‘hier. Peaing ‘THE IMAGE OF THE CITY Kevin Lynch ‘What docs the ct’ form actully mean tothe people who lve there? ‘what can the ity planner Jo to make the city's image more vivid and memorable to the cty dwelle? To answer thse questions, Me. Lynch, ‘Sippdrted by studies of Lat Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City, Forme Inte anew extern — inageabilty and shows is potential value a 1 guide for the building an rebuilding of cities ‘The wide Scope of this stuly lads to an original and vital method forthe evaluation of city fonn. The architect, the planver, and certainly the ety dweller wll ll want to read this book What the resewers have sid “Kevin Lynch has come up with a readable, tautly oxganized, sutharitative volume that may prove as important to ety bulking as Camilo Site The Art of Bulding Clee” Architectural Forum ‘City planners and urban designers everywhere will be taking account of he work for yens to come. «The importunce ofthis back nthe Iersture of urbaniem is obvious’ |. we nave lacked «theory of the citys visa perception based on ‘objective enter. For sme erage Feason, nthe period ating from the late 19th Century in Germany find Tasting unt Lynch's forts "there was no experimentation in the matter of how es aye perceived, All of us can be grateful forthe fesumption of this ine of thought. The impact of this volume should be enormous" —-Leonatd K. Eaton, Progressive Architecture “Thi mall and readable book makes one of the most important moder contributions to'urgeseale design theory = To understand Lynch's ‘nudity, one must go. back to. 1955, the year when he began bis Studies perception with a travel period in Italy. This was several years before al the ‘urban design conferences, before the coining ofthe phrase, ind at atime when vespectable planners were concerned with anything but the eplortion of urban frm I took rebellions young teacher - eed ty the snspiration of F.L- Wright (his sometime mento), to arm the tables on thirty years of ‘planners! neglect” — Devid A. Crane, Journal ofthe Amicon Institute of Plennare WM HEM 27 PRESS RLKevin Lynch The Image of the City ‘The M.LT. Press Marrachuset 5 Technalegy Cambridge, Mairacbretn and London, BlendPunLicaTion oF THe Jour CENTER FoR Uneaw Srunres This book one of trier published under the anpicer of the Joint Center for Urban Stair, a cooperative vente of the Masacbusers naire of Tecbnology and Harvard Univeriy. The Joint Center wat founded in 1959 10 or anise and enconrage research am urbon and regional pro leon, Pertcpants bore inaded icholart from the fede of lntbropology,archtectae, bine, city planning, teonom lex education, eginering, tory lew, phiterop, polite ence, and sociology The fadings and conclsions of thi book are, a with all Joint Center publications rlely the responibity af the bor. Coptght © 1960 by the Magshuses Insite of Technology tnd ike President nd Fellows of Haraed Cllege Pet nti ISAM 0 262 12008 6 (tacos) ISBN 0 262 6200 {papertuck) Liteary of Congress Catalog Card No: 60-7362 Printed inthe United States of America PREFACE Tris bok abr se lok of ie nd wheter i lnk is of say inpoaee, and whether ican be changed The ban lansage, among is my is, als something Be Seen be remeber an nd ning vl or She chy he peced nda ia role selene ew oe see In he cue of examining ti new problem, se bok ks a deee Aeveen cher: Bowen, Jrmy Ci, and a Angle icsugpes + med whey weigh beg to del wit dna foum athe aan ale ad fer some pices of iy dese. The wok cnt Us bed sis sly ws done under she vein of Poferor Gyorgy Kepes and yea he Cate for Uran and Regina Stier of the Masachuerlaiae of Teeholgy. mas pneouiy pce ober sever yrs ty tends fram he Reieler Fowndutn. The boo ial x ing bled as one of sees of woumes of he Ju Center for Ueton Ste of she Masaces Inne of Techology teu Harel Universi, am agency shich an gowe oo of he Sinn search aie of tee to ina ‘A in any inl woe, the convene dts from many source dtr ce. Seve roche onto ‘lewly othe developmen of thst: David Gane, BerardFrieden, Wiliam Alonso, Fak Hovis, Richaed Dobe, Maty lea Pees (0ow Mis. Alonso). am very grateful ther al (One name shouldbe o hese page with my ow if oly Be ‘would tereby aot be made responsible forthe shortcomings of the Book. ‘That name is Gyorgy Kepes. The deiled develop- ment and concete sedis are my ova, but the andeling eon ope were generated ia many exchanges mith Professor Kepes Tiroald beat ins o dena any ideas Hom his For me ‘hese have been. good yee of association. enn Lyweit Decor 1959 CONTENTS 1 The Image of the Environmene 1 eal, 2 Buiding the tag, 6; Sevrue and bmg; image, 9. HW Theee Cities “4 ovis, 6 Jerse Gig, 23; Los Angle, 32; Coraron ‘Themes 45 TIE The City image and Is Elements 4 Pah 9, Edges, OP; Dini, 66 Node, 7; Land sau, 7; Ekim ncn, 83, The Sos, ‘age #9; Image Qual, 8 IV. Ciy Form o ‘sighing he Pas, 93; Design of Over Elmers, 99, Fo ia 0h; The we fe Wile nS V ANew Seale ne Appendices ‘A. Some References 19 Orientation 123 "Types af Relrence Syeana,128- Forman of che Image 31, The Role of Form 138; Dadra Img, 138 B The Use of the Method 140 "The Method the Bana for Dain 153: Dizeions for atte Resch 136. C Two Examples of Analysis 160 enon Hh, 166; Sey Seer, 173. Bibliography 182 Index 187‘THE IMAGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT Lesting a sie an gv spc pesae, were coxnmonplic he ight ay be Likes pce ofrecer fy it conacion in mace, bor ene Of vat sae 4 thing tered on inte cone of lng spans of tne Ci dxgn i iberfve + eemgoraebticam ry Se he cone tnd ‘Utd squece of ter tempor aie mae On Semen xnsne sed for difeonpropl te squenes se tevemed, incre abandoned, cos soa. Ie item inl Ugh ae al went "A ery ln, tere & eae tan the ee cn me, are stant er on Beata seing 4 ew wig be epore [Noming i experince by et bot sisi eon ri tnt, oe aque of een lending op 10 he te tay of per teenies Wathlapon Senet ln lamers Seld might lok ike te shopping se: in the het of exo, tnd yer would em wy irene Every een bat had tong svocos with sme part fis iy, a hi image soaked conn ad nesrngMoving clemens in a city, and in patie the people and thee aces. areas importa asthe saint physical pas ‘We are noe simply observers ofthis spec, br are curves 2 par of on the sage with he oer pacipace "Mat oem, ‘our perepion af the iy 2 00 sustained, but rather puta, frapentny ned with eter cocere. Neatly evry seoe is Jn operation, andthe image is ze composite of ter al [Nor ony i he cyan objet hich le perceived Cand perhaps enjoyed) by milion of people of widely diver dss aad ct ‘ze, but It the produc of many builders who are constanly ‘modlying the arscrore for reasons of thee own. While cay be suble in generat cuties for sometime, ei ever changing in deait Only puta coal can be exercised over its growth ‘nd fora There is no fal real, only 9 coinoosssucresion Of phates No wonder, then, thatthe art of shaping cities foe ‘entuous enjoyment ean at gute separate fom zchiecare ot ‘use or lertue. Te may learn «gest de rom these ober sr, ba ie cannot imitate them, “A besutifl and deipeel cy envionment tan ody, some ‘would sey an impos. Not one American city args ean 1 iage ts of cocitenely fine quality, although a few twas have tome plant fapmens cis hardly surprising, den, hac mest ‘Ameren have ie ex of wha it an teas live in such an fevironment. ‘They are cleat enough aboot the uplies ofthe Sword they live in, and they ate ite veal shout che di, the smoke, the ea, and dhe congestion, the coe and ye he manat ny of ie Bue they are hardly aware of the potential vale of Irmoaioos surounding, + word which they may have briey limped only as ours oF 2s exaped vacationers. They ext Ive lide sense of what 2 sting can mean in tems of daly eligi, ora 2 comings anchor fo tet Lives, of a8 28 exe sion of the measngfulnes and tices of the word. ‘This book will consider the viel quality of the American «iy by saying the mena inage of that cry whic is eld by is idee “Temi conezene especialy on one pavialt wi tal aly: the appre cy a egiliy” of che cycpe ‘By sis we mean the ens with whichis pare canbe ecogined ‘and can be organized into a coherent pattern, “Just as this printed Fear pean be sly pel at alae sera come symbol, 2 + lie wold be one hore thicker hero ry ar ety eae oot sip weeped ica oval rer, “Te bout wil sae crcl inte cy sein. wl on in ome dt and wil ey 9 sow Sow ‘sconcp night be don ang or Geel tip Scone spars so rede dr sy» pee My Senns=f word nor two tn steer ‘Spies ad ogee Bow they might be develope a ‘cic Irene wll bese snd perp lie eps Se aconce env sod pepe Te fecal Arco soe of tebe Wo er dpe wil py ee te mveel nian ida aed deus Har ones fr stten dpe ‘Aibooph cy ey i by oo mene he ely ipo same popery of eu cy, ofc inporance hen Couliciancovonment a he uten ak of eine tnd enpleiy’ To snderand th we ma comer not fhe yuna ng inl te Cy bang poe by ha Sercring and ening the ena i val by anno sil oie animal." Many Ke of cca ed: the ial toto, tape to, of plat of igh deel ahr ser ih et ne, ner, Seam of goin, and peraps of cic or agp fei Thee eget of ezrin, rm the oe ig fro te pacing of mp ve the miosopphy of + Sek se dibed and hr tporane sere! oi ee Sve lneatae!® 931.9 "Peon hve ao aed thi {Sy int, ough her hey ove ed kor eam iticatosee pases een Fie ro mainly ta ney mca Swap edig. Rehr hrs cote ot doin OF “eke say ene fan he exer envunnee This Sip, fdamenal rth eens aod the very inl of teeming ie‘To become completly lest i pechaps x ether rae experience for mase people ithe modera ci. We ae supported bythe presence Of others and by special wayfnding devices: maps, Sereec umber. rote sigs, bes placards But Ic the mishap of Aisoienaron nce occu, andthe sense of anxery and even tr tor sha actompeies teens ro ws how cy ic linked to tut sees of tlance and wellbeing. The vty word “on” in ‘ur langage means moch moce dan simple geographical unce- ‘ain; i eater overtones of ue die, Te te pret af way Siding, he sag nk i he environ mental image, he geneiiaed mena pice of ee exec phys Seal wold dae shld by a didn. This images he peo ‘ct both of immediate senation and of the memory of past ‘experience and iis sed to ivepeet information and vo guide seton. ‘The need to tcogize and pera ou standings is ‘0 eri, and has sch long zoo fa the pas, ena thi age has wide praca and emeriona imporance 1 the individual. ‘Obviusy a cleat image enables one to move about exily and sucky fod» Inds hone or policeman or «buon toe But an odeted environment can do moe than thi it may seve 8 brosd frame of telerenc, a organizer of atv or bei (of hrowledge. On the bass of a stuctuta understanding of ‘Mashoza, for example one can order a substantial quant of {ce and fancies about the saute Of the word we lve in. Like ny good famevork, sues 4 sete gives the idiidal a pos iby of choice ond 2 seatingpoie for the acquison of fr ther infooation. A cent image of the soroundings is hor x teeta bat for fadvidel growth "A vivid and incgrted pal seting, capable of predating 1 sharp image, pay soil fleas wel een fenith ther mae fr the sys and collective memories of group cm ‘munication A skin landscape isthe skeletoa upon which many primitive race erst the scl importene myths. Com: ‘non mereoties of the “home tows” were often the ot and ‘sit poine of contact between lonely solders dating the wi. ‘A good envicnmentl image gives it posesor an imporane sens’ of emotional scuriy. He can ezablish an hanmenioas ‘ebionsip beeen hil and the ouside wos. Thi the bere ofthe fen that comes with dioriemation; i ans that the sweet sense of home i strongest when home is nor only familiar bor diinsve at wll Indeed, a distinctive and legible envizonment aot enly oes secutty Bar aso eigen che potential depeh and eters of human experince, Although life ifr from imposible ie he inal chaos ofthe modern cy, the sme dy action could ke fon new meaning if eed nt in a more vivid seing Pen ly, the ty 8 in lua ee powefal symbol of 2 complee Sexier. If visually well eft, ican alo have tong expres Te may be srgued arise she imporaace of physi lei thse the hamaa bran is marvelously adap hat with some fexpetience one cn lente © pick ones way though the mast ‘diorered or feces suroundinge ‘There are abundant fxamples of preie anvigain over the “racket” wanes of ser, sind, oc, oe shrough a angled maze of jungle "Yer even the et as the sin ad sa he winds, caren, itd and se-cloe witht which uosded navigation would be Inmposible "The face that cay shied professional could [te among te Plyaesin nan, and eis ony afer extensive (taining indices the dices imposed by this pateular fnizcament. Sula apd sexiey companied even the best. reputed expeditions Im out own world, we might sy that amos everyone ca, if stent. lees to aavigate in Jersey Ci, bat ony a che cn of Some efor and woceraigy.Moteover, dhe postive values of legible surroundings are mising: dhe emotional saisfution, che framework Tor commnieaton or coneepeol organisation, the new depths coat it may bring co everyday experince. These tre plates welch evea our presen city environments ot {0 dordeed str impone an inclerabe sain onthe who are familias with Te mis be gremed tae there is some value in mytication, labyrinth, or surprie inthe environment May ef coy ‘the Hous of Miro and there s+ cerun hae i he cooked sures of Boson. This is 50, however, only vader ewo cond Vion Fist, where mus be no danger of losing basi fuss of Jerey ts deYS Thon pot ‘svomdse cvicoraton, of never coming out The spive must acer in a0 ‘overall femewock; the confsions muse be sal eons ia a ible whole,” Fortesmors the lbyindh or eptery ea in Inelf have some foun dat ca be explored and in time be appe- ended. Complete chaoe without hine of connection is never pleerble Bas these second shoughes pont to an lnpotna qulfction. “Te observer himself shuld ply a active ole in perceiving che sword and have 2 creative pat in developing his image. He Heald have the power to change cnt dame 10 fr Cenging feeds. An enviroment whith i ordered ia precise and eal eal muy lahibie new puceens of scsi. A lundeape whose very rock tells «sory may mae difcal he creation of fs ‘roviee Although tht may not seem 0 be seal nein oot pesen ueban chaos, yeti ladies that wha we sek snot 3 Frat bur an open-ended ovr, capable of cominvous further developmen. Building the Image Enviromental images are che rele of s ewo-may proces beeween the abserer and his envionment. The enironment sugges distinctions and elaons, and the cbserver—with gest ‘dapailiy snd inthe ight of his own purposes—seles, organ ine, and endows wih meaning what he tee The image 30 developed now Unis and emphusives what & seta, while the lege sll 5 being tested paint the ered pereeptal input {na constaneimeacing process. Thos the icage of & given seainy may vatysignileaniy berveen diferoe cbecvets “The coherence ofthe image may aise in several ways There ‘may belie inthe tel objet hati oxdeted or remathabl, tnd ye ies mene plete bas gained idemtiey and oxgninaion ‘hough long faiiay. One man may nd objects easly on ‘hac seem fo anyone eee be» col diordered work ble ‘Aeenaively am object seen fo the Bs ene may be denied and reed noe becuse ei ndividealy familar bue becuse i ‘conforms 1 ereope area conscucted by the observer. An “Ameen can always spo the comes dugsre, however indi: tinglsable ie might Beto 2 Bushman. Aga, « ew object ony em «0 have song structure orient Because of sk tng physical fees which sugges or impose thir own pate. ‘Thos the actor rene mountain can sve ce atenion of ane ening fmm te lepine of te inerie even if hei 0 young ‘rao Foch att have no name for thx prea phenorena. As nanipuloss of te physial envionment, cy phones ce lial intereed in the exeral agen inte itection Thich producer the envtnmencl image. Diferet emiron: ‘nena resistor facie che proces of image-making. Any ven form, a fine vase or 2 lp of clay, wll ave a high of low prcbabilicy of evoking » song image among various ober ‘ex Prwmably this probsblry can be sated with greater and renee precision asthe observers te grouped ia move snd mare Raomogeneous cies of age, se, cule, occupation, eempeet- mentor familia Each individual rests and bets hit wn image, bue tere sums ro be mbstanil agreement among er ‘bas of the same group. Tes hese group images exhibing con seasus wong sigaifeae numbers, that intrest iy planets ‘who aspire ro made an environment that mil be sed by many pele. ‘Thecefore chs sudy wil vend co pass over individual dfee- ences ineesting a they ght be v0 a pspclogs. The Bet fonder of busines will be whar might be called the "public fage” the common mena plete ced by luge oumbers of 1 iy’ inhabitants: areas of agteement which might be ‘expected to appeae inthe fenton 2 singe sal tay, + common cle, tad 3 base physologcl acre “The aysems of venation whic have been wed vary widely