode. Bin dng chy gia
cng ca tia laser s c phn mm to ra nh hnh bn di.
Hnh 13 Bin dng ng chy gia cng ca tia laser
61
Truy xut Gcode t tp nh 2D trng v en
Bc 1: a nh vo phn mm chn file -> Import. Anh phi l nh trng en.
Hnh 14 nh 2D sau khi c vo phn mm

Bc 2: Ly du bin dng ca hnh nh nhn c bin dng ng chy gia
cng cho tia laser.
Hnh 15 Ly bin dng ca hnh nh va c a vo
62
Bc 3: S dng chc nng qut bin dng nh (Edge detect), cp nht hnh nh v
nhn Ok p dng thay i.
Hnh 16 Chn ch lc nh
Step 4: Xa b nh gc nm bn di hnh nh mi c to ra.
Hnh 17 Thao tc xa nh gc trn phn mm Inkscape
63
Bc 5: Chn object to path to ra ng chy gia cng cho tia laser.
Hnh 18 Chuyn i bin dng nh lc ng sang bin dng gia cng

Bc 6: To Gcode cho hnh nh va c x l.
Hnh 19 Hnh nh ng chy gia cng m phng sau khi truy xut G-code
Phn 2 qui trnh to G-code t tp nh 3D (nh mu) v khc ton nh

phn mm Inkscape c th truy xut G-code t nh 3D th nh phi c chuyn
thnh nh 2D nh phn mm GIMP2. Qu trnh truy xut Code gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Chuyn nh 3D sang nh 2D.
64
C hai cch a nh cn c x l vo phn mm GIMP2. Cch th nht, nhp

chut tri vo bc nh v r chut vo mn hnh lm vic ca phn mm. Cch th
hai, vo mc File > Open ch ng dn n tp nh cn c x l. Tip theo,
vo mc Filter>Artist>Photocopy nh hnh bn di chuyn nh 3D sang 2D.
Tuy nhin, phn mm cn h tr rt nhiu cc ty chn khc chuyn i t nh
3D sang nh 2D. Ty thuc vo tng bc nh ring bit m s c nhng phng php
chuyn i ph hp cho ra nh 2D c cht lng v tng phn tt nht. i
vi nhwngc bc nh phc tp, ngi dng c th kt hp nhiu phng php lc nh
khc nhau cho ra kt qu tt nht.
Hnh 20 Lc nh trn phn mm GIMP2
Tip theo mt hp thoi ngi dng ci t cc thng s tin hnh lc nh.

Bm Ok qu trnh lc nh bt u. Nh c th hin hnh bn di:
65
Hnh 21 Thit lp cc thng s lc nh
Sau vo File>Export as tin hnh xut v lu tp nh 2D mi c to ra.
Hnh 22 Xut nh va c x l xong
Hp thoi ny ngi dng t tn v chn ng dn lu tp nh 2D. Sau khi

t tn v chn ng dn xong, chn Export phn mm lu nh.
66
Hnh 23 Kt qu nh sau khi c x l
Bc 2: X l nh trn phn mm Inkscape

Cc bc thc hin tng t nh i vi vic khc nh trng en (2D). Tuy nhin
i vi phn Trace Bitmap th ngi dng phi chn ch Brightnes cutoff.
Bc 3: S dng tin ch Horizontal G-code Tool xut Gcode cho laser chy gia
cng ton cc bc nh.
u tin ngi dng phi to ng chy ngang cho tia laser c th s dng
c tin ch khc ton cc ca bc nh. Vic to ng chy ngang cho tia laser
c thc hin nh sau:
67
Hnh 24 To ng chy gia cng trn phn mm

Chn cng c v hnh ch nhn trn thanh cng c ca phn mm tin
hnh v
Hnh 25 Thit l kch thc ca ng chy gia cng
Tip theo, thit lp chiu di v b dy ca ng chy. Chiu di ca ng

chy bt buc phi ln hn chiu dy ca nh cn khc. Chiu rng ca ng chy
68
c thit lp ty vo ngi dng. B dy ca ng chy cn nh th nh sau khi

c khc cng nt. Khuyn khch nn thit lp khong 0.5mm.
Tip theo, s dng cng c Clones to thm nhiu ng chy tng t.
Bng cch chn nh hnh bn di.
Hnh 26 Nhn s ng chy gia cng
Sau mt hp thoi xut hin ngi dng la chn s lng ng chy

cn c to ra. Ty vo kch thc ca bc nh m ngi dng chn s lng ng
chy ngang cn thit min sao cho s ng chy bao ph ton b bc nh cn c
x l.
69
Hnh 27 Thit lp s lng ng chy gi cng cn dng
Hnh 28 Kt hp cc ng chy li vi nhau

