208 sncxenoore raat Oe pane hon, sneer (op 220 rin ee suo.) Voom Sn aia: WH em ‘Sa wa hl AZ Pu 0) Te mel of od A: A ‘Boyt {300 Teor omen ea) Pet Tes mor ue re er Ss Cn gaa plod se ron) New ek Cn nay es ‘wns Gh toe iggr rgs tt Pee se he Phan ran mon Mw a Pn Ps ‘Fenn iis sen per eT iB ois nai ays ta oe a inh te ei pag 1-12), NY Cm et oe con a of he ae Dict Ral SLI Seda cg tn Semantic Primi Semantic Fields [Anna Wierzbicka ‘Australian National University “Ter ca be any fen approaches to he sy f the exon. It woul them to me, however ht ltmaely the valu of est aponhes mat te rors ot sac cession Dt In empl investigates. 1 toe, of ote, ta lapescale empl inven camo be ude ‘iit some tl ethlogialssumptons Suh alr of Soh sump Tone must prove tsi he fat ey hearin he cal ep of ng Fac Thee wl som to eile oil debating, decade afer decade, te reign of which preaches oka anais eth ost “promis {ig Tomy ming ame poe mee snp look the ress, “hischaper reset lira ws at oped bya ge ‘wy of empire! investigations, Liniions of ye preven presen tere of any dt reper of hse studies, sd fo tition ofthe clams Ine are mst fer te reader wo those te, were empl an eer Uraly ned tad, sch a, In pact, Wei (985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1996, 1990, 198, 1997, and 1992). My be astumptons ea be std a las: 1, Theexcon of any langage ca be vei to pts: a sl st of wonder pees) hat eam Berga sadly ahd a age st of ‘ode hat can rps dtible a that a at an be dein rs ‘of he word rom he to neabies 2. Foray agg, inde can eH nthe ter words of his lange canbe defined in terms of ese languages neil. 3 Altough he et of idetinales sin each eae ngage sei ne Sn Aypotesie tat each sich sl relies, int own way, te Sve univeral and210 wsnaacra fnnate “lp of uma igs.” Foe cn i isan Enh word, ad Ie Latino, tot ath an raz the ame aon” of hua hog We ay, tesco, the ef alates aves ang every Tamgoge hs so ngage spec "ares" for tem.) Conseaey. he mero dein poly he srs al langage, a te nv Indtnabler canbe matcot ers bagel. OF ers he indtnabes of ‘ier langues cnn epee to ei inal pects: they cn, tonetcies be reared st SEMANTICALLY equal. (or dicesion a [Seaton ots pot, in pertaar Wierik, 980 and 988, aan) Imes sens ont nly ths soa) seman pies an be Meni with Seal iver. “hc st fy nds cen ia te cous af to dene ‘rom 1. Wieck, 1972 ost He 30. The caren Tit nla felowng dence (Gnd 1989s 18; Wier, 18, 989, torn yo, someone oh, some (shal ihre, fy ov wnt, ed, happen sod: a i, mal, cam ase fre time oho fers der, Kind of port of ite how), ean, imagine) more, sry, snd wo) "Tee ces hare crown ingage ods sytas. Fr example ‘ter clement thik, kw, fot al want cone wi neal” pseu lees onan someon ante compe, popstion ik oa Feoces The “oad dom someone combines wih be deter ike Eres he some ed ll ores and you do wt oan With ‘Rom ant soon or # lsc, we Weick, 1910 “Geral spening. the minx of wiv rmsd primes an be shot of oy mitngage is ode nt st of he lana “spb of aman hug bf the nate Tagan of ma gis hes, of the snagange’ of sutcoarin mental operons nf uonsiosconnve “Thc caning ofa ori, sof spa, confguton a semi iis; twartoe i dea ded on he Pea foe wor inthe eco. The teaming o ile wor can over fos a ove with Bs, and he iyo he tay wil cn ne iti na hinge aecing tera omy chang aed ith ed eas ‘fan but atop te caning of «word doe ot epg on fe meaning Tier wer eh wha he mong of word roe has compa ‘Tih cng of, ail ree wrt Hy Comping wed “ier wods tt inuney oe oe oso wecan eas wot em tt oy sr ne iwc et tine ma eel ing she oe he eens at oe re P= ludog i tus wy we cn fen deer remathale yometies and ‘SSA inh scene rctne of any words—an well a une 1 sewawrerRnerves 211 neice nd ineplries. We cn discover sl oti fle of semantic ‘ied words wh analogous seats patering. We can so dicovernepl {deposed networks of inci netvors "re ea ht words frm me ls naa opis, a ht a Beast some ofthese pooping re maitre appeaig, ven res Ihe, Buti we cold decompone mening’ in