dwouphout he woe, changing fom culture co cle and rom Tandsape to landsape. Appendix A gives amples of rany af thers the absrce and Exe dizcioal ems, the moving ye tens, and those tht ate dzced othe pena the home, o he sen The world may be organized around ase of focal pins, fF be broken in mamed regions or be linked by remembered routes. Varied as these methods ae, and inexhasble a8 seem fo be che potential clos whi + man may pick out co difeen- tte his word hey cn inceretigsdedighs on the meas hat ‘we wsevoday 10 lose ouricves in our own city worl. Foc themow part these examples seem 0 echo, crouly enough she fecal eypes of image slemens into which we ean convenicly divide the cey image: path, landmark, ce, node, and dist. “Thee element willbe defined and dics in Chapeer 3. Structure and Identity ‘An environmen inage may be analyaed into chee compo nent int, serie ad meaning Tee wef w abaract these for arly ii remembered ha ia sels shey aly appear together workable image request he ides: Ho ofan objec, which plist disinton Fram ober higs, is tecogntion as sepuable ec. This sealed identi, noe in the sense of equality with rmething ee, but with the mean ing of indviduaity or oneness. Second the image mus include ‘he spatial pate elation of te objet tthe abserver snd 0 ther objet. Fly, his object must have some mesg for ‘he oberer, wheter practi oF emotions Meaning i 0 ‘elation, but gute = ferent one From spat or pacer elation ‘Ths an iape seul for eaking an xi voc the rece’ tion of + door a + disince ent, of i spud reltion othe byerves, and its meaning a» hale for geting out These ae not uly separable. The visual recognition of door is mated topeter with ts mensing a» done.” I is posible, however, 0 stalyze the dooe in ters of is identigy of form and ely af postion, conered a8 they weve pre cos meaning ‘Such an nate fea night be poitess in the stay of «doo, bur notin ehe tly of te urban environment. To begin with, the question of meaning inthe ci sx complied ones Gro ‘mages of meaning ae les lkly co be cnet at eh level than are the pecepins of exy and reaionship Mean ‘moreover, aoe 20 esl nflenced by pial manipaion st ate thee other two component. Fi is out purpose ro build ies for the enjoyment of vase aambers of people of widely diverse background—and cli which will aso be sdepable to frare purpses—ve may even be wise 10 concenteate on the pyre clanty of the image and «0 allow meaning co develop Tithe our direc gidance ‘The image ofthe Manhavan sk line my stand for vial, power, decadence, nyse, cong tion, greatness, oF what you wll, But in each case tae sharp pitre eqralies and reinforerehe meaning, So vious a the individal evenings of sy even wiles fcr may be easy communieable, tha appears possible to separate meaning from for, least in che ently sages of analysis This study sil eertore concert on the Sent and sues of iy ages. an image ier have vale for rican in the living space, ic mon have sever) ques te mon be scien, te in 9 pragmatic see, allowing the ladvidual co operate within is frvlonment ro the extent deed, The map, wheter exact fx, must be goad enough 10 get one home. It mus be su Cen clent and well icepated to be economical of metal (fu! the map most be eeaable Te sould bese, witha sue Ps of clues thar erative neson ae posible sad che isk ‘fle tno oo high. If Blaking igh be only sig foe 2 cial wa, a power hia my exusediaser The age ‘hould prefersbly be open ended, adapable 0 change, allowing the individu v9 continue © investigate and organize reali ‘ere shld be blank spaces where be can extend the rowing forhimsll Final, shoul ia some mesure be cormunicable vo cher individals The tlatve importance ofthese cetera fora “good” image will vty with diferent persons in diferent tnions one wil prise am economia and slfilene str, sorher an open-ended and cornonicable One Sine the emphasis hese wil be on dat ppl emvconent the independent varable, this sady wil look for physic ‘eiles which relate co the acibtes of Hen and strate in the mencl image. Tht las 0 the defnicon of wha ight beveled smopeabily: that uly in 2 physi eect which is ic + high probabil of evoking 4 stong inage ia any |gven observer. Tt is tat shape, color, or azangement whieh faces the making of vividly hence, powerfly rated, ighlywiefal mena image of the enviroment. Kt might a0 be eae ep, or perhaps ibility in beighened sease Imageability10 where objet ate noe only able 10 be see, bur are presened Sharply and inesely wo the sees if» entry a0 Sten discussed tis aibae of an artic object and ele it appreney°+ Whe aris oe Leo this tage end, he fee tat one of it two busi Functions wat “eo reste images which by clrgy and hateoay of fotm fulfil the eed for vividly comprehensible apparnce” In is ind, this ‘san eset fs step tomad the expression of inner meaning "A bighyimagesble (apparent, leper vibe) city in is peculiar sense would stem wel formed, dic, remarkable; ‘ould inte the eye sad the eat 19 geste attention ad pac prson. ‘The sensuous grasp upon sich surroundings would oot merely be simplified, bat nso extended and deepened. Such 2 ry would be one tat could be appehended overtime 2 +p. ter of high eonimaty with may dtineive pares lel fae ‘onneced. The perepive abd familie obervee could sbsoeb ‘new sensuous impacts withou ditupion of his basic image, aad ‘ch new impact would ouch ypon many previous elements He ‘would be well ecened nd he could move eay. He would be ighly swace of his environment The cy of Venice might be fn example of such a highly imageale eavicament. In he Unie Sates, one is tempred co cite pas of Manhatas, San Francia, Bosron, or perhaps the ike front of Chicago “Thee are cheracerinstins tae How fom ove defnions. The concep af imagesbiliy does noe necezriy connote something xed, limited, pee, wife or regully ordered although 1 may sometimes have these qualities. Not doce t mean apparent at ghnce, obvious, pent or plain, The cul envionment «© ‘be pared is highly comple, while re obvious lage is soon boring and can point co only 2 few fener ofthe living world "The inageabilty of iy form wil be ohe center ofthe sad co fallow. "There te other base properties in a bevel eni- ronment: meaning oF expeesivnes, sensuous delight, yeh, Stimuls, choice. Our eoncenation or imageabily does not deny hee imporance. Our purpose is simp r0 consider the need for ideminy and strucrre in oot peeps worl, and 10 Glan the special televance ofthis quality 10 the parol ‘ase of the comple shiing ethan envtoament Since image development it 4 owo-may proces berween server and observed, i is posible xo arengthen the image ithe by symbolic devices, by the reining of the perceiver, by reshaping one's surroundings. You en provide the viewer ‘witha aymbole diagram of how the wot hs rogeier: sap fra set of weiveninsevctons AS log a6 be can Bt reli 0 the dag, he ha le othe telteder of things. You an ven inall 1 machine for giving dreions, as has recently been done ia New York®? ‘While such devices are exremaly fol for providing condensed dats on inerconnecins, ey ela precious, sce oremation fle che vie it and the device elf must constantly be refered and ited 0 cel. ‘The cases of brain injury mowed io Appendix A illesete the txiegy and flor hat attend comple elince on such meas ‘Moreover, the complee experience of intconnetion, the fll depth of vivid image, i acing "You may alo usin the observe. Brown terms tha mae ‘rough which bjs were sted ro move blindfolded seme {0 them a fist ro be one unbroken prebiem. On repetition, pars of the patter, particulary the begining and end, became Filer and etumed the character of loses” Fea, when they coud ead the mse without ero, the whole system seemed. to fave Become one local? DeSiva describes the cae of & boy who seemed co have “aromatic” dicetonalexenation, bat proved to fave been ened fom infancy (by 2 mother who ould aoe distinguish righe fom lef) co respond tO "whe east tide ofthe pots” of “the south end ofthe deewee"7 ‘Shipton’ necoun of the eeconmaisance forthe ascent of vet ct offers deamatic case of sch Inning, Approching Everest. from a new dietion, Shipton immediatly ceognied the main pests and adler char he Knew from the sor ride Bur te Sherpa guide secompanying hr, 10 whom bah sides were long familia, had never ceaied that shee wete the sume fete, ‘and he greed the revelation with surprise and delight? ‘ilpaik decibes the process of pereeptal learning freed ‘on an observer by new ul that no longer fr into previous Images" Tebepins wih hypotheal forms tha explain he nem ‘ima concep, whe the ison of de od forms persion 0‘The pecsnal experience of ost of us wil tesily co this per cece of an Tory image log afer is inadequacy i concep- fealyreaiand, We sae ine the jungle and see oly he sn Tigh on she green Icaes, bo 2 nazning noise elt we tar an nial ie hidden there. ‘The oberer then learns terre the Scene by singling out “veaway” cues and by eeweighing pee ious signals The camoutagel animal may now be picked up bythe cefection of bs eyes Fall by eepented experience the ‘env pauer of perception i changes andthe obierver ned a0 longer consily search for giveaways, oe add new daa co 2m ‘ld framework. He bas achieved an iage which wil operte Success io the new station, seeming twa ad igh ‘Quite suddenly the hidden animal appears among the leaves, "s sie at dey” Tn the sme way, ne mt ltr ose he hidden forme inthe vast spree of oor cen We are aor sctomed ro organising tad imagiog an aici envcanment on such a Iarge sales yet fue actives 0 pushing us toward shat end. Cut Sachs gives fn example of» flue make connections beyond a certain Tevet The vice and drumber of oe North American Indian fallow entry diferent tempos tbe wo being pectved inde pendently. Searching for musa analogy of eur own, he men Sons cue church series, where we do a0 hink of coordinating, ‘he chit inside withthe bell above, a cur vst meuopotitan areas we donot connect she chat and se bells Tike the Sherpa we se nly the sider of Everex and rot the meurain. To extend ané deepen our perception ofthe fvitonment would be wo concinue 3 long biologie! snd cura Arvelopmene whic al gone fom the COmACt Senses 10 the di tant senge an from the datant senses to symbolic communis ‘ions. Our thesis is hat we ae now able (0 develop our image the environmen by operation en the exeeal pyc! shape 1s wel a by am ineral ening process Indeed, the complexe iy of oor environmen: now compas ww do shaper 4 wll dics how this gh be dove, ‘Primiive san was forced ro prove bis enviconmemal image by adapting his perception co the given landscape. He could ‘fect minor changes fo is environmen with ean, Beacons, ‘oc tee blazes, but sisal modifetons for vin day 0 ‘inal inerconsetion were confine! 10 hove ser of rligiout aclonces. Only pomerflcvlaione can begin 3 on thie feral environment a significant wale. The consious rel fngof the age sale physica envionment has been possible ely recently, and #0 the problem of environmen imagery i few one. Techn, we cn now make comply Rew la {capes in brie tine, os in the Durch poldrs oe the Signes ze aleady at grips withthe question of now 10 fo the tol scene 50 that ts easy for vhe human observer fo Henly it parts and vo stctre the whole? ‘We ae pid building» new functional uni the metropli- ‘an region, bor we bave yet fo grup that this unit, too, sould ave is certesponding image Suzanne Langer se the probler in ber capil definition of atchitecrue “eis the sora environment made visible B4 Il. ‘THREE CITIES To untseand she le of examen image lo cu own ian en a xesary fru sk ally {le cy arta ok with ee nabs “We nde eel and est the eno nage, nd as by 2 compa: ton of image mith vn ein 0 lera what Forms make for Song images sod hs © ugg some pices for scan deign. Toe work was doe ithe conn tor aay of ‘xsi fr ud treet on the cite one of the ound tion toes af chy detig, and in he hope shat some well eh tigus for eld econmiaunce aed cen inervew ight be veld ea bypeoare At lea snl plore the fuse was © devop Ket and mehody ees Gat 0 pve foc t's fa and deen. “sins mere therefore made af the cee tae of hee American ede: Boron, Meneses, Jy iy, New Jee, nt Tee Aageescallola” Boson the cy acy naa, if sige in cater anang Ameen cen, being Nth vid infor and fal of aa ilies Jey Cay wat cen for ies apperentformlesiness for wht seemed, om fe cbse tion, be its exzerely ow order of inagesblny. Las Angeles, (on the other hand is» new iy, of am cel diferent sale and swith» gridiron pan in scene aren. In every east cent sues of appeoximely 2¥4 by 1Y4 ales was ken for sy Inch ofthese cies, two basi nays were eve ow 1. A symeraticSld reconaisance of che ten was made 02 foot by 2 tained observer, who mapped the presence of vious elements, tele visibly, thee inage sengeh of wens, and their connections, diconnetions, and other intecelations, tad ‘who mowed any special sucess oF difclies in the portal Image sractare. These ere subjective judgment based the itnmedineappearioce of thes elements in the ld 2A leat incerview was held with «sell sample of cy esidens 10 eve their own images of their physic environ ‘ment. The interview included requests for destiptions, los tions, and skrces and forthe performance of ininary is ‘The pero icervcmed were people who were lng resident oF employed inthe ares, 0d whe residences of work laces were Alsibiedehroughout the ane in question Some thiay pesos wete thus interviewed ia Boson, ad 6k «een each in Jersey City and Las Angee In Boron the bac fulyes were supplemented by phoropraphic recognision tet by seca rps i the fd, and by numerous requss for dire dons eae of pasetsby in he sree I addon, dered Said econnauance was made of several special elements ofthe Boron scene ‘All hese maths are decribed and eshased in Append B. “The small sae of ehe samples and ebiebie coward the profer sional 20d manager case preven us fom sting thats ee “public inager tas been gained, But the maze i rich ageioo, and hat avicieo inal coniaeney 1 indice far subrancal group images do exit and ate, in prea les, Alucovenble by some sich means. The independent eld analy 4 predicted rather scruaey the group image dvived from the Inerviews snd 2 indiaed the ele af the physi forms them salve Tefoetlie a pon 6Boston 16 Undosbiedy, the common concentrations of eave pts o of wok place tended 0 produce his consitenc of the group image by presenting the sxe element othe view of many individuals. Associatoas of sass or of try, coming tom sonia tourcs, farer reinforce thee Beene But there cn be no doube tne ce farm of the enviconment ielf layed & uemendour roe ja the shaping ofthe image, The ‘eincdences of description of wvidnes, even of confusion white familariy would seem to indicate konoledge, all make chit tle, Ie ison tis telition between image ané physi form isin diferences in the inageailty of che dee cies ppened, eventhough the peso interviewed had all made Some sn of + working scasment thes environment. Cerin Ferrer open space, vegeation, sense of marion onthe px, sul contass—sered to be of panicula imporance ia the Tom the dat provided by che compton of these group ‘rags wh de visual ely, and fram the speculations arin, ‘hereon, mor ofthe remainder of this book dsves. The con ‘eps of imagebliy and ofthe elemenc eypes Chih ill be ized in Cape 3) largely derive fom oe were refined and ‘developed in che analyse ofthis mater While « discosion ofthe srengs and weskoszes ofthe metho ae lel 0 Appt die 8 ei import to understand the bass on which the work “The aces chotn for sy in Boston wa all chat part of the ‘cewralpeniatla within the Boe of Masachosets Avene. ‘Tit isan aret eather woul among. American cies because of es ge, history, and somewhat Euopesn favor. Ic includes the ornmecial core of the mecoplian nes wells Sever high ensity residential dire, ranging from tlom toppers housing. Figure 1182 genesl serial view of she repo Figure 2's an atine map off, and Figure 3 is «diagrammatic eepe- Senution ofits major vu elements as derived feo the eld For slot al the persons interviewed, hit Boson i ey of sexy disintve dies and of crooked, confusing paths I is 1 Gly city, ofr brick building, eymboized bythe ope space Of he Boston Common the State Hause with ts gold dome, aod the view actos the Charles Rive from the Cambidge side, [Mast of them added the eis an old hori lace, fll of ‘wor-out buildings, yx contining fome new srvrses among the olds narrow ares ae cong ith people ad cers there i 0 parking pace, bu here ae srking cones becwees wide main neers and eattow side avec, The ceil cy 84 ‘Peni, surrounded by a wate edge In adn 1 the Com ‘mon, che Charles River, and the Se House here are several ‘ber vivid elemens, parc Beacon Hil, Commonwesth ‘Aveous, the Wathingon Stee shopping end theater dice PL The Boon pele fre the watha ~—-—=—mO « --~—-6e8. Copley