Tip theo, kt hp cc ng chy va mi to ra li vi nhau. Bng cach
qut chn tt c cc ng, vo Path chn Combine, cc ng chy s c
kt hp li vi nhau nh trn hnh.
Tip theo, r cc ng chy gia cng ca laser va c to ra ln trn b
mt ca bc hnh cn c khc sau cho cc ng chy phi bao ph hon ton bc
nh, k tip nhn chn ton b bng t hp phm Ctrl+A, vo Path chn
Intersection ly phn giao gia cc ng chy v bc nh cn c khc ging
nh hnh bn di.
70
Hnh 29 To im giao gia ng chy vi hnh cn x l
Kt qu hnh nh sau khi x l
Hnh 30 Kt qu sau x l
Cui cng, s dng tin ch Horizontal G-code Tool xut G-code.
71
Hnh 31 S dng tin ch truy xut tp tin G-code
Tip n mt hp thoi xut hin ngi dng thit lp cc thng s trc

khi truy xut G-code nh hnh bn di. Sau khi thit lp xong, nhn Apply bt
u qu trnh xut code.
Hnh 32 Ci t cc thng s bt buc trc khi truy xut
72
Phn 3: Vn hnh my
vn hnh my chy gia cng, ngi dng phi sao chp tp tin Gcode va c
to ra bi phn mm Inkscape vo th nh SD v cm th nh vo khe cm th SD
ca mn hnh LCD12864. Khi mn hnh iu khin thng minh s thng bo
Card inserted ngha l th nh c kt ni.
Hnh 33 Mn hnh iu khin mc nh ca LCD 128x64
Tip theo, nhn nt iu khin mu bc bn phi mn hnh vo trnh iu khin

ca my nh trnh by hnh bn di.
Hnh 34 Nt iu khin ca mn hnh
73
Sau , nhn chn Prepare thc hin cc thao tc chun b trc khi tin hnh
gia cng.
Hnh 35 Chun b trc khi thc hin gia cng
Tip theo, mt bng iu khin mi s hin ra ngi dng iu khin v tr ca

u khc laser n v tr thch hp nh hnh bn di. bc ny, nhn chn
Move axis vo phn iu khin v tr ca cc trc.
Hnh 36 Di chuyn cc trc

Trc tin mn hnh s hin th n v di chuyn ca trc cn di chuyn tng
ng vi mi bc xoay ca nt iu khin mu trng trn trn mn hnh iu khn.
C ba n v dch chuyn ngi dng l chn. i vi n v dch chuyn 10 mm
th ngi dng ch c th dch chuyn cc trc X v Y.
74
Hnh 37 Chn n v di chuyn
Sau khi chn xong n v cn dch chuyn cho cc trc, mt mn hnh hin
th tn cc trc s hin ra ngi dng nhn chn trc m mnh mun di chuyn.
Hnh 38 Chn trc mun di chuyn

Tip n ngi dng ch cn xoay nm iu khin cc u laser di chuyn
n v tr mong mun.
Lu : i vi trng hp di chuyn u khc laser iu chnh im hi t ca
tia laser th ngi dng ch cn tng chiu cao trc Z ca my tng ng vi dy
ca chi tit cn gia cng v im hi t ca tia laser mc nh c thit k nm ngay
trn b mt ca bn gia cng trng thi bnh thng.
75
Hnh 39 Bc chun b tip theo

Tip theo, dng nm iu chnh mn hnh hin th th Prepare nh hnh
bn trn. Nhn chn Prepare xut hin mn hnh iu khin nh bn di. Nhn
chn Set home offset t ta hin ti ca cc trc l im Zero ca my.
Hnh 40 Thit lp im Zero cho my

Sau d mn hnh s t quay tr li mn hnh iu khin mt nh ban u.
Nhn nt iu khin trn mn hnh i n mn hnh la chn nh hnh bn di.
76
Hnh 41 Chn gia cng s dng tp tin trong th SD

Chn Print from SD card sau chn tp tin Gcode cn gia cng bt
u qu trnh gia cng chi tit.
Hnh 42 Chn tp tin mun gia cng
77
II. A CH CC PHN MM C S DNG
1. Trang ch gii thiu v cung cp phn mm, https://inkscape.org/en/