componers we el relly isa hs posibiy a sjenatic and medal wa. we do, weve haves in of hypothe nea, aif le ow o dace ‘figurations of indefinaes encapsulated iil wend, we ca ea the lade sect of ese words nds facto we ean eel te suuctrl ‘laos liking diferent weds together. Fo example, we esis hat he Itening oe wordt "abe of mabe,” and of th, “bf” wll now ht thr ommen core "be" Canary, mec evel noabitry semantics, aed we can espa them Ts, semantic piles ‘feral for nesting he seul of seat oupings ee In farcry can show ws how sings posi semantic ropings from uhiay ones and how fo Ssinpish Sire, sel-couaied ropes fom open-ended one. Twit follows, sete he poeliag tenet wl ur of examples erinng eve foe rea ofthe lion, Bei doing, Bowe, st ly te in of "coin," which was ju stated (pps Smt sedi) wih combina of letersoh a ae Bd. nat, ‘eninge ae ery compen erate, bil sty from spleens ‘ch ae someme,” "at" or Ws” at om rasta componcte achat Tyan something,” “ih goo” “you ei somthing ba” Component of this Kad fe ocean Bocuse he fl cna he tempera lama ae,” © th casa component “teemse,”seqences of ‘ch compooes abe of regarded as "snp o sears Abeon, {981 and Schank & Abele, 1977 This apples, for xa to words dea tng emotions orto words designating spc aes (retro te) "Consrae™ nou (eae oes ew ela Kins) wit alexa ‘aor ac ema uct, Ot, hereto, any ferences ee ‘aly selied, and ese componcats fer nt onl toca inet ete te referent also the "excel aes” sh a abit, bear ‘pc eration With people the cv of anima, he pie tution Of ‘rein thcve of atta Flier, 1975, 197) Here to, th componente fave to be sees a dered (oe Wierik, 1985) “The genral suponsstl ths ston enw ised wih ee sects devoted spel senate dows (1) he eas of "natal ins Gnd “cut in (2) sesh act vers: (3) calor wos All hese dre fave ben explored in cansiderable dol clewhere (et. Wieck, 185, 1987, 1880 for esens of ace, he pen Saco De i, Ay,212 wena “NATURAL KINDS” AND "CULTURAL KINDS” ‘mes fama athe every ease fhe wor, notin the sii ses) ‘bide, lowe, rts em FReoe, nono cone ate “inept had othe se of “kn.” I resonable, fre, tha ya Stuy eed toa “rtrd” words, Fo example, dg on ean be ‘kine a" Kind of animal” ——ps, each ese, ong sega of cop ‘ty, ging he att, sppearance, Delain people nd 0.00 (orion, see Wires, 1989) "Words dg longer gu, an oon an b sd fom a well ied, de sorante ld ca hy have dein Beaded, oto ‘pea y the sme coon "Hin of ain” Silly, wows sack 5 Jraloy cole, pongain orem ca be ad frm a well cn, dite ‘Srna fil teen they al have delnon ald by the ane compat kind of in ad wns sich soo, wll, Bh, orp can abe md to frm a velldetined, dice mona ll Hesse the al ave eins ‘ade Uy te same component" Hd of we" Father the conceal apestepres.on which he names of “ral od we tse re soa taxonomic cunetr Presale, animal, dor {ish can ll be jtably define a“ Kind of cere” (pi of oan ‘oer f tons component) wheres rer flower ca he jtiay (Etc, oughly," Rind of hing rowing at of round” (UE agi, & tuner of aoa! crore. ‘On the eer and an sion 6 tik ht words sch sl, Bal trite, rte, swing, ey bear an be silat defined in tes ene nui spear sch ey, As Le show in 8 Leiogre phy and conepea onats (Wichita, 185), words sch a oy. veil, nine or neon etd fnetionl concep, no lxieoase concepts ad they at otro el kind words ahs eee Boe, ea, eae) [nde sone way nck nkonome seperate (mia, Hr, fh, Power fre) recat tc sont (ch 8d, cay, fa, oe 0 0). Tov example, any doe sand or any pricy, deseubi, an renga [KIND of ing rte, stds for things of ANY KIND ma by ppl for hike 10 play ith, Thereoe “oy” “weapons.” and 99 on we nt Sonic snprooprc, i he sme that “anal” “bis” “eos” ae ‘Comegueay, on cannot speak of sean Hel” of "oy," "vies," ot Sapo the sme se I which one can speak of seman Hs of “mi” "bd," "tes" an Soon. Troe witht, on can of coume pop words sich adel, Bll eee an rate tat, od for sesin pyres hissy be useful or cao, as Ut of varios Kind of bjs ta can be Boot fa ty depart of 3 ‘eparnent ore) But roping of hs ind woud tae a esa basi 1 sewn ranures 213 “This oto npy ht won sch sd al rete, an ae not all ned (tr ee ste) hy the sre Sena copes. They cae Dat te component in goetion tad of oy ales, sm Ines pea ony suing at ue aes nan tects: og [paint of thing me by peopl." "Thee i uo reason, of couse, why one Shout not speak of lth or beaded by hx components forming one tise nombirary wean el! Bot a ge es, which Wa oo teria sce Te eo vided, sembly oping, no “ys, “hikes” weap” ado, Beato oe ae foal alezre,pot taronomic ons, OF coe i we was 0 we cat csi eu ind nto toys, weapon, insrumes, Mchenwae, abd son, ta thy clasifaice ‘weil ebay fom tet of vow of oman ace. Frc ep ‘tv of "lk etpesizaton” rected in the sei sine 4p mh nt of Richa,” Dyer ae not" vl,” Balls not" Kind of oy” ad ive rent id of esp.” sues, thet at mamen of "coll Kad do ot frm nonasi tray, dete de, whereas names of atl Kind Jo. Rsces oe ta iris sia to apn oe camp, of the Fel of coins” ete, 197) ef tore wore 4 onary, self-contained fll of anes of er faites” OF cou, work sch cp, up, Bole, far, op, ceo bare ‘ARE only cst lat, a in fat hi al xpos reveal depce ‘tyme ven eter hn ne mag lave expected Ge the explication of et words Wieck, 198). UE Pte feb relate © bowl frm, sand cara carafe elt to we, pot malted par, ‘Sc 30 onan, vase, o pos would rt be maa dese a "on fine.” Pace Lata! (972), ins do nt fle of snl it bas, es io mma the everyday tense ote wer, oF Mawes noes (or ‘ramp, mnie te hot of at ind Fe wheres esse oot ‘taal of oer ror are thought ofa a Kd fed, whereas sae at, and ons Tha, seat, otal pos, kr of ows a "a nef cove wee spr ae" Kd of i” aloes, "Kind of ome "The ope ve tit amen option “fay and that words we eked "amy eseeanee," ty apie seat lations, id, aleve nthe fat thet ene! vestigations ofa categoiation ender {aken by paycolgie ave en Been cai oat in thane vce, at ‘toy tha thy have not been grounded nan Imgistialy based wera fhery (or fuer dnsin nd exenptietio, soe Wiech, 180). SCatgusy emberp” of mor ad meanings cant be established by ‘aking infos snp qvetions, a giving Hes spl "sring™ asks. Ik {noni be esblnbed by metodcalsnatc nalyl In the bens of ch21a weazocxn the pretense et of the resucbers rahe han ress of val, wel oceved empl Investigations ‘SPEECH ACT VERBS In Bgl an in ter ropes anaes ee are ur verbs ht an De silt fry tga, one coer, selcotined eld thse ae ves Fein ote ings ht ones do with wort,” tat to dere Iyps of esc ate T have invested vome 250 st words in my Bra See act verb Avorn donary (Wierik, 1987) nd Tha ound & {ry Bigh depres of patening ‘hat pes ates fo he of “speck vets” oe presece of soone welidfned smc component. These compensa undtie what i {a alld the "iota fore" Austin 102, Seale, 1976 of te Senet deste ya pen speech et verb. This octoary Face com rac components ha spell ont he seaker eons, simp, oS ows, expec in speech, Fo xaple, the vere atl order deere a0 seta cade th llowing component In ton, ond nes the compen: (ik) you he 9 do ome of ‘rues ak in he epee ain in) onde hae do ec fs orb si some ways sym with pet order, a clades th component (to oe wn 900 wells conidet assumption (4k) Jou a ot ase fi Complains the compooens he) oi tig me “Reproac, rebut, scold and reprimand ince the componest: fs eevavncrmneves 296 (4) yo dl omega “Tanta poop ince, sgt, he components: (09 yo did sorting sod me (03 [omen td 300 ‘And vo on. H i: my papose to roid er exhaustive expions of any ‘goed sot Yebe. (THe lsd eer ca find sch expiacs. i ‘Wirbik, I9N7) Rather, am eying sow here how the "fel™ 0 posh {eve cn be dime in naar) way "The ato ets ht a alin about dows ae coi wih the clas of “perermaive™ vers. For example, wheres ask order, ford oF apalogte aval wed perermatvel, reproach rete, an Bas canot dart ou do i pets oa The doe Tepoh oyo ahaede it ‘cone wl 6 soneting tan you yo doi aw am tebe Nonetse al dhese webs exibihe same kind of senate suc: Ty eto te speaker a cern