Square, she Back Bay, Louiburg Square, che North End, fhe marker die, and Adame Avense bordered by she wharves A substantial Faction added cer chaser boot Boston: thar it leks open of recreational space that itis an dividal” sal oF mediersined cy ha ihas age eas of red wae thai marked by bay windoms, ron Fees, oe brownstone fro ‘The Favorite views were usally the ditane panoramas with the see of water and space. The view fom acrou the Charles River was often cited and thre were mentions ofthe tive view down Pinckney Set, the via from hill in Brighton, ee lok ‘OF Boon fom ies harbor Another fvorke sight was thet of Outing map of te Ban penile 6.8 The ial fr of Bs he ci igs age, om neato fa, when the iy Sem co take oan excitement tat fence lacks. ‘owon has 4 srt which fe undesoad by almost of these people, The Cares River with a bidges makes 9 00g dear edge co which che principal Back Bay sree, paricalrly Beacon Sreee and Commanwesth Avene, are pale. These sures sping fom Masachuees Avenue, fuel perpeadiclae to the Charles, and van 10 the Boson Common and Public Ga den.” Alongside shis sec of Back Bry sucess i Copley Squte {aco which ns Huningron Avene (On the loner sie of the Common ae Tremoat snd Washing: ton Suc, parle co each other and inerannected by sever] sealer sce. Teemone Sree goes afar 36 Sealey Squre, tnd from tis pine or nade Cambridge Suet rune back 10 nother node arth Chases Seer tray which tes the frame ‘work back in othe river agsin. In 9 doing i enous Beacon Fill acter away from eh sve appears another song water telge,Atanic Aves andthe babe fron, hich ey Be ealy a em the old Payee 5 pte 9Fe 3 ane 16 20 etm from 1 th Chet River acertily connected (othe rest Alhough many subject ad 0 ileal conception of Boston 1 « peninsula, they were ‘mabe co make a vital connection bere rivet an harbor Boson sens in sone waye to be 4 “one sided cy mhich net reels and cenrent ws one aves tty From the Charles River edge Tue sample sepecrenttive, alos any Bostonian cn ell you is mach of his iy. Equally Hey, he could wot dese tome other things, sich ts che wiangla aes between the Back Bay and the South End the no-ma's lind sok of North St rion, how Boyton Seret rant into Tremane Seer, or what i the pawern of pats inthe Banca disci ‘One of he mow iteresing dire is one vat is there the triangular region beeen the Back Bay ad te Sth oe. This seas bank area on de map for every peron interviewed, even {he ane who wat buen and eid dre. Its an aen of wba tial see containing some known elements such as Huntagion ‘Avenue and ocisonal nde sich a8 the Chin Science CChareh, bot the matrix in which these might appear is abrene sod nameless Premimly, che blocking by suroonding eirond tracks, tod the concep quecsng out ofthis en becsse the tin ares of Back Bay 20d the South End ae eer be paral [e bath contribute to thie diappenance, mementos Scone amen eo Saree Pare & ate 28 22 wide imporance, the dfcay is compounded. Here they crst 2 rigs anges bur Facer oa they sem 20 be paral, pinging ‘etpediclarly from a common bate line, Mavachusets Avene Tn akin, che canal sopping activity makes an awkwacd Fiheanged ura at this sme Boyton Tremone crossing, weak- ers and then rappers farther up Boyison Steet. All dade Spt al ambi of pe a yc 4 mj 0 ‘Boston i cy of dace dic, and in mast pac ofthe ceo aces one koows where one is simply by te general char fetes of the rrrouning acea_In one orion thee i the uma (ome of + conrinvour monic of ich ctinetive are che sequence Back Bay—Comman—Bcon Hillcents) shopping Here place is aever ia question. Yee tis thematic wiidaess ‘yplalyasocsed with fomlesness or confosingstangemen. 1F Boson disries could be given sctral lay a8 well 5 dis- tinctivechaacer, they would be grealy seengiened. In cis fale, incidenely, Boson is probably quite diferer from many ‘Arerien cies, where areas of formal order have litle cae ‘While the dacs cn 0 be vivid the path sem in Boston 1s generally confused. ‘Nevertheless, c9 ienpoant isthe Fane: tion of ceulation tac dhe pus ae sill dominane ia the toe lnage, jst a8 inthe her cies vested There iso basc cde among these ph, excee forthe hiraialy conditioned pe ponderaace of mia ridait running inwards from ehe base of {he peninsula Through much ofthe cental cy i eset t0 imove ean-wex co and from Masachutans Avene than i sto tmove at igh angles vo this dieton. In thi sense, the iy hat {tor of gran tha ie reeced in the eral cmtortons which tecompany various imaginary tripe. Neverthe, the pach serctre i 24 unusaly dick one, ad its complications have Furmshed much material for the systematic omsideration of paths in Chapter 3. The difety caused bythe righeangled crowing of "pule” Boyivon and Teemonr ees has already been ‘mentioned. The regular Back Bay i, banal eharacrerisie of mos American cis, kes on 2 spec quality in Boson by ‘itor of contrat wit dhe remainder ofthe pen he, & The Bute Commer ‘Two highspeed highways pass though the ceva ae, Soe row Drive and the Cenel Ary. Boch are felt aigaously ther asbaces in reference to movement on the ober sree, fora paths when one imagines oneself to be driving om tem Esch spect ts an entirely free facet when though of fom below, the Arey is 2 massive green-pained wall appearing mgmenaiy 3 cerain sposa At 3 pth it 2 bon rang, Alpping, and trsng, sruded with sign. laa curious way. bath fonds ate fle o be “ouside” the cy, badly teed vo. evea though they penetrate ad there is dein eransion o be ‘made ac each inercange. Soerow Drive, however, is cely related othe Chale Rivet, and ie th ed othe general pa team ofthe ciy. "The Cental Arey, on he her hand, winds Inexplicably chrough the centr, ad breaks che orientation link withthe Norin End by blocking Hanover Sree. Moreover, i ‘rat rometines confsed wih the Castewsy Commercial: Anse Sequence ven though she two pathe ae quite diferes, bea ‘oth may logically be conidered at extensions of Sorow DeveFe Prim of the Barat ame 1 g00d Boson fashion, individual pars of the path syem imag hove stag clase Da this Mghly ieguar ayaa is made up of separnte ements which ae onl Unked one by one, fe steiner nora alle ie 8 dice sytem eo dem, o 10 Image 25 2 whol, and ms usualy be handed by conceneating fn the sequence of pin. These joints oe aodes sve cherlore ‘quite inportae in Boston, and olen rater palid regions like ‘he "Park Square aces” wil be mamed by the coting chat ie thal orpensing for TFigueBis one way of summarising thi naps ofthe Botton Jinage» summary which mig bea fies sep toward the peeps sation of » design plan It is« gaphie compation of whet ‘eer 0 be the mar diccies in he cy image: confsons, ening is we tems ans bls incon ambigsien,brachings, aks of caraer oe ifere Coop with peenaon of the sucnpths and pretalis of eh image, ie carresponds 0 hese analy phase fs pla 00 ‘uma sae. Like ase analysis it does aor derermie a plan but is he background vpon which creative decisions can be ‘made. Since irs made st 2 move comprehnive evel of sy Sie gue astral coins a larger degree of inverpetion han do previous dingrame Jey Ci, New Jere, les berneen Newark and New Yotk Cle, a0 dis Ueinge ares of bab, with lle central activky of jes owe. Ceiscrssed by raitnds and elevated highways, i as the appeneanee of » pacer pss though rather thant ive in. eis divided ico ethic and css neighborhoods, and is ext by ‘he ramparts ofthe Paleses What might have been at shoppiag cere was sed by che arial ceaon of Joural ‘Square oo the uppet Ind, so that the city fas o sale cee, bc ier four or five.” To the uavlfoemesines of space and everogensy of rrvrre thar mack the blghed ates of any American chy it added the complete conftion of an unico foudied sees sysem. "The deabeesy, di, aod smell of she rovaare a fst overpowering. Tis of couse. iste firs sper ure 8 Jeney City ee 9 page 2 aare 12, pte 28 ficial view ofa oer, fe wat inerering vo see how those who had lived there for many yens imaged it for themselves The visual suuctre of Jersey Cy 36 dived fom the Bld econnsitanc ie dawn cote me sale and ses hese y= bots ar ce Boston diagram. ‘The cy ha ile mor shape rd ptr sha an Osler might think, a ned mis ico be habiable a al hea fas eter ie and ats of eany fewer recogrited elemens tan does the seme area of Boson ‘Mach of the aenis droped by rong edges The exes of te sercrre ate Jour Sqste, one of the rw0 main spring covers, wih the Hine of Hudson Boulevard posing *uoaph i Tom Hucdion Boulevard depends the “Bergen Seton” aod the Immporane WestSide Pat. To the eas, thece puke pass down ‘over the lif elge 10 more of ler converge in the lower ex [Newsth, Montgomery, and Commnipan-Grand. On ohe cll sands the Medical Center. Everything nope atthe batt of the reed induseildock area on ese Hodson Thi & the essential patern, and, exepx paps fr oe or emo ofthe tree Alowahit sete, is familar co mast sabjecs “The lack of characteris apparent froma glance when the cor sera of sents thonghe datncive by Jsey Cay people fompured withthe same sisram for Baxon The Jersey City Insp is lox bre. Journal Squae i song becuse ofits inceosive shopping and entertainment acviy, buck ea and ‘paca! chaos are conusng and unsecting. Hudson Boulevard tals the Square for srengohs Went Side Pak is next the only Lage park io the cin, eed agin and again at 2 diincive region relief in ehe general texture The “Bergen Section” stands out pinay 248 date ates. ‘The New Jetey Medial Cece i viswaly unmistakable rising cll and white fom the clge of he cif haphatarly located gins. ele mare cin be cited at diinceive with any wnaniniy, excep forthe awelagpcing sip of the New York Cystine Sees ~---O#- 9. Jer in rom he 1D, The sa form of Joey iy at mS be fd28 in the dizance. The ote diagrams fl out the image ofthe fy, adding in parse tore practi ecesen, the major puts, primary the wel-raficked oner which by thee contin: By vst the exceptions to the major of Jeney Ch ser “There ie 2 peucy of recognizable discs and andes 20d + Tack of commonly known cemert or aol pints The cy i, however, marked bythe pretence of several tong edger of Ining boudares the ovetead lines of rulonde and highway, the Palade, and the roo mater. In sadyng the indvieal shes and inerviews, i became apparent that none of the responders bad anyching Ike a com Pcbemive view of the chy in which they fad Lived for many earn The maps vere often fepmene, with large Bad ares, eoceneating mos often of seal home tectonics The tee uf seme vo be szong ioiing element, sed usually 4 map sowed eter dhe topo tong aod he lowland 8 wrk Orv ‘ern the reo being connected by one ce two prey conceal putt The lower ate, in parce, seemed diel etre ‘When aked for + general characterization ofthe city, one of ‘he mon common emarks wat ha ie was noc whol, hati had ho cemer, uc was ruber a collecion of many bamles. The seenion: “Whar fx comes to mind withthe words “Jersey Giyri i exy 10 newer for Bosoniang proved wo be 3 dict cone. ‘Ago and again, subjects cepted that “ooching spec” fame to ming, tat the cy wat hard 10 symbol, ha i ad 90 ‘latncive sectna. One woo. i This i eal one ofthe mos pul hing about Jerse Ci “Thee en anything tat if someone case ere from 3 ar rl, (har cold my, "Ob wat you os ti, eo ential ™ “The mot common respate to the quesion of symbolism was othing ia the city alba eather the sight ofthe New York (ley shine asa te es" Mach of th carci feeling fo Jerey Cis seemed co be that it wat place 00 the edge of Something ese. One person pu chat his two symbls were ve ‘yline-f New York on she ne sie, and the Palak Skyway, seading for Newatk on the otee. Anotee emphasied the ‘ease of enclosing baci: dat 0 get ou of Jey Cy one mastwo sitter go under the Hinton, or shrogh the confusing Tannebe tafe Gil ‘One could hardly ak for 3 more dramatic. more images bask lcaron and piece of mpography tan Jersey City fn see slew build complely anim, Duw the general environ imene wa pertsernly referred ca with the wont old” “diy “dab” The sete were repentely described a “cor Up" The imerviews were notable fr her pane Of informatan about the envionment, and oe ee conceal rather than percep) ‘once, quai ofthe cy image, Mom sking wat he song teoency 0 desctibe, ot by visa images, but by seeet names tnd the 7p of use Take che flowing part of & ip dexcrip ln ins Faia are, ota example ‘Aer you cost the highs, thas glagup bie; and ster you Come ander the bi the Bs Beet You Bt heres ‘anor poking company, he econ ore al 0g 0 the enor, you a funky a6 exh side sed you come 1 the at cotner teva fio wore nd a hardware noe gb coe {onset oo sou i. On your hit, Iefote yo com hur, St ewtny aateand x ower. You tone on op 0 Th Soe, sd en Th Sue loon facing you 60 ee bln ent, 1 epeable murat onthe ihn! —a guoe sore on the sree 6 See, hers 20 lenin exe Oat You cme {Soe thrrnoad pie, When ou gp ier rou be ‘ew sets Sth Your ihe saloon ere + il the lle h Seer—when you come to eh on the ghand Cornette want oc mex fo hws fot 0008 the rightand tide facing you 3 mew lel place nd on you! ee see From the met pets gt ore The ae E'Scd-youfome up cord an ees drugsore on yur vet, whiskey toe srs fom you om he ae: he es rey {ore ts aon on your he azot from te rey ee The se Tod and tere 3c stop teat nd lon 22 the ee acs from in out rip, befte you Cos the tethers ple where thy ell hotel apne, and then it Sar, shrct» bbe op, meat matt on hee and acre fom ina watt bo dart wid for spartan nour igh i doing sore acid sore 00 et and on. In al his desciion we hve only one oF to vita nager 4 Esiog” edge, 208 perhaps the ralond veer pit Ths suber fit sccm to ae ber environmen when she {esches Hamicon Park, and then tough het eyes ome suey ice line of ee fence opensuse, wth round, om tral bandsand and he srrounding benches ‘Many remaiks came ow abou he indingibilty of the iyi sone es mach he me lors moto eat oman UF ete ste ehing-— News Aveoe, noon Avene, Ber ten Ava T nea, wrtins You cnt dece which ee You want a9 on betue theye more oe ha the ne Care nothing odicreneate he How woul I recone Favew Avenue when I came 10 i? ILas Angeles 2 By che weet sign IS ohe only wap you ea recone any pao haus, hat all on te came 1 hi we wal fd our way toond.Wheve see's wl ‘here's sways cling ames, ou may he some ines ‘sera fod apace, bot J ink evenly You ct where In this eclaivly apdierensaed enviroment shere is» sl ce noon on se octins, but Frequency on grades of we, ‘rf the relive sate of repaiofrrvcrres The ee signe, ‘he ig advertsing sigs of JouralSquate snd shefctovies are the Indmarks. "Any landvaped open space, atch a Haron ‘or Van Vor Patt, or especially te large WestSide Pa, ae ‘ried. On oxo ocson, people used ny gras anges at feria zee inereection at lndmurke Another woman spoke of deving overt 2 sl pack on 3 Sunday 20a abe cou st In the eat and look att. The fac thatthe Media! Cener ba 1 smal landscaped plot ia roe of it ces 9 beat lnporane to ieoiyingchaccrernic a grat Balle and skyline ho: ‘The evident low lnagebiliy of is envionment was refered inthe image held even By its longtine resides and twat maallesed in dsatsfaion, poor orleneion, apd a3 ina Biliy 0 desribe or difference is pars Yer even such @ seemingly cao of suroundings des in ae have some pat. ter, and people seize upon and ebocate his paeen by concen- teton on minor des, a well by sing thei senion Frm phys appearance co oer apes ‘The Los Angeles aren the hear: ofa gret mtropotian region, retent« diferene pitied ene quvediferen fom Bose ‘ vell_The ae, while compernbe insite co tbe Boron end Jeney Ciy tones, cade le more han the ental business ‘inict and ia fioges ‘The abjers were fale withthe tex not tough reidence, Barby reasons of workplace in coe ‘ofthe cena ofiees or ores igue 1d presen the Bel rca raisnce inthe i manner, As the core of » metropoli,cearal Los Angeles is heavily charged with messing and actiny, wich nrg and presumably Gisiove bugs, ad wit a take pauers i alos equa pd of sree, Yer a sumber of factors operate 1 cet in 3 {iets and lass harp, image tha tat of Boston, Fst ecenlition ofthe maropaitan reion, whereby he cera ‘esis all by counesy“dowavown” But there ae several other {asc cores co which people ar oioted.. ‘The cental area hat inrensve shopping, bur i i no Tonge te ben shopping, 20d tree numbers of ckinenr never ener the downtown at fom fre ye 10h nent Second, te gud pater isl an vol feremited mote, within which elemens canoe always be Iocted wih conience. Thi the cenel acvises ae speally fenced and silting, 2 foc which dies thie inact ree ie 1 The wa form of Lat Ae a the Ble 3uenecebuiding prevents the idensiation shat bulds up by ori proeet The elements themes, despite nmes eceue of) Frequnssecnper 3 Bamboys inally faceless. Neverthe, we ate n00 now looking a Snuerehace Jey Cy, Bu rer athe ave and eco filly ordered comer of grex meropoli The accompanying tv progr gives an impreson of his