2. a ch ti tin ch m rng: https://jtechphotonics.com/?page_id=1980
3. a ch ti tin ch m rng: https://github.com/makejs/inkscape-laser
4. Trang ch gii thiu v cung cp phn mm: https://www.gimp.org/
5. a ch ti phn mm: https://github.com/MarlinFirmware/Marlin/releases
78

Laser Engraving Machine

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Laser Engraving Machine

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nghin cu khoa hc sinh vin 2016 i hc Cn Th

DANH SCH CC THNH VIN THC HIN TI

1 Vo Minh Tri Khoa cng ngh Cn b hng dn

2 L Vi t Anh Lp C i n t 1, K39, Ch nhim ti

3 L Vn Gin Lp C i n t 1, K39, Thanh vin chinh

4 Dng Hoang Nam Lp C i n t 1, K39, Thanh vin chin

4.1 TNG QUT MCH IN................................................................................... 37

Bng 1 S liu th nghim .........................................................................................20

Hnh 3.1. Thit k c kh tng th ca my ..............................................................29

Hnh 4.1. Tng quan mch in ................................................................................37

Hnh 5.1. Giao din lm vic ca phn mm Inkscape .............................................43

THNG TIN KT QU NGHIN CU CA TI

Ngy 30 thng 12 nm 2016

Nhn xt ca ngi hng dn v nhng ng gp khoa hc ca sinh vin thc

Ngy 30 thng 12 nm 2016

THNG TIN V SINH VIN

II. QU TRNH HC TP (k khai thnh tch ca sinh vin t nm th 1 n nm

ti nghin cu khoa hc My khc v ct CNC dng tia laser cng sut

cho mc ch ch tc m thut, sn phm m ngh v qu lu nim ng dng vo

Tuy vn c mt s c nhn v t chc ch to thnh cng my CNC laser song

1.4 I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V THIT B LASER

Hnh 2.1. Mt s thit b laser ph bin

Hnh 2.2. Laser rn

Hnh 2.3. Laser kh

Laser kh (Hnh 2.3.): l loi laser m dng in c phng thch thng

Hnh 2.4. Excimer laser

Excimer laser (Hnh 2.4.): l mt dng ca laser t ngoi thng c dng

Hnh 2.5. Laser bn dn

Hnh 2.6. Laser bn dn

2.2 GIA CNG BNG TIA LASER

Hnh 2.7. Minh ha im hi t ca laser

2.2.2 Phng php xc nh

Hnh 2.8. Controller Yamatake SDC10

2.2.3 Cch tin hnh

Lm tng t vi tiu c f2, ta c mt bng gi tr s liu mi. T cc s liu

Hnh 2.9. B tr th nghim tm nhit ti im h t ca laser

Chiu cao (mm) Nhit (f1)( 0C) Nhit (f2)( 0C)

110 271 213

Hnh 2.10. th phn b nhit ca laser theo cao

Hnh 2.11. Nhit t c ti im hi t ca laser

Theo kt qu ny, my khc laser vi u khc cng sut 2W c th khc c

2.2.5 Xc nh su ct ca tia laser bng phn phi nng lng Gausian

I0 l cng cc i ca tia laser ngay ti tm, R l bn knh hi t ca

V trong phn tch ch quan tm n phn phi cng ng tam dch

Xem xt mt vng din tch nh S ng tm dch chuyn ca tia laser trn

Cng sut ca laser p t ln vng din tch ny dc xc nh bi:

Trong qu trnh ct, b rng ca ng ct lun gi c nh v c gii hn

Nu tia laser dch chuyn vi vn tc V (mm/s) th thi gian tia laser vt

Th X biu thc (6) vo biu thc (4) v th kt qu nhn c vo biu

i vi mt cht liu c th khi lng ca vt liu W b bc hi xc nh bi:

Q (J/g) l nn lng cn thit lm bc hi 1g ca cht liu v c

Trn mt n v din tch nh chiu xu ca lp ct thu c t:

, l trng lng ring ca cht liu. Thay th W v S t cc biu thc

pha trn vo biu thc (10) chiu su lp ct D (mm) c cho bi:

Khi n kch thc ca din tch 0 hoc 0 phn trnh tng

Nu bc sng ca laser hon ton b hp th bi vt liu th a=1.

2.3 KHI NIM V TNG QUAN V CNG NGH CNC

2.3.2 Tng quan

Hnh 2.12. Cch thc hot ng ca mt h thng CNC

Hnh 2.13. Ngn ng G-code

G-Code c 2 nhm lnh chnh l nhm lnh G v nhm lnh M:

Bng 2 Mt s lnh G-Code thng c s dng cho my khc laser [11]