sae tht cn be portyod in eo ist psn locanary componets sachs (say) yu eng ba rina (ty fe meng a oe {tay 1am god eter he eer eo) a "tive that components of hind al raed, explo impiety by say" do allow wo Wena acs of words in x metry wa: and Dat Aisle des conte + "ea" reltelystcotine pa fhe Engh Ieticon, TEs pricy inten 0 note tat the psig components of this ‘ind cane suppered not al wit sess t an with aya siren spec at Yrs th hare ceri seme compo (cb ‘ions of component) canbe sbown to also share cnn meta fae ( ‘mbit’ of anes). Coser, for exanpe, he epee di sting Mat ic sce withthe following tame; Xved¥ fring Za cxample the folowing ve share this cmponen and irae: reproach, Fehate rove, reprimand, edmonth, sold. Venn ch 3 pote rman Y eZ ily ht X sid Y someting tht ded the seman component “you dd etl Ba ged)” (2X rebated ded ¥. 7). "Te me "X Vad Y for Ze also td ith verb sch me crit of rien devia tac frome, Yo speak, eid the ask ‘hth rs person: One cant eprimand rebut ee Dbint ass, tone can rites oprah tar pra. Hower he vo groups of ‘ensue disinpssbe in rms anther sut ame:"X Wel V'8 2" X sips Pez yelp 15 "Ts poe at verb at ipl he compensa: econ Yd meting lod ow bas te sytcti Feames in question: (0) X Ye Yt a2 GLXvad sz, ren spesch at vets that ply he component silo oly theft of these 0 ams ‘Att seond example, carpet yt possibile of vers sich as ender, command inst ge ak, be, whi an Be ad ogy the seman emponct And al of wish can oscar in he sya fame Some of hese vets, Howeve, ve an nts rane: TealX webrbegged ¥ for 2) 8. seMaKmicramaTVEs 217 which he atts dont hae: +X xseciammandengl Yor "This ado sytctc fae ks ae) and beg) with vrs sich lead fn ap (on, wish fen) Yes ht sy Ht th seer anat expect the contol verte oon this toy, er a abate {ote speaker he tenon to come (among ote) he lowing endian of eompones: ‘onthe er and, vers nh as onder, command of we, whi ae theme SX Ved Yo do2” bt at" Vd Y Tor 2 ly a mento et,» more cone aade om the pt ofthe speaker “The meres readers ily tas a his point some betes posing spat ymmeties and ioeecasis. For ctamge, why ext demand, ‘hich shold be similar toner an command ose ints atte "X Ved Yo (502°7 Or why can plas apply ecerwith or Hk a be) Bat lhe ‘uke bey sotto nthe ae "X Ved ¥ fo do 2"? Xatmctade 2 2x pha ez Karns ae odo Sy! Y to Z Sx pl Yee AL ist igh, aiteences a his id may Seem synteny ray. Bui ne sais bam more close, one covers hal a em bing ‘Shura, thy, oo, point over el ema eres nd theca ‘ity of sytctr lcs nscale, Pr exanpl, oe pleads WITH “pen sone argues reasos WITH prom, Beet pla, ks argue ‘to, involves a cachange of argue ater tan et spel te “rece wil. One demands SOMETHING, nat SOMEONE, bese wis Iie penon who demands someting wat bs, above al ceria une | (v may be boas abot hy rome stn, pee atin by E perticular aldresoce’ For the sem season, ene applice for SOMETHING, cod218 one dosn't aly SOMEONE, bees what the apg person wants 5 ‘Doveall apaiclr tome, no sap acon of partir ade, AL {iene tio, he ate of pea who applies fortran ss cont {Keita ht of ptm wo demas someting: nd hs sw one apie {Fm something, av one peso ats FOR snc, whtes oe demands SOMETHING, net FOR SOMETHING (or cridene and json, se Wierik, 158. ‘Crain, ts wid of vein ent be pli alla of the levicon (Geary speaking, ste applicable (0 verb han ooouns) I an however be munya to speech et vers sb or ths reason aloe, ‘pet verb conte prey fru dona seni xpsine- {So Inport le olen apport investigate hearst of ‘Plan tightened “seni ela o explore, om an emis tase ery non of "esate Tel.” ‘coLOR WwoROS Colors nt ier haan conse, Thee re angus tat on have 3 Sond for "lr in gee apd hat ow ave worl foray inva cl. Some scl who ive wren abou coos ad cole wore appear 10 be ona on hi pita ele tl Ianguges have at es two colar tems. earsponding othe glsh word ack an whe, BU tes ety of ‘once owing ts th ble italen. For example, inthe Astral horigal language Giga the two woul-be “color