scene” Excep by minute aentiono® plane ype, o 0 the inten backgroonc, I would be hard diingueh thi fom the cee of oany U.S. ces Thee is the seme pliogap Of bok ofc racrares the srs ubiquity of tae ways and asking luz The image mapa however, ate uch mare dense (han those of Jersey Cy “The emeniah areca ofthis image isthe nada pin of Per Shing Squce, which lis inthe rok of the L ford by evo ‘topping seers Broadway and 7 Scene. All thin the pow tral matte of» gd of paths. At heft end of Brondvay th Give Cemer ate, and Seyond thatthe fesimenally importane ode of the PlnsOhers Sues. Alongude Beosy i the fag Sues Goncilcnic and next over i Skid Row (iin Ses Te lemon and tar Feros may te Stal ws bowndng the two ope ses of he L Tee geval Ife’ constable for ka eopeinss ea of Minor La Ange {epee on south ol Sue ext forte exentn ol ening ge The cena sca st ia 3 aan. Tht [oad camer is Iberay spobiied sth ceed led feat ci vem beng the Sate and Bena How, and fam among otra the Rehfsld Balding, the Pac Libary, obo od Bulucs dpernen sen he Fda Savings Eaiding te Pibarmonictdioroy Coy Halted te Union Depo “Dur enly wwe laa were deubed in sy eoeree deat ee oy, Hack and gat Reh Balding sod he Pp tiled tp ofthe Cay Hal36 Other then she Cive Caner sen cecogazable dtc ae iter small and lear, ced othe borders of pa (voc a ‘he Mh Suce shopping tbe Brondwny shopping, Taniporeion Row on Gh Suet the Spin Steet Soci ti, sod Skid Row on Main Serect), ot rlaively were Bunker Hil ise Tolyo. ‘The Cvie Center it srongem, becare of ie obvious faoetion, site, spatial openes, ew bldings, and dee edges ew falco cematk Bunker Hil soot ss arong an image, despite i hitovelconnordany, snd gue 2 few fle tat it \ees"notin the downtown sea” Inder cis surpisnghow the Core, i beding atond this major vopograpic fee, has 0 ede in wal bryng Perhing Square i consis he songet lemen fal 20 xoalylneped open pes in te beat Soweto ae Foved by sea an ovtdone police Forum, camp mesing, and old peop’ ce Alog wih te PiaOlves Seer nade CGvelvng avcter open see), Pershing Square wat the mos sharply deeled lemese with ie immaclce cenal ve [engl fs by banana ter, ten by 2g of people iting in slid etl on eh tne walle he by busy sec 0 Bal'y by the coe filer of doweown bldngt Atbough rematkabl, ie was nc alway er be ples. Sometimes bec showed fea ofthe od and eee people who weit, more often the ‘sgnse was one of patho hephened by the way in wich tae eopl ae confined co the fringing wall and lap off the cer teal grae. Unfaveabe comparisons were zewa wih ee ene, dowd, spec of the Sqn: rove of teen, wih acer ‘ences abd walls The cena ys was rested 90 aly b= ‘Gute of denial othe pack loungers but becuse fe merit impo ocuc ator the pace at pelesszn wold soraly do" Nevers, is highly ideale Sage eng feted by the presence of & domitane admth te reavown ‘tuts he Binoce Heel, which fice ois te deson of te Sqaze or alisimporance ithe iy inage, Pershing Square seems 10 oats lisie Ir sone Hock away fram the two hey sees, “ev and Broadway, and many were ween af specs To Vin, akbough sure ofits geaeral one abject on thei tips tend in hit minds ro pee sideways foe at hey Fase each Iinoe sree ‘This ems bound up wih ir of-ene losin, nd aio with the objec tendency o confound vais ae, noted below ‘Broadway ws perhaps the oly path whch wat vamisakable forall Arte orginal main reer and sl he age app concentration io the downtown ars, athe bythe crowds fn is sidewae, by he length and omit of es shopping, by the argon 2 ctve bac, and by the ate ar (ere ther aves cary ony buses). Albough conceded wo be ee ore, anyeing i yee Bendy wa m0 sopping aes for nos of hse middlcls pesons. Is was ate cowed wich the ethic minories and lowerdacooe. groupe whore Uving yates fing the con] scion, The ees beeviwed ‘gure thi eae crea 8 alin oe king fe wh ay 7{ng depres of avoidance, ctoiy, fet They were quick © esrb the sae ferences beeen the Brose cowl #98 ‘howe co be seen on 7h Sect, which if aoc eke at ler 4 ‘dicks shopping sreee Ta genera eb dick to diferenine the numbered cose acetone from anoter, excep for th, Th and Ie See ‘This confusion of pace war apparen inthe lrvews To 4 tener exe the mmed login ree were 0 ine. Flower, Hope, Grand, and Otve all af which run loro Banker il coded a ney, ite the numbered ree, 1 be coasted one tar aot “Akiough one dowaxow atest may be confounded for snore, few subjects hed dieuy Je maioeaising dean 00 ‘he pind visa, soch arte Sater Hoel on Th Sree, (he Lary on Hope Sue, Bunker Hill on Graod Sree, and slang Beouday, sem Fegoent enough to provide decal Serene.” fae all sree ae vil ned, deape he tepular gid w he cece, whether by topography the freeway ‘Acros the Hliyweod Freeway roe ofthe songen lement ofl the nal comer ofthe Pas: Olver Set, Thi wa ery ‘api deverbed shape, wee beaches, propl; te ey the abled” (aculy eck oved) seth gh spc, he Boas for sl, wfalingy the ame of candles and candy. Not ony i hs pr wl very dining, but is the oly re i ‘nce point in he iy aod seams to generate + ce Depor andthe Cie Cees, sje had pres iy In pick ing he wy, ‘They tha the ol Dad deed tem a8 Byhey were nse where the known sees ura no this aoe Bows tne. Alnneda Sst leds eacheroudy aay the lef Insead of paralleling the sorratudh areeee ‘The lrgescle Cleznce ofthe cnc area seems have ented the Origa (bid and subsitced ele nes ‘The fewoy ins suken bari. In the tk of malking fom Union Dept the Se, he relief wih which mon jee greed the appear of et ‘Set was loos audible ‘When asked eo deeribe or aol the ce a8 2 whe the nbjpcs ied crtin sandard work: "eadont “pce armless" "witowr centers” Lo Angeier eed co be hard vo envision or concepualie a4 whole. An nde spend, tric ny cary plata connor of sce aout the dele Ings or overtones of weareess and dsorention, was the com> spon image Sail one sbjer 0 sae you mr going mene ot ng inea when oo ao hae you donee threw hn the ae a at there was tome erence that exert ot te eon! eile wat aot 0 dice The appa of regional fen fl caded the ocen he mucins sed bls for he ee Aevlopnes dice sich st Beverly Hil the mao Iecwsy ‘nd boulevard eye, and, Kal, cena adie of age ove the whole meeropoliy evidenced in he conn, spe aad type of srucusesappropeate co ech ra Ja the scsi ngs of Bow ‘Below thi rnd sel, Roweve, race and deni seemed robe gute dieu Thee wee no mediamsited dts and us were confsed._ People poke of being lx when off abi Sal roucen of depending hewly on suet signe A the sales Sele there wee cuason!ptkets of high ienty and sean ing” mourn cabin, bench houses, or ares placed with bighly derived vegesion Bat ths was oot univer dan ‘teva Hk ote ature, theirs of sir he mati ale ended 0 be wea Aecrentin she wives of impressions hey apprathed down town New ihe home there es moh deel tbo the slopes ted tens, he wegen tod the people thee was evidence af hy ere ard please fn the sen. Newing the cre, his image geduly teeame gryer, more sbenct ted concept ‘The doweowe aro, ain ese) Cy, was baal» ealion ff eamed wes and woe roee’ Undoubvedly hs was in pot due tothe increasing main of diving on hemo rad, bat sexe to peri even ater leving the ct” viel the inal mace i eof poner sls Pthaps he ictesing Sg lo as see ‘Sag sed hte, inden, were eagerly menined he tormenta he chy delet, They seemed o dul enone Colors thas the overall tne wat rept 10 be whch el Tomi oc gray. Several diver ito he cy cer pred sac Chey regslly checked on sg condos ech nmin. byFw 2, pee a ong the visit of suck dine tower besos asthe Rich fel Building or Cir Mal ‘Auzomobie eee and che highasy tem were dominant themer inthe lrerviews. This mas the daly experienc she hip bate—sometines exciting, wally terse and eshnsing, Top deals were fall of elereces co sal Uihes and igs, lneesecions ad ttsng probems Oe the eeways, dens had wo be made Ta abead of tin: thee were cont lane smaneovers. Tews ke honing rape es bow, wth the sme tcemene ad Yeon, th ete contart eet fo “Keep One Teed” Many sbjecs nord shes Fes on devin new ure forthe fw tne" There were frequen references to Be Ov pastes he Fn of the big iercanges the Kiev senso Of dropping. unig. cimbing Fr some penton, eving mar ‘alleging. Nehspced game, ‘On these fetes, one can ave same sense of the mi copapopty. One tobe fe at camang oe agen hl ech Imoring maled the milpo of Ber jurey and pave shape 0 ie Anoher eed the exertion of she cis tale de 10 te new ron which have changed ber win coneepion of te ‘int of emer. "There ere rfeates foc pours of Imomentay extrait views frm teed prions ofthe fe Sie, vemut dhe corned monoronoutsnation of te embonk mmen ia cur On te her hana n Boon, tev dives cere 0 have dificly in loaing the Ieeway, i yg 0 the re of che iy sree, ‘Thece ws a common experience fof momentary ls of eenaion when coming of a ews) oe “Arties Frequent theme wat chat of elaive age. Perape tecaue # anche of the emiranmest i aew or changing, ere ster evidence of wiespeend, amos poll arachnen nyhing tha bad srived te uphewal Tho he sy Pls (lve Set onde reves the deesped Borel of Banker Hil, chimed the aecion of many sbjeets There was impesion foom thete few inrviews tht ete isan even gree sem smenealanachnt no what i ed than ects fo coca Bono, In Los Angst as well tin Jey Ci, igh Rowers and vegeta, which nde ope took great se the gry of many ofthe een secins ofthe cy. The ety pation, tf tomeso-ork ripe mee fal of iid pices of te Hower ted wees Even a vers moving a highspeed seemed © noe {deny such wan de ur thee remarks did not apply to che area direct under sey. Cel Los Angeles i ft fom the via cao of Josey (Gy, ad its ater Hora umber of single being lad tia” Yee excep for concept and her undllerened fre wae sii oranine or comprehend asa whole. i no wrong gem symbote The rong image, Bray ad Pevsiog Sqae, weet hei roop of subject es ete alien or even mensing. No oe desibed them 1 plese ot Bessel The Lele, neglected Plans ceo te topping or enertainmene ions sled by te Ibadan ep Teh Sree aes wer the oly semen 09 wich any actin wae benowel. One bjt” pa tht by SSyng tht de ld Piss, on one end ad the new Wise Bow lead on the athe, mere the oly things wih chara, rd hat they sumed up Los Angeles The ie seemed to lack oc fof rhe ecognsble curr, bi and pert meaning of ‘coral Boston Common Themes ‘We find, in comparing hee tve ce (if we cn fd any thing in uch smal samplings) that, a might be expec, po ‘eas thee srounings nd exact rcere p eity bu of the material at hac The types of elements sed in che hy mage, nd the qualies hat make hem og ox weak seem ‘gate compare uence te the, abough the proporion of Clement spe may wry with the acta form. Yet athe same ‘in there ne make! diferences Dewees te eves of ens fo ind faction in tes iflerene pays environment ‘Aroag ober tags the tes made cleat the signe af space and bread of view. The domicunce of Bono's Chace, River edge it bud onthe wide val seep i afore on ete. ing the cy from th sie” A large mmber of cy elements fa be seen once i thet relns nes psion tlie © the whole i abundany lene Lae Angles Givi Cater was ed forks spa openes, Frey Ci sje responded 0 a“4 the view blo ther hey descended the Paes ovat the Mashanan sine, “There was an emotion deighr aking from a broad view, ‘which waelered any ties | Woald ibe psable, in ut ‘hie, 9 make tht pooorie experence 4 mare common ots, forthe sousnde wo ps every Say? A broad ew wl sme” times expose chaos o pes characte oelines, bat » wel ‘tanagedpaoramn seems be veh toc supless pce sero be renurhabl, abou ‘petape ot pletion Many pevpecefer tthe lance and ‘eeraan at Dewey Sqnte in Bowen ab + sling spe Undowirey shi ie by cont 1 the eerwie ght aban sacet Bat when the space at ome frm, a edt slog the Chaves Rivero on Carmonmeain Avenve in Pershing Saute ‘or Lovibarg Square ort some enters in Copley Square he pact & much seonger the Fete beones memorable Ih Bono's Say Squce ox Jersey Ci Jour Sqace hd sp tl daracetcommpenaie with tel Tncooal inporsoce, they would ely be ey fees in thei es. “Te unde eres hey the vegan ofthe mate, wee olen noel wah ete and wa pena The Jey ly ‘bjece mere sarply svat of the few gen ones fn heen Foundigs those of Los Angles often stopped 0 dese the roi vriey of lel vegetin.Seveal of them epoed ely outs which lenihened the wip eo work bt alowed the ‘sty sme pailar plating a, or boy of wae Here is Sor unuseal excep coe Las Angles: ‘You co oe Sona pet» Ee pack —1 do's ow wat fe ane of Ts tery ait and oh the arms tee cing ts oom. One hae sou ak above ha hem. (On Sows Canyon anda Ends of pln wees thee be ih Pals tl the lw plead enon dono pve Los Angles, gered 0 he morc, Funishs the mas isd examples of the tesponse othe path sate wo the way ies all pie, eo et setion with oer chy eee, is own intemal Graces of space, view, and mation. Ba the ‘inal domimnce ofthe pth and he key inftence atthe net ‘eck from which ot people experince thee msoondings ace ‘Sho apy anened olathe Bowes Jrtey ly rea (ate sb appre i the conan reference socioeconomic clas the wwouance of “lower clas Beoadry in Las Angles, the recoaion ofthe “upper sa” Bergen Section in Jersey Gry, or the enminakable dvsion of Bosons Bescon Hil to vo dines sides. "The iariewt brought ox anther general repose: 10 the sry in which he pyle spmbles the pase of tine ‘The Bonon loertews were fl of teferocet to age conte the new” Arey eating ough the “ls” masher di, the tow Cartcke Clopel among ie aecen butings en Arch ‘Scent old (irk, ormaeated, fom) Tenky Church sho: ed aguon the new (bright, sar, al) Joho Hancock Bul. ing ant soon Indeed, deeiptios were often mase si tey veces responses cnt in the wba eee: spt Coors Sons comms, we con eave geo copes of cen line or of nndcapingEemens ad seibutes became ena this in erm of her teung in ho whe Tn Lon Angels tee san impesin har the Biiy of che ‘emviromene and the absence of physi laments which anchor {0 the pst ae exciting and sting, Mi descipoos of the scene by established resent, young of, wee sec02- fatid by the ghons of war we wo be there, Changes aah 33 ‘ose weoughe bythe ew jem ae lle ars onthe ea falinage The tervewe eared “Therese bea beri og ong nade bch ‘ould be ramen athe any change ofa aay fe ‘en ew nou lee up wth em. General commens sch a hese uichly become apart on reading the ictevew materi oul, however 10 =) oth inerviews ad Bld sees ove stray nt ash ‘much mre sbow te carne and cat ofthe ba age ‘Tht wl be the bude of the flowing ope, “64% IIL. ‘THE CITY IMAGE AND ITS ELEMENTS “Tere set be pubic image of any given cy stich isthe over af many Invi ages” OF phe there seit of publ ages eich hed by same signif saber of cisens. "Sach poe imoges ae necessary if a nd ida i oper scl win enone an to Coops wih hit fous Eich nd pire ive ‘it sore comet hat ery ov never communi ye {proximate he pb image, which, a dilerenenvinminens, {Phore ortsconpeling. moe or es embrncng "Thales haw te fle of phys, percep jean Thre a er ieee on images, eh he Socal meaning of an test fact oy oreo tare. "These wil be pond over since the objeve here ‘heme tee a farm ie ein hes fr gan hain Seal dein form sou be wed ere mesang am The cot of th cy age fad hich ate ef able py Fama, an amenity be cai in fe topes of lens pat gen diem nd nde Indeed, tes lemenss may be of mace genera applision since ‘hey tom ro esppea in many yes of enone agen 3 maybe sen by reference co Appendix AW These elemens may De defoed fallow 1. Pathe Pas ae he channels along which the observer costa, ocesonal, 0 pote moves ‘They may be Suen, walky, tans es canal aonds For many peo ple, he ae te pedomina’ ements i hair image People ier the chy while moving rough & and slong ese paths the aber covizzmenl lemens ene winged and eceed 1 Riper Edges ate she incr kmnts no aed” cand ed asp by the cere. They ae the bouiaresberween wo phases Unear ben in cotinsy: shoves, ond cat, lps of development, wall They a trl relerecs rather, than coordiare sus. och edges may be barriers more oes pene, which dase one region of fam another: chey ay eves, ier along which wo vegior ate reed ond ned togeber These edge semen anough probsbiy rat dom: inane a pth ate for many people impor oxgising fo. sures, paccdcly in the coe of olin top genersied irene the online oa ty by were wal Diente Dania ae the menage scan ofthe cy, conecived of 3 having rwo dimensional exe, WER the Server menuly ever "isde of and which sre recognise fs hoviag some common, ienlying chaser Always ie fete Fr te inside, hey ate ao aid for ener elrenee isle frm the use. Mos: people suture shi yw some ‘cet in hwy, wth avid lerences m0 whether paths br dsc ate se domiaoe cements Ie ace 0 depend 09¢ ‘ny pon she individual but ako upon the gv cy. 1. Nude. Nodes ae pms, te sree Sai» cy io which a ober ean eter, and which te he intnaive lto fd fram which he eiseing. They may be primary ise Sons, per of bein eaportion, 4 coming o eve ence if pbs. momen of sift fom