wor," gungnda tou pal snd in fot for someting ke “andi ad “gh sbelng-suite ek,” which eas ist ey ented once ge itera fo howe embed clr monde as lack and we (oes ‘© Mecha, 1979 etna Kay (196) have med tht Eglsh (ike man er ngsigs) Insaco set 11 words hat can be deed ns “basi colr wont ‘Mack whe, ed yellow, gto, le, rom. pik ans. pape and re. Fit him th hese 1 ode he pial aun he Engl exon tte coovincing ee, However, Moss, 1989) Atte sume Gime Rowevet ‘Sens car tat the color wodr belong to sch Taper ik” whose ‘Nondorie ar vt wel died. Thi ice Hel all aces words sich Deige maroon, fie, magenta, rargucis, cre,ie,iy, Hha,bt tetrcn ya, nny Bue ol, glen ser ashen, mane aie apc peach, rosy. bln an pepperanal, a 00 ‘Do word ths Kind have aalaabl, defn meanings In some cass, seems ite bv that thy do Many oe worl ut ised ae ley ted ‘Goa comparin with proye s an be decribed, oul n es of he ‘Snr arsine "loka ke "This pps, oreampe, to gold pide 4 semanrc rms 219 Liber alive, erica, pee, ll, ra, a son, Worf this do ata represent the sane degree of “emancipate fem the prosorype in ems of| tspets ote than color. Fr example, reper can be deste 8 gla ser at nt ray oF Hal (att mention Bond). Ble cun ay be Sse ar navy lu, ant would beet exe Kno He at te tra some ny ait ep ‘he cahn ware dost wi me my he bei, Wy can paper be described as gold 0 sher but net a ato apricot? Proumahy teaue the semanic erie of stich hal ov apricot oes at spect" oc ke X nok"; eves he deo of Simariy pen: “Il Hooks tke X." Bu oo ply tht bebe or fmeloes bo ke my wnfoms sc pit, orth kino bea Seki nm uifrms, Ont aber had ts ota od inp a some pec of paper ok ke olor ser esas the preys (and see do ot Sei Tom, stapes 0a, Te shows aso be noted at gold anders clo fs ply mt oly ecin kinds of ene bat also a shinng appearance af he refer. Tet respec, thy ae ater ite he Ginga nord gang. A i gest a fv in Enpsh he fi of “elor won sot sty separated rom words ting oer pecs of appearance’ Gold wn sr gly te pence of ‘hin, ry stapes someting living, fh sd oly ite rns) land fess acetate Kind of exe (carci of ham bi 0 on. Weve sable, thee hata eumber of Egih wore dscbing cose (and possibly ter specs of apres bse the “ook pari ‘Bt otal words edd as "olor ems” hae his Kn of ean sce ac cxarpe, gre. pink, pele ot ee dot leroy xen: Rater, the re concepized nes of inainary antares: 4 "mite (sim Tana rene hese lcs) of end wine ce of ik of ack tnd wie nthe seo ry, of lv and edie the cae purple, a ben ta wit inte ee of ie Burapi, skid of Seman stracte chiral sri sso olor were": grey o pk ae conespsied st “imaginary mies ack, whe, ce red are ot. This sgt hat even te mal to he hae 11” is semana afr, But what kind of sete can be atrial Solo ond sachs black whit, ed yell, green, ue? Ca te mesing fe aayed (Le, verbally find) at a? Mary scholars belive ht cana, _ tt (cic explanations asl) werd of tis in ean en be ein sel ke oper names “Ti i Hay “ti te" “ths bd” CC Busing, 197, p 0; Ras, 148, pT).229 wienzocxn Mover, 2 pin ut by Frumkin (184), “dito” of this Kind a to nso forthe intinely fot rons fetnesn een color words. In ora they to ocean fot et ht when lack ae a Bee pps ofone anaes, et He ong an kor, or hr and rf ce. aterm, ese defen it accour fr he ale rea sigs teen cin color words a monte deseTg er apts of 3p [earch ete felon betwee lack a dart beech whe and Td ei of tose elation slely manifested he falling coe sts in acepily uk eet te Sec, ek Sake st ne “Toaccouot for facto thin, we sinpy have tanya teal te words imvlved "Consider also he eltonsewcen difecnt words esrb clr such as lc” of" diferent language of he wd For xample, Rossa as ‘yo wondscnespanding Bu, bas sity dierent fo the Engl le Int ange fie: flab (hy, “sy Ms") an in (oul. “dep ‘oe or “tak lc") Pol ho bat two wor, whose ange dss ncaa ‘Ste, however wih ao he Rosin wer Nib em nebo, "8", Stands or gtr, rte, and even some dk Maes, btm fo very he bles eh fr expe, nny Be, ofthe oor of "ble an) ad “ron, ich and fran agar tr of Dor ate of ibe) {tsot lack we foe to define wore sch ue, abd we ess hat he ‘simply le ole sot, lec inl webct we wll eat show fw hese were semantically elated. What sare, we Wl, futbol Bow naive speaker the deren ngnagesin question ow how fa they an exten he aptaton of» ven wor. ‘OF couve, the foundries cor words are "ay.” Nene, he owas of Bln, gob, in te lay very llr abaug ty an all be ad fo be fz. the concept of be wre simply biology ‘termine ha, i nee he rst of precltral "wing 0 tha eet Claed ream, by Kay nd McDanl, 1978), one would expec hat ‘fel hate dependent, it fa nt colt indepen: Bound {on and sometimes even te fk of *base” exe weds sch Ble, a {ites om langage angage, Fe example, est of glu aespods tthe Engh sty le, nt oth El ean the otf the Dt maa, "fe meson i fat othe ng ret Meet, 1972) Treo, even whe th fol do ocd sos ere th it ism enly he foe to be cout for, but also the ous. Lam fot we Nhe he far of oe Posh ben ee sae a hat of he 4 SeMAKTICRRITNES 21 alison; bat even fit were the same, we til have te futon f why mieten mich rome ans than ble. At fs, {he slant thi problem may Seem mye Poh nso as ane" ‘Ste mod, ramsey, wich competes wath ibe for pat of he ge at {he Bgl le, Ba int Solution mr pyre ha a, Bea ‘ni solr ems doa ae Be sana excuse Tor eam, Japenese fas ly oe ae clr te comesponding to ie, ancl ao an nly ne ha cle term coneaqoning to gran, may Imilor ad yt the rage of ws ofa isch wk han that of le in Fertig a ca be ape o “grea” wal igh, to we paso tes fe fan, “yrsn” (eg Ces Shoppes, ahd so on tat to eters hal co al be denrbed a mide Tnadton to ov, there ar ali aps tween color tem. For exam, in Polish many shades yng, roughly speaking, betwee ean own can te led nes zrwony Te) Brzowy brow”) een tou hee 8 ‘her color word hat nell be pps her shades AScording to Ged AKI {eth same apis Gorman. On the ter hand, n Engi, informs ‘pear to be que wiling lo eat be won rand brown in suc ay ‘er the entre sea betwee he Kc of hese 10 WOR Si i rae Tha fee wo oor weds comapning ol, Fi means rly “sky” and md tgoen eas "sve ans ed oe ‘esp be of the Thai nation Mag, But the mem bs, th what i ‘pied in Engh he fos bc isu by Ta speak ing fn a ed ‘formas’ lnm They efi 1 dence sas ether “sky” or sive tis in fc they any tat "hard to dec (Dir Jana, feomig). Buti the range of aplication oa pve ase clr wor is ure spxiic su hereto it eter hy “bsogcl wing,” hat des determine 0 the seater tact knowledge of hel mate langage? Teorjetre tha si dtemined— Ike range of eplition of air kde of wonir—by te wort somate stare. Native peaks ay ory en ave sss fo this state ot conscious level, tt hey com oh 4 sabeonsclus ee fea hy can bin othe susae of ti concious ‘bythe inspection, a in any ease its eee in cosmon coe fen metaphor se pan ad ter de! Inguti ed tinegrapie tow. ‘My hypothesis thi, Te most base olor concep” (hat the steven ‘etn nd Kay's soccer based on entail rps ta pay | fundamental re in bunan experince Tete protatypen onthe 0 Be fcoesved of ae “ezpan” or “mde,” Sati a meting tht 8 en Tor cramp, if we ae loki fr the st “tal” and mest widely222 werzicns cccuring expla ofc ht is ty te med of wha Hack things "ook They, we wil ebay ago om hrc! a nee, In many angges, the ‘hen cgi ot aki desve rom the Word fr chara. BH we ae Tooting forte sn tral pint of referee for nck, we may wl in i {lew rot hcl bo th ea of night" ka parc, he ow ‘Thtming const becom nh nl Gay may well provi he mast eal Irn of tlre forte ont Petoer dark ad Hk, and alo, betwee {fhe sd whe Ts mou expla, nce, he Hk etwen whe and Ti, an between lack an dark te eat and ls, tink wen te ‘tbctve light a hl) a be ou ig. ‘Tins ve langage the word fr “Black” i eal wih, os devved trom, te won fer cbt, we cin epee tthe meaning of is WoW bron pn a expla “it aks ke casa” Hf, however he word fr Tauck is rented tthe nod for night a, for example, fn the Arstaan ‘ArginalLsnunge, Largs ln Gn, pe), eat suspect tha his