ove srucure 0 anaher rehe nodes may besimply concentrations, which gin hi i ‘onace fora being te condentnoe of ome ule or ppl ‘hrs abs sresrerne tango ron enone sate Some a48 of these concencaton nodes ace the focus end epitome of Glass ovr which thee uence rade sod f which they sand 54 symbol They may be called cores Many nodes of ours. prtake ofthe mur of bah anctons an cncena- tions The concept of ode is relued to the concep of path, Since jaions ae epi ee convergence of pbs events oo he jury Te saat tled te cocepe ef st, toe crest spicy the nenive fof dct, chi polar fang centr In ny eves same nal poi robe Fund a lina every image and in ceran ene hey may be he dom Iau fares, “ Landnrds_ Landmarks ae aneter rp of perfec, bein cae the observer does no ete within them, they ae exert The a vuly «rather sippy deed phys ‘bjt bolg, sgn, sae, oF mouse. Thee use svaies the singling oat af oe cement Irom + bow of possbiier Some landmass distant ones ply sen rom many anges and nance, onthe tops of sale omens, ad Used a5 fal eferences They maybe win te cy oe at sucha dis ‘ance that for all praca! purposes they syle» conan: recon. Sach are soled rovers, golden domes, eat ill [ven mule pointe the sun, whose avin & slimy Sow and rege, my be employed Other andra a8 pe ‘mary leah being wile oly in resid caie ad fom erin appracher ‘These ate ei ianumerble gay noe roms, wees doooos ed thee win deal which Ain ee image of mos observers. ‘They ae Fequey use les of ies thy and eve of wre, and sem wo be mceasogy eed poo 1 journey becomes more and more Fane ‘The image of sven phys aly may ocsonay sie ies pe with difeenCramaance of weving, Ths a0 cexpewsy may bes pohFor te diver ad ee fo the pede team Ors cenalaes may bes dit when ey pried ‘ns dum se, and ode when the emi metropolitan es Ie conned Bo the exegries tem eo have aby for # given ober when he is opaing 32 ive lee. "None ofthe elamen(pet tote abowe ei ia ilaton in the eo ease Dist ae aretred ith noes, Seed by edges, peneted by paths snd printed with ndmarks fie frees egy ontop and pre one acter lcs ams Big its he Jfereniation ofthe desc cep, mt fd wih hie eaepation ino the whole image Ov sie fave fried much iformtion st the wis chars OF the element epee This wil be ecused below. Only © 2 {Ever cen, ufone di the work make reeatins abot ‘heinterrenons brmeen semen o abst age lve image (flies or whe developmen of he image These ler pics il be ceed ot Gx od of sis pe or rat people nerve, paths were the pedominans cy mem, ain thes Importance varied scoring «0 the ‘ee of famary wn he cy People with fa knowlege tf Donon tended to tik of the cy tx of opOR lige regions, generalised carters, and boed iecioal fetioncipa Sajecr who knew obey beer ted sly Ianerd pur of the path rare, hee people hough moe terms of Speci pte 2nd thie ierelaonhpe A vedency leo upped foc he peopl who ew te cy bet of al oe ‘ore pon ral units tnd ess upon ee eins a pat "The pena deuma ad deicaton inte ghsy oye, ‘oul ot be underestimated "One Jeney Cy sider ho en Sod lee worth dering in ba sounding, sadenly Te wp hen te deeb the Holhnd Tunnel. Another cuted tee pene ‘You css Baldwin Avenue 700 ell of New York fost of you you me he ee doy af nd (he Paste) and See ils oe penn of or Joy Gy fee yn fel yoote sng down hl and bre Jou ow! these ‘noth terest Hedin River aed everng = Taps Taek the ripe ate ane the Sat of ier. ‘Tea Tay bak op oa he Emi Sxe Bling oe haw the vente ns The sve fecing of Bp bee im gates, a ve gone, Panicle pats may become importa fees in 3 mber cof ways Cosomary evel wl of couse be one ofthe ones Pests rFgwe 9 ote 77 30 Infuences, 50 tac sar acces ines, such as Boylston Sree Sorow Drive of Temas Suet in Boston, Hudson Boslvard in user ly othe remy im Los Angee, a al hey ina festrer Ota to ere, wich often complete the ve ‘ate may in oe aes asi ey conceneing rs flow no fewer chanel, which this become concpealy dominant. Beacon Hill, acing at» gan roary, eae te inpotace of Cambridge and Chaves Steer te Pale Garden scenghent eseon Street The Che: River, by confining tae wo Few ly vile beige al of individual supe endoabedly lr fer te path sroctre. Quite smisly, he Palle in Jersey Cy faci aention on the te weet that sucenl sae (Concerexion of pci te or activity slang see ay give fc prominence in he mide of obverse Washington Sees the oustanding Bosun example: subjects consitenly aoc Jew shopping and theses Some people entered thee char sree © pate of Wasting Seer Ha are quite Bere (eg, tar Sate Seer); many people seemed two know tha ‘Washington exteich beyond the eterainnene spent, aed thought ended ner Baer or Sort Suee Lor Angeles tat ‘many exampler—Broadwry, Spring Seen, Skil Row, To Suet tee the ase conceuaons fe pominene enough (0 make linear dis People seemed co be sensitive to varios in the amoune of aciviy they encountered and sometimes goed Cherie egy by folowing the main secu of tle Los [Angled Brndway was recoaiaed by its crows and is weet {aes Watingon Suet in Boston wis marked y 3 treme of pelea" Oter Kinds of activity a gro lev! a seems {0 make pces memorable suc Construction work ae South Siti rth bale of the food marke ‘Characerinicspaial quai were able co suengihen the lage of prea pus nde Seles sense, u8- get eneme of cher width oe aurownes sected atentin Cambie Sree Commonmesin Aveve and Ane Avenae tre all wel Known in Boson, and all were singed out for thet free width Spat quis of wih and mcrownes derived Dar of chi imparance from he cmon smocaon of ein feces with width and sie nreets with marowness” Looking for and waning to the “main” (i.e wide) acer becomes sto tanic. and in. Boson the rl pase amcahy supports this ASsumpion. Nutow Washinglon Sire Is the exception cs fuleand bere ehe consi song nthe whe econ, 98 rrownest i einfoced by tal bulings and inrge owd, at the very over became the eeying mak. Same of theo teraon dies a Boson Fanci dri, o the snonyaiey fhe Los Angles grid may be due co eh Bk of Spt da Spedtl fade characeritce were azo imponant for path Heme Bescon Scee and Commanweskh Avenue were di fincve party becte of the BuldingFaader hac line ther. ‘Paves terure seemed be less importa rept speci ses sac 34 Olver Seer in Lor Angele Dea of planing seemed aso o be rebsnely vipat bur gest dea of bring ke eae on Commonweskh Area, could enlace 2 put iage very ec. Pracinity spec Feces of the chy could ana endow = ek with increased imporance. I dis case che pth would be ‘sng secondly a4 an eg Alsace Avenue erved mich impaance fom it reiation othe whatves 2nd the ator, Sr ‘om Drive Irom i lean song the Cals Rive. Angin ‘ol Tremont Sees were dtc because Onesie un og. A patk, and Combrige Seer acquired carey fom te border Telsintip wo Beacon Hil. Owner quale thar gave igor func single pha weve de vial expan ofthe pth ll forte vin ezponte trom he path of ter par of heey. ‘The Cena Arey was enable pany forks val peminence as icsmeepshaugh the Gy onan exeated course. The edges ‘ver he Chale mee ao apparent for long dieaces But the Les Angeles Treeoays atthe edges of he dowaiown sees are ‘ral concelel by cos or pned embankments A number Of catoriaed subjects spoke 15 if those freeways were not face” On the other hands divers indeed tha hermes tdarpened os feces came ow of a ew and senna 2 wide ‘Geesinaly, pats were imporeane ge for sewer re. seat Manachurcs Avenue mer amon pare eretare for ox ‘ubjees, who were unable co deceit. "Ye ts laonsip a5 ona imersecor of many confusing sues made it » major Boson een Mose of he Jersey Ciy pubs seemed to have this purely sacs ere, ‘Where major paths licked idnty, or were easy conaed one fo the ter the ere cy image wat in iy. Thus Tren Sree and Shawn Avene might be inerchangsbe in Bota, Oe, Hope, and Hil Ses i Los Angeles Bos tons Longfeow Bridge was or infequaly coud wih the Cases River Dar, probably since bot cary erst Umer and termine in rae ces Thi made for rel dieses in te ‘iy, both ia the cond sod mbway sem. Many of the Fash a Jettey Cis were ical (of, bth ln ely 4d meray. “That the path once ieniabe, fave comity a well i vis faneonal necesiy. People telly depended pon ‘is quae. ‘The Fandamena reuiemeat i eae she seta ‘each ot bd ofthe pavement go Doug the continu of oxer Chars es importane Pathe whieh simply havea se ifacrry degree of tack coninity were wcected athe depess. ‘ie ant in ae caveat Uke Jesey Cig. ‘They can be followed by the sranger, even if with diy, People fen senerniel hat ater hide of charicterinice along 2 como frck mere io continous, depite sal changes Bur he aor of cont had imporaace at well. When the chanel wih change, ar Cambrige Set doe at Bowdoin Sune, or whea the spa coatiny was lnerope, a i is Washington Savers Dock Sqace, people had dibesey Sensing »coninwtion of the same path Ar he other end of ‘Wasingan Set » sudden change ia the we of buliags may ary expan why people faied to extend Washington Sect [eyo Keeland Srcer into the South Bod ranples of cleo giving comity too pa re the ancing and faes slong Commanmeaih Avene, othe bul {ngeype snd serbck slong Hudson Boslevard Names in tem seer played a role, Bescoa See i pinay inthe Back Bay ‘br eees vo Beacon Hil by is name. The coniry ofthe ume of Washigion Suet give people clue 3510 now to pro feed tough the South End, even if they wete ignore of tht fea Thee i 2 pleas feeling of reladonsip 10 be guaed sleply from sanding on see: which by ame continues tothe eu of tec, tomer fA reverse example he senion alvento the nondescript beganngs of Wise and Suse Bos feral nthe cent ate of Los Angles because of the spa doraces faner out The put boretog the Boston baer, fon te eter tnd, wa a ies fragmented imply bce of te Banging names i bees: Causeway See, Commercial Suet, td Aiane Avenue 3VENT 34 Pe may nor only be ieatable and coninous, bur have eect quali as welt one dite along te line cn ely be dninguihed fom the seves. This canbe done by 4 gad at regular change in sme quality which i cama in ene ‘Becton, Mos Frequcny sensed were te topograpbie gra fs im Boson, parca on Cambridge Stet, Beacon Sect fu Beacon Hil. gradiene of se lent, such 38 on he Epproach «© Washington See as avo noe fon en sce, the gradient of Incensing age on approaching the center Los Anges ons Keeway. Inthe elie gray enironmene Of Jesey City, eete were ewo examples of gant based on the rene sate of sep of tenements 'Aprolongel curve i also a gradient,» weady change in dite tion Of rovemene ‘This was oot often sora kien the only ckavons of a boil sence of caving motion were in the Bostoa subway, or on portons ofthe Las Angeles Feeways ‘When ses cirver are mentioned i the inerviens, they seem co ate pray to veel dues The ering la Chars Stet ‘ac Beacon Hil was seve, for example, beens the close bul ing walt heghened the vital perception of cuvare, People ened think of path destino and iin poi: they Tika eo know where pth cme from and where they le Puts wih clear and wellknown rigins and destnadons had sronger Henin, helped ie the city together, and gave the Chere sense of his earings whenever he crossed them Some fubjecs though of general desinaton fr path 03 section of the ey, for example, while oes though of specie pices (One peton, who made ether hgh demands for ieellgbiy ‘pon deci envionment, was roubled beause he saw 2 se of ‘road vacks and did ot know the dexintion of ens wing, em ‘Cambeidge Set n Boston has ces, etic terminal pois ‘he Ontles Sree rotary and Sola Square. Other sects may have only one sharp vermial: Commanwesk Avenue at he Pblic Garden, or Fedea! Set at Pore Ofice Square On she ‘ter hand, the indetefole of Washington Seet—varouly ‘tought af ping Sete Ser, Dock Sune 9 Haymackt ‘Square, or ven 0 Noh Seon facraly forma rns 10 ‘the Caenowa bridge) prevented ic From becoming 322008 2 Fesue at it might erwise ave Been” In Jersey Ce everscompiihed camvergence of the tvee main ste Cs ing the Paiaes, and ther al nondesep sbeience, wa ig confusing. “Th sme hind of enbfomend diflerentiation, which i on: leer by tein canbe cested by he leet whch may be winible nea heen apparent end of 2 path The Common rear one end of Chares Sree ated this way, add the Soe Howe foe Beacon Swen "The apptent woud clnre of et ‘Sect in Los Angeles bythe Hoel Sate, and of Boston's Was ington Scec by the OL South Meeting House, bad he sme ‘effec. Both are accomplished by 2 sigh aie of the path dree- tion, ping an iporane balding om the visa sei Elemens known 0 beon apolar eof» path ao conferel 3 sense of deetion: Spmpony Hall on Mastachuserts Avenue 200 he Boson Conon slong Tremone Sceet were bath employed hs wa. In Los Angeles, even the teuely eave concent tion of pedesiantan the wemern side of Broadway wat wed co Ie i whch iecton one was Fang ‘Once path has rection! quay. i my fave the fuer xb of beng sed: one may beable ro sense one's positon Along the rol length, co grip the ditance averted 0 yt 10 ‘go. Feaures which face scaling, ofcourse, uly confer sense of izecion as wel, except for the simple technique of ouming backs, which i Uretonles but canbe ted 0 co pote dances Many abject refered eo th ater ct, but to mean alc ws most commoniy wed inthe gular paren oF Las Angeles Mos afte, petap, scaling was acomplibed by a sequence of kown Inndmavi oe nies along the path The maring of ‘enable eegons pth eters and eaves them ao ons cued a ped means of giving section and sealing 03 ph Chas Suet evering Bescon Hil om the Common and Sar ter Seve ener the show and leither dite om the way 1 ‘Sou Seaton, ate cumple of hie ee (Given directional qaity i 3 path we may next ing f fei aged to isi ns deen i eferble eo sme ng Se ae awe 2 pe 20 33Pewee 24 56 fysem. In Bowon, thre were many examples of unlgned pute One commen cate nat the rubs, misleading civ Most people mised the curve ia Masachstas Avenue at Fal ‘mouth Set, sod confsed thet eral map of Boston m2 rene ‘They coeiered Marches Avene 1 be sui, tne re fighangle iesecions wah a large number of sree, and asnumed theie scent co be partie Boylson and Tremont Sets were disk because, bya aumbe of sal changes, dey put ver rom almox paral to aman perpendicular. Alan ‘Avenue was elusive becrose ii compound of two long ates anda sabia sraighe canger, 2 path which comple everest dieation but is ssight Ja ts mos. dara 'A the same ime mre abrape diecionalsifs may enhance sso icy by ating he spas corte, ad by providing prominen ste for dice arvrrer Th che Washington ‘Suet core was defied: Hanover Seet was crowned by a od ‘hugh at the appuent end; and the Sowh End cross ees ‘oe ivinacy a they ed couse wo cross dhe jor ena (Qa similar one wie revered from sensing the vacuum in sthich cel Log Angeles spaced by the gid shes whch cose (Of the outward views “The scond common cause of mialgaet 10 the es of che gy wa the Harp seperation of path from ruroondig ele ‘men Pathe i the Boston Common, fr example, eased mich Confuse people vere uncensin which wallwaps to toe io fdet co arive nt partclr desinuions ouside the Common, ‘Thee view of thee onside denionons was blocked ad the ts of the Conunon Uae ove o ome pa ‘The Cena ‘Avery wars sl beuer example for sve deraced fom suerouding Ic is levied and doesnot allow a cee view Of adisene sree, bur permits 3 Kind af fst and wndittbed ‘movement rly missing in the cky. eit 3 special Kind of romobielad ber than «aoemal chy wee. Many abject: fad geen diay agning he Arey co srounding clemen, although ic was kaowa ro connect Noth abd South Satins In Los Angeles at well the lrceways wee 20 fel 0 be “is” he co of he and cong of tex tan was iy # Recor eeaeuch onthe problems of ercing decom signs on the aew Freeways has shown tht tis dasa fom the ‘erouadinge eauer ech toning decion tbe made vader presre sod withour adequate preparation Even fara div 1 showed a pdsing ck of knowledge of the eewny sem, hd ice comecione. Gene orienaion fo the tal nda fs the greet aed of these moore? “The altoad lies and the sobway ate other exemple of serachnent‘The bared pats f the Boston sibway could oot berelated to he rest ofthe environment except whete they cone sp fer ig tin cong te iver The mleeenrances f the sans may be seep oder inte cy, bat they ae seed tloag invisible concepts! Uiskages. The sobway i sco ‘ected nether wot and ii ieiguing speculate wha means ‘igh be wed wo mesh k in the suuctre of he whole ‘The wner round the Boxonpecinals + basic element co which pare may be aligned The Back Bry grid wos eed fo the Chases River Alani Avenue was led to the hain; Cambeige Sees led cery tothe ter fam Sealy Sgee “Hinson Boulevard in Jersey Ciy, despite i Sequeeevi, was Aligned with che long penal berwean che Hackensack snd Ge Hioion The Los Angeles gi, of coune, provided omic aligamest between downtown avers Ie wat exy 10 pt dow fe tsi paeen ia skeen even if the individ sees tree at dtiggutableTworhids ofthe sabjec dew ‘his fra, before adding any oer ements Homevet, the fac hat his ged i cared ehraugh same angular dizance both fom the ‘cen com ine and she enial dievon,geve + number of subjecs some neni. ‘When we consider more than one path, sen te path ine section becomes vel, soce 1 isthe pla f decision." The i ple perpenielt selaionsip seemed ease 10. hen, {spec the shape ofthe inriction ws reinforced by eet fexrares” The besrknown lnesetion Ja Bowoo, acocding to cour itecvews, was tar of Commonwealth Avense and Ating fon Sec. viru abvious ee, upped bythe ape ‘be planing, the tafe, andthe nponance of the. element Joised. The ering of Chales and Beacon Sees wat 0 ‘well noms the ous are made visible and eiforeed by he eee 738 tories of the Common and the Pble Garden. Inerecsont fof numberof ret wit Matchett Avenoe were 47 Uderuod. probably Beate the cigheanglecelaonaips so ‘ot in cons io the reer of the cel ey Tee, for several bers confused inerecins with sees evering trom many anges were one of hie ype! Boson Characins. Cresing of me thn fut pots tes leas fie ouble An experienced st dapather, with 2 ae elec grasp af the ey path sracie, cine! thatthe Be [oined rong ac Church Green on Sommer See wat ne of he wo things i he cy tat woubled him. Ege waning tras aie cle with many eneing pats occuring 2 PAL Iprerae around an ndiferentined carve ‘Bur ehe numberof eouances ir nr she we sry. Bren ow perpendicular, fve-poimedcosing may be made clear, 36 as been done in Boston's Copley Squire. The conrad space ‘tele heigeened career ef he node scree beng tu he fled easontip beween Huningon Avene and Boson Sse. Pak Square on he ober hand 4 simpleprpendclar jit eat in i shpeesoen fas commoners [A many Boson crrangs wo nl te te mmber of pth Aipled, br the coninity of the spa cox i completly lau wen iste the chan emptiness af square ‘Novae such chose rsuings semply te prac of pas bis tora accident. The contemporary highway irerchange is even ‘mote confusing patil nce i mst be negated hight ‘peda Several Jersey Cay sje, for example, spake ith fare de shape of the Tanne Avene ile "A petepul problem on a hrge scale i used where a path leandhes sgh fo ake aerate path, both of tla i prance, A coe isthe branching of Sorrow Drive (afer ume confaion wth Charles Stee) ito wo path the oer Naser Sees, Iakng to Catsewsy.Commercal-Alani and the tee Cant Arey, "These wo ph wee oct nfsegueely fated with one another, producing major cnvalont i the inage. All sbjes seemed urable to conceive both at ce ‘maps showed either one or the cher os an extension of Seow Dee. Quite smi, im she mubway system the rccessive 4 or nx concer hs nd of 5g 8" aera cous byte Cmbrige Drei ough 390 Angles seme tobe imaged 83 complete recur, a8 dd the Jersey Cie tye of Hazon Boulwsrd intersecred by thee iu which go down over the Pande, or the wad of Wen Sie, Hudion aed Bergen Boulvacs, with she regular cost ees barween ‘Where a sbjet wat accutomed to evel by suomobi, ne sy remisons were difclecomplcsions inthe image of + path eeatre. The ae dipathe’s second meneal ook was (he to jum sich an reeriley in the sytem. For her, ‘Washington Ser was nox aceable acon Dock Sqn bear ini onmrrnyeoctng on bat sien A large muper of pate my be son oa eco, when epeniog elainasipe ace suciemly seat and peedicabe, The Lot Angeles gid iss good example. Almost every mbjece ould ex pur down some swenty major path In cote rea Won wo ech ber. At hese tne this very regalry made fediica for hem ro dings one path rom axe Bonais Back Boy ison rreresing pth ewer. It gv lag it remahabe in corr ro he ce ofthe cea ey, 29 ‘lfc cat would not oct in most Arverican ces Bat he toca fears ropinity. The login are were sharply Aiferenated from the cos sets everyone's mind ch a8 they te in Manharao. "The Yoag sees al hve indidul ctaracer—Becon Ser, Maribor Ser, Comoaeatth Ave fue Newbury Sze, each ei ieren—whe he ss ses Sc 3s mesuing devices, The rave with of the set he Mock lng, the Building fromagen the easing stem he relative length and numberof the ewo Kinde of mre thet functions! inportace, all end (0 reinforce this leeniion ‘Thea regne pan is ge form end arse The pl te fouls for aaming the cos rece wat frequently ved ‘lean device, nach atthe mumbers te used in Los Angele. ‘The South End. on the caer han whle having the sme topological forme ong parle jr ers necooaected by ‘hore minor ates, and wale ten epemalyconsdered 32 2 repute gid is uch le cen in spatter. Major and sino ares ae a diferentited by widen and wie, and many ‘ofthe minor aves have more charac tan tase ofthe Bac Bay. Bar there i lack of diferente charac inthe major secs: Calmbo Avene i rd 0 disingi from Teemont Steg or fom Sawanut Avene. ‘This imetchangenbily was frequen the xervew “Te frequen redaction ofthe South End to + geomet ye tem wat rypual of the consene tendency ofthe mbes € impo regularsy on their surroundings Unie obvious ev excreted they ted t0 organize paths iar geomecril fnewoeks, dvegudig cuves and norpeependicular iets ton The lower area of Jey Cly wed request deswn at © Bid, even tough i is oe ony in pa. Sabet absorbed all Of cena! Las Angles ino a repeating nerwotk, wiehout blag Aistbed by the diorcon ae he eastern edge, Several wet 61cen ivined on eeducing the see mate of BosonsEnancia Gini ro 4 checkerboard: "The sodden, and paniclay the ‘other indsceraBe, se of ope gid system f0 another ged sysem or 1 + non gid, was very cofaing Subject in Lae ages were ofven gure drened inthe ace nth of Fen Seer ena of Son Peo. Edger ger te he iene lames 90 considered a pt: ce ae ‘wally but sue gute alms tbe Boundaries Beeween evo Kade (Of meee They sr es feel seerens. They oe sromg it ‘Boson aod Jersey Ciy but weaker io Los Angeles. Those elges szem stongest which ae nor nly winsalyprominer, Dor aB0 oniuous in form and impeneinble 0 cos moveneat._ The Chaves River in Boron i ihe bes example aed has all of ‘here gual | “The imparaace of the pernsla desition of Baxon tax slrexdy been mentioned. Ie mare have been mich mote impor tant inthe 8th ceny, when te ey wat tue and veya ing pening. Since then the shoreline have been eed of hanged but he plete pests One change, at leas, bas ‘ieee & 102 saenthened he ine: the Civles Rive edge, sce 2 277 tacks, is now wel deed and developed ie ma Frequent esebed, and sometimes desea gree deal Everyone membered he wide open space, the carving line, the bordering ‘giway the Bows, the Esplanade, he Shel "The mater edge on the other ide, the harbor, ao gen. erally Koowa, and remembered for is speci aciviy. But te tera of we wt es er, cet wat bie by anys 4 fess sero ltr roll baker ter Af} Mctiiecs ve nsec Cart veo Boron Harbar inno conrere way. Pad hie mutt be de to the seeing of che wae atte tp ofthe penn by ralond Yards and baling, pay c the chaoie pee of the wate, ‘it Ks mynd rigs ad docks, a the meeting of the Cae River, the Mysie River, aed the sea, The lace of Freuened sented pats, a well he drop in wae: level athe Dam, ‘Ss bens the cenit. Facer wes few were avare of aay ster in he Soh Bay noe cal hey imagine sy op to devel pie in chs diecion. ‘This lack of penimlarcloare Aepived the citen of + sing sense of complion and ina in sey. ‘The Cel Avery is inceesible o pedessans a somne pois impasntle, and is spall prominese But iis cnly (casiomly exposed to view” Ie was a case of wiat might be fale + Fegmenary edge” inthe abuse continuous, bat oy soaned at dicrete pins. The nitoad lines were abohet feampie. ‘The Aner, in puta, wat Le sae Ig over The cy image. Heid Sowa a heen and at Oe Sintra eins, sewhere writhed and cwined from one potion co {he ext. ‘The lak of relation Fl wie driving the Aner wat Imitored in its nbiguous eatin forthe pedestrian 'Starow Drive, 00 the otet aed, whl aso Fel be “ou side” by dhe diver, as cen Scented on the map, because of i ‘Mignmea othe Cares Rive was the Chaces River, despite Herts athe Basie ege inthe Boon tage, wich was cut ‘oualy holed fom che detailed acre of the adoaing Back Bay. People were ats nea 1 how to move lm one 1 the caer, We can specie that thie wat ao tne before Soro ‘Dene eu of pedesvian scent a the foe of ech rs set Simanly, the irerreltion of de Charles River and Beton Hill was Bard 10 grasp. Although te poston of she ll is potcovlyexphmaor of she purling bed in che ives, and Skhoogh the hil thereby guns commanding enfade view of he ver edge, se Charen Sreee oar seemed fr mote people tobe the ely rm connection berween te wo. IF fe il ros Sarpy sd lnmeditly oot of the water, instead of behiod + masking foresore covered by wes which are only doubly ‘Stodued with Becoo Hil, od if Ie were more costly ed {the pth wyrem slong the rvs, ten te relation woud have ‘een mich dears Ia Jersey Ci, abe waterrnt wat azo song edge, but © inter forbidding oe. Ir wae a soma’ land eon beyond the barbed wie. Edges whether of zlloads "opopmpy, theoupiways, oF set bounds, re 4 very eypial fete of tat eneizonmene apd cand co Fagmene Some of he mote 864 16M, The lle ft of Chan umpleaan edges, ich as eh bk of dhe Hackensack Rive with ‘nt buening damp ares seemed 1 be metal ered ‘The dstupive power af. edge must be eckoed wih. The ‘solaton of the Noon End i Boon by she Canal Ary wt ‘ling, inte eps of reser ond nonsesidets alike. Hadi teen ps, or example. preserve te connection of Hanover Sree inc Scoly Soiree effec mis have been minimised, ‘The widening of Cambedge Sues, ints dey, ma have done the same tothe West Endeacon Hil contin. The bond ipa of Bowens caend ects seemed 1 dimemBes the cy nd roizolte the orgowenerangle” between te ck Bay 2nd ‘he South End ‘While continuity and visbliy ae cruci, song edges ot aeceslyinpeneale. Many edges are uning seat tater than sling bees andi i inerening to we he di fecences in efec.Bon's Cental Artery seems to divide aba utero olwe. Wide Cambridge Seer divides wo reins sharply bu keeps them in some vial retin. Beacon Sees, ‘he vite boundary of Beacon Hil long she Common, 20822 fs baer bu af eam slong which the two Major ates ae ley joined vogeterChaces Sects the fu of Bescon Hal ows ives and ues, leaving the lower te in weer el tion tothe ill above Chaves Ser cris hear eae bet tle conan the local service ores and peril stv ch ‘ued with the Hille pols she teens ogee: by tracing ‘hem mise less ambiguouly eer ot Inst ade, see, pth for vacous people x various mes. ‘lges are often paths at well Where hs wa so, and whete the oiney obueeer wor nor hs of rom moving onthe pa (as he som he Cera Arey, for example, then te dec tion image tome tobe the dominant one The cerrer we ‘ally pecored as pth, reinforced by bouny charac. ‘iguron and Sune Sees and 03 ese extent Los Angeles. snd Oiympie Sues, were wuly dough of a the ees of te os Angles cena busines dzriceImeresingly exo, they sree stoner in this respect than the Holywood and: Habe Freevays, which ao canbe though of as majs Boundais, and sate both mach mote importie a path and piysally mere Smpasng, The fat that Figueroa and he eet Sulce wees se concep par af the general gi and have been fail Focsome ime, aswell as he rlive nvisbly ofthe depres ot landaped Freeways all conspired eo erase these Heemse Feo the image, Many abject fod icy in making met fa conaecion berneen ee fos highnay and the cemsiner ot the cy srt, jst a8 inthe Boson case They would, 9 agian, cen wale sat he Hallywaod eewy a4 ed sor erie. A taghspeed ary may noc neces be te bee ty of isl dekiiig » cel dati. The elevated rallvays of Jency Cy and Boron ate examples of what mig be called oveead eden. The lee slong 6Few 24, pee 64 Districts ges may ato, te pa. ave deol quien Tae ‘arsine eg fr amp a te svi ide ome ‘Mriaion of water nd inde men don Froid by Bean Hl Mo le dea ta Cer 1 iu won of Chg wine cwing Lake Mii fon tr wool be imeeting ote how many hetgont ed fn w dw + map of es hy by pong dove meneng ster ten if te ke Sat Heist spec ‘ramp of ate ge sg i ale ar xp ee irecopats view.” re bing ps2 tay pee ‘ace all ome down tthe wet lp wie topos row of is gh cre an vit a Te ene, fe ern of alge el ers bea sale ag “Tf eno he cmceon ‘dats sng teem The tel poop ‘sively urge an one and much open se a ne ines breecn cp td wes tare Lop" Yet te foe SF Crago one ake so frp se Diss ar the relavely ge city areas which the observer can meczly go inti of, and which have rome cmon chs. sects They can be received terol, and ocasonaly can be used as exernl reference as person goes by of toward the ‘May persons interviewed soak ate to poise out tht Boson, wile confusing in kr path pattern even to te experienced ie aioe, ha, the oumbet and vivioees of diereinted Shere aly thc oie makes vp fori, AB one pene pre ich prof Honan is diftee kom dhe ae You in ei pry ch wha ae youre in Jersey City bas ssi too, tthe ae peraiy enc or css dicts wih le physi diction. Los Anges & raked lacking song epions xe fr the Civic Cenue trea The bere hat con be found ate the Unes, weer fre (Gas of Sid Row othe Banca aren, Many Lor Angee sb ies telered with same repre co the plete of living in plbce that has scongly character sets Said one ike Transporain Row bens dee sopchee, Tats se man thing, al hee ator ings ce omy That Capon aghthere”Aed dl he people ve he eh fe camimon working tre. 1s Yer sie Subjects when asked which cy they feo be 2 elk ioe: one, menioned several, but New York (messing Masatan) See inanimoury eked And hiciy waived ots mh fr fez god whicn Las Angles hs st wel, but becuse He has 3 Sumber of welldeégedeharaceric dics, sein an ordered Tame of vers and avec Two Lae Angele abjects even refered g Manhatan 2 being “mall” ia comparion whet enw area! Conceps ose tay depend in par how wed A snetre can be grasped nso Bean ierviews, dhe diss were she basic eemens ofthe cy image. Ose subject, for expe, hen asked 0B fro Faneuil Hall w Syiphony Hal, repbed 2 onc by bling the ipa going fom North Endo Back Bay. Dut evta whet they wer poe atively used for venation, its wer sl a Imporane sa sting port of the expe of ving in he fy. Revogiion of dine sis in Bon seemed 9 vy fomenhar a acquinance wih he chy laces Pople mat familar wien Boson teased to recopie reins but rely mee eal foe orgasnn and oiecation on sale denen, few people exrerey familie with Boston were unable © (peeraiae decided perceptions ica dis coacous of rine Alferences in al pars ofthe cy, hey cil a Form regia rouge of cements “The py characerinic thc determine die ae heme continues which may const of an endless vatiey of coo Ponean eure pee, for, dea, mba belding 7p, civ, ahaa, gre of maineance, epogtpy. Le # ‘acy baie city such at Boxon, homogeneien of Isle ortri, olen, crm, cbr, spine, ec fo fon~-wee all bu ca in ening maar dit Beacon ll sed Conemoneeat Aree ne bch exten The dns were no only vial ener nae wat imporam a wel At ‘Eats ined tein elf igh bes cat wa fo the ‘ommn who fm nt she kw he rin he North Ed doom a Be fs he egg lo ‘Un heel fener were aged and recopied in a chara ce dhru “Poe Beacon ae, for exmpl,icided seep now net old bce r% bout of iim seal, ist hgh aiined, white doorways Bc ins cabtlexoner an bck wal quiet and eperciae ‘pedein. “Te ceaing tema wit was dice hy con fr other ofthe cx and could be eos edi tn er pats of cena Boon, hte was soe thematic co fin. It ae oor eneamimon rrp the Back Bay wth he South En, dee thei vey een, ta and per. “Thirwar probaly he ress erin schtesalPomogeney, ut sone snarky of Nao background Sch Been fa ete ge 7 eran wife of ce is ded prods a0g inage All 0 ory tere ee 4 few dente ge, tw toough fos fl ena unit‘Then the regan may be eo ‘Flee scone unin wth cy, ny stengih or impact Such, fr example i Lice Toyo tn Lox ‘ogee, rcognable y is populaon ab the leering 00 Sars be oterene bnisingeble tom he gene mre ‘Aihogh is «aang et concer, probly kaown fo stan rope, spewed sony» sir pron of he oxy rage a "YE sxiaconnoron ae qi sigan bing eons ‘A sar of sect invert the chit oat tat tmany peopl ast wih fern dncee Mom of he Jy Gay ene were ca oe ren dace ol wi ec forse ouier Bah Jerny Cay and Boron ane howe the exaggeration pad 0 opps dc, ad he ‘woking toqaeaon of te inprance of Senet fr tho seas Dine mes ls ep give entity 0 des ven eben the shea nit does nx eal a sing coma with TREES ore hy, and eadonlasecnns con play # Silat le hes he mui equines a been ssid and 2 emai or i he ef the ey bas been cose Tepe of tein homogenciy 1 es gis, cily Te sekeho comens cer te predexe pace Sal soc arc cares enabah + sym on Beacon HA dt Seen Slened mu of et image. These sn m0 eked be norconsnereal image of acon Hl ot Teley adda ie Sbjct col as over ping amount Toc danprecmen wah te hare enue of» ron Bact tne vious lings of boondees Some ae hed eft ree. ‘Such ite bondy ofthe Hack Bay a he eo Ric rane Pac Caden All agreed on it eet (Paco Citerbovedies ay be alto uncer 82h a8 TT terech dwncown Bapping apd te ofce de. © “Tho tamer and approsrate lesion sos people woul! Tribal ether ena hve no Boundaries ala id he Sa en