Word tear floret sete stor: tt i ok tie ight” bu "I can fone people nk of righ” Ths state satire, tb, rer 0 w cern otocpe, bu hs peop coos pia of feferece aber ha at Steep, ‘Cone, for example the Tha wor fi. “y") and se Polish word ih Gm to “y"), Cle, bath tes words somehow ive th “Cavey of sk. Why ite, he Pl color wer tase on the wed fo ‘Sy cea te exe o esp ik es whereas he Tha won cao? 1 est ht he renee ie nthe ileat ind of seule stove Speaking Sree ove ean sy tt bth words ae Based preety, But acca or {hedien anges co ar to ptsomengemoerci.Lsgpe te Tallow: = ing te a ee oes = hn es ng eX 1 ative ta ithe Engh wd eb oes sie that ofthe Pash trod cist bate et ove ese rape he sky. Tie fas range fe ier han at of wt cae ky lu. THis ‘sess te le, to, levoles fey a + pit of reference, ot 35 28 ‘etl whee hy le ives te ty a exp UU Ys bean it et a clos tht “can ake poe hin of by” i hat he ange fl wider thn af ibe? “Tosco or dere, | roon tha Be nave ae han one oi of ‘Mare’ nt nl the sky bl owas wae om he up ba wally ‘ong ote tha the ws es, aes, er, a oon. ROE sean rams 228 Saaneeny ‘Stolp ot made or) Cencraly speaking | propose at the seven base cole tems da ae wot ‘opt of ay a mapnry stew al bse o ier ees of hon life nd aman enveoent: The cones of “dak” and. "gh an, i rey of "lak and “white wile ws hei ame of referent eos ‘eevee night and ay the concept oe involves, take pt of ‘en, the concept of Bod (and omy, tbe cncept of ro) “plow” ‘see to th um, “aren” oes rowing ou of pound, “ae” whe sky (at pero to-wit ad “brown” a what presi a he color of he eons "Te siverlpseoce and sens ofthese prototypes expan n my view te lng sires nh location ofthe fot feo wos inthe rapes 1 is world, The hypothe at these prope ly euclre aas anceplinton of olor explains abo, 1 beever he cole seqence, {stab by Becis and Ky (196), nee kegly mysterious, dsp Sore atts ac explanation int of neopysnlgy(f.Kay & Mean, 1976) As fra kno, no newopiysnoin explanation ns Ben found for the fact ht, fr eae, "rove" emerges every Before “aang” (= ‘epi aach more en cle) wy ao opis in guages With aly tobi color toms “sed” universally cand with White rat hah bith Bock or wy ia thee lagu ta distinguish for tase steps, Mcrowtte,” "nsee-Dlck” "macee” anh “ace,” yew i lly negra with ther Ban wih ren. The hyptisavanced ere exis al tind rch mee). Theses of my ep fer the ‘olnary eqlnce ca be exprsed By a aga ee 8.1. ’At Tile 1 shows, He fs, mst base dsnion has 1 3 wih dhe rovnce vee bec gh Light esate wth ay am, ad Sv, hich why concrete” cae nt simply whit snd “Tt colar ba so yw andre cven dep red hehe we of pong em, an aso why Srila an npn spt on xepry. The ene fit iano Ath he Lea of night (ack apd "rk col). ko with he sbence tan andthe ace of Tie ("l” ea, "cal clr “at eles. acre eee a septate category wien restarts tn bethonght fw 3 ‘spunea apart ram er aces of ip When an stare be She of ae peste pte, apart from yt and part Gm fe, yellow” emerges us. new dst cep) "Te abn of ih andere th exer of "mcr ck" Ths capory224 yenancea ~K FT i 3 i > ‘pn aa om at vegetation in wo peeps mos sien and most sable Tees of te Chieoement thr tan te to sor Tih, and Fr) Towa emkrge asa serie eatery when the goad vs es sale he su, sor vegetation) ents atewloe sy asepanie envio metal precepe “Te ls ental vier prope appear to i Mond, ish ude the ies of pe re," ax din frm er fovelte hades (or ed Shason, ee Wie, 19500, Tam not sigging that speaker of x linguge ike modem English re ‘enscoslavate fay links tween Bla dh green ad rowing things, ‘yellow and sin, of ed and lod anion fie). These pleay of heen, weve, tthe do make he ks ona women evel Fa ead ‘ery caren sf ue demons a speaker of English ik leith ‘Sy he seratic extension rm “ree” (cle) to “mates” pon Tak teween green and rowing ans do words nd expressions sacha rem bal rene. grees rentawse, greengrove, seen, preenvood, el 30 ‘on The ink etwen anand ells can be upped ith tanga ev Geuce of children's