forrmny on jee. igre 25 oes dee Pe Th Vale bmi of Boon drt pee ®70 ices ween eee nia tah the maim ene ned ose ae ‘hard core of common agreement ee ‘Deelpconen ort cla " es co Sy day ole Sa ba a ave lest so do wich constinuing ic. Edges may augmenr the tendency of districrs wo Fragment the ci di sag a ove = = 135 one result of ee tie of Uae tes Bones ee ce Ning want ante de a yy thelnpatn of Gergana Senate poe wih pasaly Selb eM commen Soon, nates Spats ane Sins rt bende hemopecet ca Se $c hat iby hese fps oenoe oe imu etc ae wl pe a yall epg ens sae Same wellinown Boson dine weve uoraaured in te fue age. ‘The Wes End aod Nowh End were lntnaly naieroted for many people who rexopnaed these reins Even more en thematicly vd dates nach a he mah sect seemed confusingly spe, but extra nd tral “The peal senmions ofthe maker avy ae nforgerable Frc Tal eed ies sotnion enfres eon Yor te we is eapelesr and sprawing, divided by the Cena try, and amped bythe tro acy cerert wich wie for domiuae aneil Hall od Haymackt Sotare. Dock Squce i spatily duet, The connection «© eer tat me exer Obie OF Slap by the Aner ‘Ths te make desl Howe inion inet. Ine of fling we penal rl at moat link a he head ofthe Boson penis, a des the Connon fares dowe, the dati, while duties oly +c oie Brie ane. Dexcie Hill othe tet hued was ery ight secre, wi nena sbrelon ode at Laubur ‘Sut vanes andl ad »conprton of pth "Apin, sme cegon te nto, ned in pon hemaer wit ile reference the cy ole them, ch 28 Bono's [Noro End or Chinatown. Otere my be extover uted svar and coneced to sroundag elements The Conon visi tutes eeighboring cep despite is inner gah con fasoee Banker Hill in Lae Angels i an ierening example ofa dit offi srong crac and isa socio, fon avery shutp topographical enue Ing even elt 0 the ys hear than doce Beacon HIlL”"Yer de chy Aw aan (hs clement, bes is topographic edges i fee bugs breaks of ts pth cnnecnne and eflciely ce #10 fe ‘Some disvce are single oner standing alone in thir me ‘The Jersey Chy and Las Angles eepons ate praca al of this Kind td the South Ende 2 Donon expe Others ay te linked apes, rch st Lele Tasos the Civic Cetra {ot Angeles or West Enenn Har Boson tne pat cel Boson inlsve of te Bae Ba, the Comemon, Bescon Hi he dowevown shopping dnc, andthe ancl and a. stecce ”“ss Noder 7 les aa, he tegont te coe enough wget ad scien wel jted to make conn mossic af dance dais. Wherever one proceeds within these Limi, one i i 3 eg sizable aren The cont and promi of ech ae, moreover, eigen he thera suengi of ech ‘The quai of Bescon Hil fr example i sharpened by ts eames co Slay Square, and vo the downtown depen dasa [Noles ate he step foc ine which he aberver an ene, peal iter jancons of put or conceneaons of some Gnesi Be knongh Gmcpraly Gey wre ral pola in he cy image, they may le resey be ge sen some wha extended ier shapes, oF even ete cecal dacs sehen the Gy i being cosdered sts lege enough level Is ee, when conceiving the environmen: at 2 ecole socom level tes the whole cy el may become 3 ode The joni, or pe of beak in vaporacn, bas cm pling imporance for heey observer Bese decison’ must be made at jucions, people beighven tie atentan at mich bes sod percene oenby elements with mare than sora Chek Thi tendency wa conferees tr eames Tested ac junctons nay autonacaly be asd 10 derive ‘pecal promiamce fom the fon, "The prep En fortes of ch aon shows in sober way ar welt When fubjer were shed here on» fabiual ip they Bat fle fea of seal in downtown Boson,» rg number of people Singles ot beekepose of wansporeion the hey plots I {numberof ete the poe mata he canon fom 3 igh wry (Stotow Drive or the Cental Ans) 10 cy see, nother ase the point wat a the et ealaed 0p in Boson (ack Bay Sion) even tough the subject dd not get of thee Innabeane of Jory Ci ok they ha ll ee cy wen they bad pascd tough che Tonoele Avenue Cite. The Btion berweea major svc set, ‘Sich points a Sly Square, ce Charles Set rrcy, and Fumeion nade ice bth ate the switch point a which ne Maoks te ose of Bescon Hil. "The foay Hs is not 8 randiome ple, bue i culyexpes the wansfer bemeen fret bge, Sorow Drv, Gurls Set and Cambrige tras popping in and ow of the hilsid, che avy call tn be cealy siselited. Tee nodes can be inporan even Inhea ihe pyc Fem is duper and appa ae i i Joural Squnre in Jersey Cay “he subway sans, ewe slong thei vile pu sytem sue siege joction nates Sone, Uke Pate Stet, Chaves, ‘omun map, aod fw aubjee wou eganioe the vex of the iy asad hem Mon of ese hey sation were suocted ‘tere oor prominest. This may be Dec thi panicle wane fer vot tly and by tete pale sbjens or Becte of unfavorable physical cece: the ick of vita interes, ted ce disoiaion of the sobway ne rom she suet coer lnc some are easy 10 recognise, ike Ctl Stee, thes i cil he Meanie. owt of tem ae bad 0 rhe scaly the md above them, bt soe a parca conluang, ‘asington See, A deta analy ofthe imageblty tubeay sytem or of tsk sper Inger would be Bath (Sef tod fc. jor alrond eto a shoe aways important cy nade, sthough thee inponaoce may be dedising Boxes South Sesion war ane af he ronget ate cy, ince ii Facial sy ngs es Hl igo hon ace of oar wy ses eed bam in tea, vem nary se San ee bo Beery yf tf i a nage comc cay co many sal Coe aeponed feqcmy. Pesing Squsre i on Angeles 2 Zee ample beng pops the snp point of te Sy one canes by ply pial sae, pasting. 2 2tiiy,Ohes See and st ats tat ames se are ong ther the Donna bad gute = aoe ed Louibrg Syme. The orale orn See sedis iesncined with boy sp promivence ro true mas cecogaiaeé as being th ebm bevreen Washagion Seer 3nd76 of the cy. I isthe 00 per cet commercil comer, epito mined 104 degiee rly eon ins ge America cy, orc tual very Faia 0 Americas, Tels a eore! the fac end Teouisburg Squne i snater thence concent, 4 wel Aown quit residential Open space. eedolent of the upper themes of he Hil, wth «highly cogil fened sks ins purer example of «concent than isthe ord Fiene ome, since isn nner poe a land mat cay remem tered as beng “somewhere lade” Bescon He inpaance 4 node wat out ol popoion ci Fonction. [Nodes my be bh jontons and concentrations a Jey (Gays Joural Spon, which san important bos and automobile tear an i a #conceation of shopping, Theme con encwions may be the fet of repo, st the Jorda-Flene Corner, snd pets Lviourg Square. Othecr ae 0 fo but te lone spec cocentraon, sch at Overs Seer in Lae Angeles "A attong physkal frm i or sbiaheely ete wo the recog icon of a nde wines Journal Sqeate tod Scolay Sqosre Bt where the space has soe oan he pacts much sronge. ‘The nde becomes memonble. If Selly Sqeae at 8 spel shape commenauee with ite functional imporance, it woud Sodoubeedly be one of he key feazes of Boson In ks pes: tne for, could not be remembered in any concrete way. I got mcr epee a4 down of dicepble. Seven out f te could be agted spon.” Evidently made 00 vial in preston and he comnecion of rats phew which is he braio i funcional imporice, mete very pool ederxod. 'A node tke Copley Square, on the contey, which i of ss foci imporance ad batt handle che angled nerton of Humington Avene, wat very sharply aged, aod she con lel, principally ia ees of Hs unique ledivdual bul ings he Publi Library, Tiny Chre,she Copley Pama Hoes the sigh ofthe John Hancock Bag twas es of «spel ‘rio dan a coecetion of activiy and of some ociquey Conerting buldings [odes such a8 Copley Sqete, Lousurg Squse, or Olert Suet, had sharp bounlares, ideofable witha + few fee (thers, such atthe Jordan Fine commer, were on he highest peak ofwme charac dha fad wo sarp begining, In any ven he mow meen nde seemed both be nig some feey and athe sane tine 10 cenly some ucounding ca Nodes, ike dics, my be intover or extover, Slay Sante i itrovered, ie gives lle decional sense when oot ”Landmarks 78 isin i or envigns Te pica ection in seo ngs ewer amy fom the pina local season om atta simpy “here {sm oars Dewey Squire, on the er tac etvenedGencel deco ae eplied, ted comeetons te cet ee fcr divi, ce hopping di fee, and he waterone For one per Sout Son in Dewey Squrre meta ge attow poling ro the here of down town Approach to sucha nae ee fo ome From 4 pate lar sie, Pering Square has siar ditecional gel, primarily becrse of he pesence of the Bikore Hohn ‘aay of shew quar may be summed up bythe example of famous Talan sade the Pama San Mico in Ven, Highly ilereniaed, rh and ince, ie sands in sharp cot trate ene earace ofthe cyanea he stows wie ing epacer of er immeinespponcee Yee fly the Ino Fesreof te ci, he Grand Cans and fas an creed tape tac cir the dtecton rom which one ener i Shin uel igh diferenned ad wcecrred ino evo spaces, (Gams and Pamees) apd wih many. distinctive ndmarks (Diora, Pato Dace, Compare, Libreria). Ine, one Teele eae in cee telson hy pecelymicrolected, a were. So ditincive is this space that any people who ave never been Vesice wll ecogie is poop immedi, ada, the poin elerencesconsileted to be external 10 the aver fe simple py elamens wich may vary wily Ina, There wert be tener foros more fae wih chy ey ncreanly on aye of ances for hit (ese enjoy nsqenet tod specalaion, in place of de fonreties wed ext. Since the tc of lander vee the aging ou fone mene rom 3 how of poses, the key phys! carcerc of hcl singular, ome aspect tat igi or mero: fable in he content Landmark becoe coe en Weniae, ‘ore lly be cone ian if ty have + lee or IP hey conan wih thie Beckgrouns and of ere is some Figuebckground comms eo abe dhe ppl fac, "The Background ai: which roninence of spi lcton, eee deo atm be tse 1 fei are a per went of Fan aly te ce Hoax crt a of a ngs Cy Fase ee ac ope tse be coo “in another sno, sbjecs eight single ov landmarks for their Saat tay (he Chen Sene lg Ses ecw ial ey (sup on Ah aa yay Mea Cert ot towe fo See eTown oer gat eT odHal we ato Ci Comer a mao Sy He »» lute, st at a angle 1 te oventon of al the oer civic Doings, and wih mn ely diferent scale of Feneseion nd ‘es Despite ts nino onto ce sable pore, tis ona of wing, age, 0d sale make it» reaivey well ented lage, sometimes plesar, sometines ieiating. 1 weaver tines repo’ 0 bee shaped” akboagh is per Tec recasgane, This evieniy av Uhsion of the ngled a Spal promioence can eseabsh elements 8 Indes in ier of two ways by making the sees viable from many leeton (the John Hancock Building n Boxon, the Richelé it Bung in Los Angeles) or by Sting up «los coast with aesrby leer, Les varon in setback ad elgheT Tae Angle, on Tih See a he corner of Flower Se, i het ry 00 Sort ld. wostry gy woalen building. te bick ome ven fe from ‘he bing ine comaining + few mor tape Thi ete terion ad any ol» suprising suber of people. One een Atshopoarpined i es de “nl poy "The sal Ihek andthe inimae seal s+ very aotiztble aed elipa vet in cones (9 the geet ase ha ccoy the Lf the fronage estion a + jncion ivan poh decsins srengthens 2 landmark The Telephone Buildings Bosons Bown Sune yas ie for example 10 hep people © may on Canbrge Sten The aiviy atcted with an men ay ab cae ica loth a0 nano eof hwo the Syaphony Hal in es Anges ‘This soiec is che very ane Of visa lege: hosed in seed gunner in sonic bal ing, whose sign simply sys “Bap Temple” ii compleely lureognible wo the seange lis scegth as 2 lninark {ered 10 desive from the conute and itaon fe bares ie cular! satus snd ts pysea wai. Mire! Selon, oier mening af powell seiafocemens, a they {ie foe Fann Hall rth Se Hows in Booms" Once + ie rary. sgn of 4 meaning seaches 0 a8 obj, sve ab ¢ tei sie inane indmaky, prominent pois ibe fram may ps ious, mere often well know, but only people unfair wih Bost ered owe them ro any Bex oxen in organi ly and secing routes for ips eis te nove who pes Iimsll by elerence wo she Joka Hancock Bung and the Canoe, Hoare ew people had an accurate sense of wher hese dtc In sks wee end how 0 me ood wiy eo the be of eter Dolding, Mow af Boxes ican ndash, in fer, ner "pocomles they had » peculiar foatng gual. The Joho Hancock Bing, he Custos House, andthe Court Hows ae A donioae on te gener shying bt the lotion sod iden tay of tne bse inby no mens at gine ust of sop. “Te gold dome of Boots Sue Hout cet o be one of te few exceptions w this euivenes Iw unique shape and fea thn, lcton at she il tse ads epone the Con a‘non the wisbity from long dances oft bright galt dome, filma i key spn for eel Boson. chaste saying Sale of recopiably at many level of reference, and of incidence of symbolic with vial imporaace People who wed dian lanars di 0 only fr vey ger vector gremacon, or, mare Irequemly, in symbole mays For one prt, the Cao Howse em unky 0 Alani Avene tecase ie can be scen frm alnou any ple on that ses. For anther, the Casom House setup then in he Bosnia Altri for ie can be seen inermicemly at many places in that ar “The Duomo of Florence it 2 prime ample ofa dian ad mark: vise fom eat and fat by day oF nigh vnmiaable Alominat by ste and comou;clsely rete to the city's ead ions colnciene wih he eight and ane cee. ped fib ies campanie in wich 2 way tha the drain of view es Se gaoged from = inane Tei desl oconcive of te Sy stout having ths ges ec come to mind ‘Bot local bndmks, ile only i reve locale, weee mach mare requemly employed in the hee cies ied. They anche Fall range of obs svaable, The numberof oe! Clements tht become landmaria sppas «0 depend a2 muck pon bw Fear te lars wth is suroundngs ws upon tie denen GeochesUnfunilar sje ural mentned nips few landmarks noc interviews, ag ey maniged {0 fad many race when they wene on Gel pe Soande snd tel sometineseefrcd veal anda aoogh hey de tot sem ro conte dake by Bemocke, andres may be ilnted, single event mahoot reinforce: mene Eacept fo ge oe very siglo mae, dese ate weak fefeences, since they ae en co iss and cequire sind ‘searching The single trafic bighe or suet name demands cn enaton co fd Mote often Il pins were remembered 3 ster in which dey tinforced each cher by Fepeition md ‘vere recog pay by context, “sequential series of aks, in which one dea cls up anicpein ofthe nee and key dra igge esc moves of the olerver,appeated co be saadard way i which hes people traveled toh de chy. Io auch sooty here were gg ies whenever tring deisont mut be made and resin ‘ett med te bere in dcions gone by Adina Arelroftenelped give ssene of mares he fl dena Won of inermedine goals Foe emotional secur aswell ss anadonl efeney is enpreane tha sick sequences be Hy consi, wih 9 long gap, although bre may Be = thicken Ing of del anaes "The sequence facile cecogrion and ‘memoraon. Failaroberrs cam wore up 2 vat queasy Sf poe ies in fariine sequences, bough secgaion sy beak down then the sequence revered o cules Element Interrelations “Thee lemene are spy che ta materi ofthe enon mevta inage a the iy ale. They tu be paterned together (o provide © ssying forms ‘The preceding dacusint have one af a proupe of simi element ne of ph, ere ‘Of hndnurks, omic of regione, ‘The nest loge sep fonsder the inaction of piso unlike ements Sach pers way reafece ne antes, reseae 20 dt dy aban each otters power, o they may conc and deny 8a Ahemacher A gra lindmask may drach and how out of cles small egtn ca base Propel locued, snob ad smack may cand avengihen» cove pled off enter, may ni ried as doce the Joe Mancick Balding in estan #0 Boson Copley Square. A Inge see, wih is ambiguous charct of oth edge and ph ay peut and ths expe {epi 0 view, while tt he same tine droping A Hn reek feaare maybe so alien to oe character of ditt a 0 ‘Tolve the regional conic, or ie may, om the ober hand, stand in js he eons that itenses that contin isis ia parle, which tnd 0 be of lager ie han the other semen, contin siti themselves, and ace th bed, vacour phe node and nda Thee other el mens nor ony scare the ron ical hey ab inten the ideey of the whole by eviehing ad deepening cae ter, Beatta Hil ia Bown is one ecample of tefl. a fac eke componens of sracure snd ieny (which ae se pars of the image in which we are ncrened) stem capo, rhe obnerer owes op rom helt leek. The Henny of ¢ ‘vadow may be sacred into spacer of windows, which it Thee forthe eviction of» bung, The buldng hem fee ae ltrs #0 4 0 form an idewble space, sod Paths, which ate dominant in many individual images, td ‘nhch may bea pcp resource in opinion the meto- Dolan scl, have lime ierreaconr with oer lene ‘pet Junction noes acu atoracaly at msoritetecons Sd teem, and by eee foem shuld renere tawe eieal Imomeats in = journey. These odes i tom, are act ony fxengened bythe presence of landmark (si Copley S903) bor provide sing which alas gues aenton fo 259 feck emit ‘The ph pain ac gen Wenty ed ep ot ‘nly by this owa fom or by shar nodal janetions, ba By she tegions they pes tvouph the elgs they Move along, and the Inmdmacda db along thie lenge: "AM ie demews prs pan, comer. Ir wk be ineresing o sody he racers of varius pairings Bndowkregion, noe ec. Evenly, one shold ty 