dcundngs in which the son Ginvecisbly vellee whe weed: a. sewanmicrmmurves 225, oad pots annie lik Beween red md Mead, a do, eevee, ibe rds atd expressions sic a lod Mary, blodone, ober “hetinkhetween reds te concep of Grecane doce wh expressions sh 8 re oa, Pe et ore om. “The hots advanced es also exis why. opined out by Moss (0983, "the foes of "ee," abo ang the coma inary abu ees, ‘sot asd tows theatre ed of he erin” (16): Pe si the ‘hy prod example of vi, pr alr, whee, ax Moshe! oi ou (on he same pe), "te natu tackroued lo ices any ul wens” "Above al the present hyphae explains why the evlonary Sequence wopona by Bera and Ks’ (1969) ios fr devin and exces for ‘ramp, hy some langues my hie chino bc color words {te Alns hu "red-gron” and svnin “bue-yelow” (MacLauy. 1987, ‘Meneil, 1972 Ihe tsi eqance were deermine in esence, by human ‘ong, one wold exec it tobe excels It, however Stemi the ban comeptalveatn of ear shred erly emma oe weld ‘ct toh commenais and varton-—atich i eaty wat we do id, propose en, hace the most ase color word sch a we lack ‘ed, et, lu, an greonn Eglin hav an analyte seman: ete {hic mace ts bared on one cogsale stan schers when 68 tings He Xone an tink, were he sky orb), tings owing fut fe proud lor ae, sun Jellon), lod a fe tel {he roand fr brown). This ype of seman strate irate ‘Sancti oes sc color wots sich ol servlet rua, ‘ots, which ral sed on he “lnk ike” mode: whe oe vs things ike X,oecan tink ok ike tia cierto he ena trae of tes scribe and won color wend tht covepand We tmpry mane, uch av are, pinks parle, cr bie ‘Do clr words owt el-ontned, sharply deine seat eld? Notrealy They ant sharply dented fom worsdeseaing oe specs of pearance, at bey ae nt internally hongeneous. Nowell, thy do [thi pockets of wos with analogous seman paening. Rut wither the Agr of ners coerce ofthe drs of exer rds no hi exter fetes wheter wards inthe lexicon can te exper aot crf seman {easly the nv! words—an aaj hat necator de ones then it simple semantic elements (nd lial it ees ‘minis pimsives) ‘concLusion. | erase the vay of cur ams, compares wit ier words ae SN ee compen sens Wilk other wards are226 wenzicns Aependent oo “whee te ex ems may esate in he nent" lint « defn, eo, hs oso is owe: Adio xpress [jai aot the meaning of parr word, al itis aid accom Coney forte ange eeu ie parteuar wor, Th bounds of i ange ny he “fry” ut ever hs zines con a shuld Be pie by 2 we Pract and well scared define, Fr, Get, Wale, an aes (1980) pt frwan the dstracive Slogan Agia ditions, which soon eg ed hem othe colon ht eae {rales in ges imposible an ist he abandoned I ine a eine the weltesting mtr of his ganado pela ene sgn Hs oppose Ecko dfs! Bu out tole defnsons, oe, ser ad Js ‘ise power. Meanings ere gees} desided an compar ey fe copia for wht ty ae ge and cals conrations of ‘Sven somanc primitives. When the configurations a pies cone fli in nd won re reveatd, th latins Between dle words ‘so revel hemalves Thi, herfre, le ete primi approach fosemane says ao oles sneer fen pean ore sto emai Fle. REFERENCES, sg KR, gs oA i 37S ICL gg Ser eee ote ae I wy ee tt er De A & Jeep, Peon A iron fo Tha rom. ma eae cea em Sep ocensa a Say Eee See ER comer a meet RCE nc 1m oats os rt Be a SEER AS ee ct cement merge ie pete ge ore eee we Do OR RRS I ea me TIRE AR Si ye sei eh enema bee etna pe haemeneentea 8 sewannermnerves 227 ttt. (197) cA lyn ein tnt ep ny ne. ep “kg ie Fp 0 ahh ee i dl te, Nh ad ay it) Caer cman Shea inne hep an 18 sus SP 0 Ce etic ar of Linn, 2-18 nc ic re pins a hp ps 022 Seca st nam nw ep an np. [SS tale, GDN Sep pow sl mee ry ‘ihn nme nt Lore rm Se an me Aci nny Lape 5-2 ‘ria, 2 Semper en apn rtp 2). ‘Wor, & Ua Lge eat T mes oft ng Ra War, A U5, Lop ano ni Am er, MK Vcnci Ge ph tei ny Am es VWevncts. (i css omar: ese Bea ‘Nera, Seman oes ane om). omit Ait Sue nis Ti mag hr Sr Mh wk Ai.“ eae ot yr Tres ie 1 Ta Mes pep se ioe carne 30 nae eae ‘ee ite eee Saws eto he a es