0 0 beyond such pings co conde oe pater Mos observes sem troup ei clement i nermedne orgnintiony which mighe be called eompiees The obser {tos the compen at » whale wine pare ae ierdependene tnd ae telat heed in eclaton 10 exh chet. This may Bononians would be abl 0 from ofthe major elements of the Beck Buy, the Canon, Beacon Hill andthe ene! shop ing, no» ing compen Ths wines nthe sere ed by Brome! in his experimess tered roa Caper ha come one lcliy. or hers ehe sine of cee Hcly may tye much smaller: the cel shopping and he nea edge ofthe CCamioa soe, for expe. Oat of his comple here ae [ppv Henciy. he obmver mut rao Bind othe nest whale Fen onip momen Akhough they ar cote gees in ipl vale, most peopl ee feel nly 2 vague ik be vena Bowoe fice and Soci tet andthe eel shop ping dinrx om Wachingon Sect ‘This peclar emote fas abo exemple inthe prsing gap bemeen Sosy Squat snd Dock Squnte which ate ony a bck apa. THe pacho Inga dance berween two locales maybe much gee mote dficuc o surmount, than mere phys separ te ‘Oar pescupsion here wih par ctr shan wholes it 3 secenary feat ofa ivenignton ia» prime sage Aer ‘cto difreniaton vod uvermading of por nay con ‘move on 0 considers of oral sytem. There weve inde: tions thar the iage maybe a cotmaous fed he wsebeace of ene czmene in sme way aBecting al cers Even the recog nn ofan objec sas mach dependent on cote aon the foum ofthe bic sel. One major dito, sch as» rw ing of te shape of te Common, sere toe eee theoogh- out the image of Boxon The darubance of geal coo Siren sec more tan hs iets econ Bat ch Feld elec have Barly been odie bere. he a The Shifting Image [ache than single compreenive lage fr te emit en icon there seed tobe eso nage, which mote ole ‘velpped and ined They mere eypllyaranged %16 series of eels, oughly by the sale of aes ivalve, 5 thatthe serve moved ss neeary or ap image st see level 20, lev ofa eighhotond «cry or mewoplina ren "Tis arangemene by levels sees in age an om pes environment” Yer imposes a ete burden of opi tion onthe observes, epi if eet i ie Fbsion between levels ci buidig is unmisabble in he cey-wie pano- farm yet secgsizable fom is base, then 4 hace as been Ieee pin wogeter the images ato dfleen levis of ose inion The Ste Howe on Beacoe Hil, on theater hand, seers perce cough several image levee ols see tepe pace inte npaisatinn ofthe ene Tages may df not cy bythe sale of are invled bat vy siewpoin time of dy, 0 Season. The innge of Faneuil "Hil araen fam terre shold be laced co image fo, far on the Arery Wabingun Seepage sald ave fore ruin, sme coment of imran wt Wesinger Suecbyay_ In oder co sexomplah hr consi im hee of sensius confusion. any cbeves dined thet images of ‘sal eomtene sing abseectons sch 8 “esau” oe eed ‘eee These wil perce oth dy and aig, diving or wale ing. in or shin, sl wih same ft and "Tee cheer mus so adj is image co scalar hts in the phys resiryarund im Loe Angler Wared the praca nd eran! ince he iagecontonted tit constne pps changes Ie wold be imp 0 kow ow to main comintytheogh tee changes Jt a es st ceded berwee level td lrel of erpsznton, 20 ee ce Tine tequied which pers hough + mao change. Ths Ingh be flied by he retention fa ld ea ph ice, or Some repoal cater ‘The sequence in whith shee maps were den seemed to lndiate atthe image develops, or rows, in diflerene way ‘This may peraps Mave some eelaon the my i whch Be ‘Eveop 20 an individual becomes Faailar wih bi ei ele eee Quite Fequely, images wee developed slong, and then cored from amir nt of ovement Tha a mep mighe tbe da us beating out fom «pint of eames, or besie fing rom se Bue ine sch st Naachaees Avene ' Oer maps were began byte construction ofa eosin, cine, sch atthe Donon pening, which wer hen Sed toma the cee, all ees parca Los Angles, Bega by lying down base mpeaing paten (the path gridon) and ten ding dei a Sonewine fewer maps seated a ef apcent egos, ‘whith wor den denied ato ouectons wd bocce A lew Boon amps developed rom a friar kro, 4 deme far cement on which everyting wit skim hang ‘The image full was aot preie, inured made of ceaiy, cued fu ede and conten aberrd Ass p= Dorie simplification, wat made by redacng. liming, at ‘sen adding elements ors, by fon and ison, by Ting and suring the prs ms sfc. pap cer, foes purpose if evrange, cise, “logic.” ermal that famous cto of is New Yatkers sew of he Untied Sees However dire, cere wat 2 song cement af soplopia invariance wih reper 19 ray. Temata che map were Gnomon sn iintely exible mbber shee. deer were twisted, dence seihed compres eg es changed from she acute vale projection at Fo bea Sse umecag sinbleBor the sequence ws unl coe he map Wa ‘ary crm and swe Ec ager in acter eer Te oe nay is cenary ithe image i 0 be of ale Sty of atest individual images arong the Bosonians reveed ceria ere dicians betwen em. For example men fered bewers seers tema et ‘he enn 0 which sey were packed mith eal They might bernie dns ab 2 pie of Newbury ‘See which Mees ech bung sng its length elatey Image Quelity 87a8 ee shin when Nenbury Src i haste simply a8 set Saeered by old hoes of mixed we “Anoter dination coud be made bewsen cncee set cul viv ages, and tone which were highly abaray gem- ‘alae and voi of veut coment. ‘Thr the ment pice ff bung miph be vivid, svaln i hae, color, esa tnd dee or be elaine sb, he sure bing ened {7s remain o herd bldg trom the cree Visi des nt ecessiy equate with dense, ne eh with brace An iage igh be bch dene and abet sin the ‘aco he ease daptcher'sHnowedge oa set, shih feted hoe mares to ue slong lone ale ck, yt cold to describe hose bugs in any concrete see Images coll be furter dinngushed sxating 10 thie rust uly: che enna in with the wee sang And imecereds There were floor sages along» cominvum of incresng sca pecison The vaio lees were fe hee wat no scr ot Inverltion beeen ar We found nope cet of hi ep, bo several ages were deel joe, wth vast ips ad many wncied lene. Here eonal moves wat por. Sle witout ouside help unless a sysemaic coverage of the ‘rc atu wee eo be ested co (obich mene the bang wp (new arc on the 100). Tn oer, she tecrure became postions: the pars mere oophiy red interme of thei ental Sretion at peta ten sive danace from ech ster, whe il remaining ‘oneaed. One bc in pra aways eed tec © + few element, wihout knowing definite conecane beeen them. Movenen was complished by sering, by moving ‘ut in the coer rer tein, while weaving bck ond onto eve band nd having an existe of dance Co Most fen perhaps the race ws sible: pars were onseaed ane ote oer, bt ins le and esible manner, at {by tip oF ease tae” The sequence of event war noms bu te mena mp igh Be quite divorced, ad ts dorian smighe sit atten moment To quote on bec 1 Hk to think of «fw fl pints and Row wo gt fo one 8 in eget | dnt bother learn’ Sith ene . ‘snes sce poze a oowe sgh ma eure botn ere pais of ‘iru ow egress Mot : Fie or tabiuly comme, of wong be chan hail igh lb very config. owe PS vec okie he se cnded bane il ce were lyre ia ness tt Fecartcameb in. Te poe och map at ‘ee mek mee do eronn re ron "ye ly of ve tage ue begin #0 he 00 oe Se on fain which eect Sb) Breton aad way dace “Thee dacs of score igh agin erent wae \ rn ete For example to yes a7 Sch seach dba nt oe 1k comeon may fla neiack with he ceo hatte conection all spy Sie, THs srt ec Tor many Bostonians 3 Soy S46 ‘econ ercuce ay a be ding nit eet way Forse the ge were erase ate ise Ty ae ats na pore dacendingtrom ewe SPM hited eganton hod te sulky of = sae up Comeaton was mee by moving pt he iy rpg eset. ad bk wn 0 be eae pe Meee Ey paps be Od Nonh Church fx erm Be te comie ate pia wt tbe Soh Bad See Sv ad ae eal Boron ten IO Mosc adn Bonen the cmc inthe Noch Seo age gb aed reat oth cd tegen oe fe en ra ae bread plcure at tog By 4 son rams wan mare dona Pred the Ac re be cael + sce af maningftuah the cy TW i Fe a Secon, tmloing eling ieocas ‘Seed of sot bras 89‘ne igh afer fom sta he image of arene valve te tose whch mat cosy appeoich«seo0g ral eld: dene, gid and vivid which make ioe of ll elemenerpes ad fem Gancerinis vilow mow conenadoe: ted which can be pur togeter citer herachicey or comimuousy, a8 oceson mands. We may fd ofcourse that such an iage i a of Impose, eae there te suong individ or earl ype which cannot eicend their Bas abies Ta thi ase 30 ovicnmene sould be gee © the appropsine cut epe, fr haped in many way eco sty te sng dead ‘he india who ita ‘We are cooinasaly engaged inte atempe co organize out scroumdings, 10 scare and emily them.” Vatiou emizon: Imerr ace more of las amemle w auch scent.” When feshaping ches I shoelé be posible wo iv them + form which holster hee oping lors rater tan fers them. IV. \ CITY FORM We sve sve oppor of forming oe new cy orld imo an iageile nde: vibe cote, sod Ce Writ ei 4 ew atende on te part of the coy veer, td's phyeal etaping of hi dominio forms whch erance | che eye, which organize themselves from level co level in time and | Saesih da or an e The rene ‘ady yl soe Cet in hs ep ‘Mor objets wich we are scunamed co cll aif, sch 2 puiming ot eee, ate single puypose ngs, in which ‘Geaugh lng development or he impr of eoe wi eer i838 Incimate, wile Intage Irom fe deal oto etre. A ‘ley i 2 msl-purpore, sifting organisation,» ten for many Tacons uied by many hands and wih elative speed Come plete specaliion, fal meshing i improbable snd anda {he ‘he form eat be somewies noncompact pote and preepions of i essen, "Yc tere ae fundamental fonctions of which he chy foeme may beexpesive:ciclvion map lanes, ey fel pois. 992 “The common tops snd less se ses of cmunnity may be ade fe Above sl the ensoament i wisbly ese. ined and sharply iene, then the ier on afore wh Ns owe mearogs sod conneciae. Then it wil become a We oe eenatabe and sama “To ake 4 angle ecample, Pence is chy of powesl coarser which hat dep hold onthe aecion of ay people ‘Ahh ny Freiges wil ts tee 5 cold fo Siang, yer they eoaor deny Spec stay. To le thie eawtonmen, wtucver the cononic Or soci problems ‘ncorered ses (oad a ets dep experince, whee dele of meaneey oof belonging The cay of coun fatto economic cura pote! istry of ageing popoons a he vs evidence of it fst acount for macho he strong Feenine hrcer Bot {slo a highly wile iy. Iles ea bow hls slong tbe ‘Acca River, 0 tha he lod the ip ae sot lays er ie "On the sh the pen county pene sat othe ere he cy, sing up 2c conan ad rom on fee Ise steep hil cerace ges an “oven” view of the uae ore. On the srt, smal eine serlemens, mth a Fesle fd Seeignano, ate peed vbly on rei il From ‘he precse symbol and tnsporaton cence of the cy eet, te huge and urmisaable dame of te Duomo, Baked by Gis eampie, 2 point of ocearaon vile in every se ton of she ce and for mis Ouse of This dome the mba of Fence surengts dozke stees, none ped el sane soa 3 Bangs, yllomish gry in cole, with share iran res 20 velit emrances, topped by te haar deep Fltenne feoms are forced by shir speci eer ca of oes The cena ae sod th landmark each with es ova same nd ory The Arvo River cut though te whole aad eon fect arge nde "To these cet tnd feenaied forms people have made ‘cong nace, wheter of pst history of of the own ex ‘eincanlyrecognabl and bsg 16 "ec imo pre Te vs) ero eda es eee in te ined ese of rence Bey ent Bind + Bod ef wrt SF cy is by no ens pst ee in ve mon dos oh cys vil aes ie imap: feces vo be + simple aad suede aay tagof miei, pestce aed ight eich Benne eb ae ave ace 0 wah ‘heuer ee Forever san sal coutne vives othe nied Sh eoneetr ofan. nage iehsaar rey no rmote we Indeed, even if we Bae sec the Highly wise oy 8 fae lags oy seins 9%4 he work which peta x coninemlyauong image. Even 10, foc oe of tee woul encompass more an afew squat les ff aeaAlbooph the meropols is no longer ace pheno aon ye nowhere inte wedi thee weoptinn ves wi Shy tong veal cuace any evident mrucure,Thefamout ‘hier al fer from te se fle srew the periphery. ‘One ny renonaly as den if 4 cohen iageble ssesropais (or even 4 ciy), in Fc posible ad weer ie ‘ral te specced ici xi, Given the cof emp, Fei oecenary vo argue gly on mppostion and by whe po ject of um crocs Men he ined te aoe of a [rcepon Before, when faced wih» new elleng, nd three fede reson vo se why ie could not happen span. Therese, furbemaeeising hoa sequences which nce ta S02, 1 new legs orp might be pose Te is aso posible 0 che capes of vine fom at eis larger sale which ae nor whan example Mose prope on falls ind» few favor ndzapes wich ave ch dilleren: iain, his roar and ces shape at we wold Like 0 po- thc a or ing enviconmens "The lantcape south of Bs ceo the edt Popo ba his hacer forme ker te The vale ile a lise hse o ese are. Bot lead down in common system. The Appenies bound the in in the goth and east ‘The grout, visible over long sances cle and itersively alae for get wey of copes alive, gapeeach carly dicenble er ‘oun parka color and form. Fach fold of the pron i i rowed'n he lay of the Bld, pli and path; cach ilk i Crowne by some ile elenet, che, ot rove, 50 tone ‘endl sayHere ny cowe and here that ber” Gules by te pelopel srre of te matt fexatey men have shies detest and vise adjsment of thir aceon The role sone landicape, and yee exch pee can be esinglbed eons igh. ‘Stadwid New Hanpsie, igh be ken saute eagle tere the White Mou sale dows lv te sling fend “Tne f the Meiac andthe Pocxagia Rivers Toe feed ‘mown. wal sharply conraned wih the coling al tind cory bbw, Ta the ou te Osis Mowe SESE Tate pin of ie" Severt of he pes eh whe Choneran tof pc India frm. Te ae cithe mera the perso te wry Bo SCR we eee ved nd whch ae ot se red goal setan af eclen” cl Cm we seman song ote ie» cy the Foren. Ree ee alle lowes pound was aed Fs ing See bane at eta "altel eign een so smather nore eae esl: wich yom hy ore ne mew ase sae Noy inddotcel segeavn: coment of 2 tae Tee wanes tewcenooe se of hd ca none “a of cou, pertona exuepie: he renter cn b> Ni ht wee ey are rode: of pow Sr rh rn Hav seen sn Ts nih lee of heron mean woking fr 6 Sarl and wih common techrlogy ete Base Sao Cpe! by scons og pce IC ce OTE Elgin is done naan soon of he ie RI Ser eth doy of bh aul ‘ad famen pues ‘ “na aries wei he sb be oa he Be es cnc Sc nepel fran pps Ir ot ace: MOA Caine or enermene wine de ‘or some Sura scaly tht! pe = ee wed ences die sro aapably ye for remy im mee feo ero On Fee ocala te may beget ge te eminent 0 "PT Rpat pone f pep fhe mes Be Designing the Paths To hughes dhe iagaity of eh wean enone: is 9 fate visal Menbeason tod cuuing ‘The chest ole sbove-he ph edges, nda nes 2d es sre he bung bons ste paces of making, diferent fed srotrer athe aban sale, What hn can we de 9s{fl A fro he preg meri as de chraceites sch elements sig have ia tly ingesbe eovinmest? “The ps, he sewer of Rabel oe nen ies of move ren eoiph the ban compen ae he a pte ent Hy ‘hich the whole can be erdered. ‘The hey nes should have Same singular quae which rks her of fe he seovndi hana = concenation of ame spect we ot sey song Sir marion » chance spat qual, 3 seca rote of lor oF fice, pure hing pcr, «unique se of tel oc sande iypcl del otro a pling, Watingon Serer may be koown by rs itensve commerce ao slo ie rpace Commorwesth Avenue bys weened exter ‘hese chaoces should be 1 spied 5 wo ge continaty vo the pa If one or mote of tse quale is employed osizenly ang the Ine hen ee path may be imaged 38 = oneauous, wel slement Ir may be Boulevard planing of tae 3 singular color oF textre of pavement ofthe ata Cenviey of Barerog Faxede.” The zeolry may be 3 ‘yeimi one,» sepeiion af space openings monument, oe ener opaares "The vey conceacaon of habia eave long + path as by 2 wana line, wil rlforce this Tain “Thiele whic might be called wt hichy of the sees and ways, mlogos fo the Tania recommendation of 3 Fctionl ecurchy: 4 seasons iglng ov of the Key chained, nd thei nissan at cominsou peter element. Thi it fe slleon of he cy mage "rhe line of iodon shold have clasky of diecion. The una cope sured by lng seston of raring. oF by pred ambiguou carver wich in the end pode major Geena ahiee” ‘The coninaourrwisings of Verein a (rf the ares in cow of Okra’ romain, or the (rade ering of Bomows Atance Aveo, son cosh all toe he mow highly adapted observers A sraigh pa hot Alar decon of couse, but does one with few welded ‘ur oer 90 depres, oe ather of many igh aoe ich Observer scm endow a path with sense of poinng or ‘eevee decion, mi 10 en» see with the desi tion toward which i pose A mee pred, fac a8 4 thing which goo writ someting ‘The pi shoul sppar this pureepaly by Sang termini, and by 4 gales oe 4 ‘Siena dafceciaion 0 that i lvea a Snte of fo [vse amd the vpponee decane ace wlte. A common grade sda of guund dope, and oe is rasa ised fg) "up oe "done sce but thre ate my ebers A ogreine cheng af sign sores, or prople may mer the Epposch fo a Supping aoe, ere can be a graent of cole orrewure of pnhng st nek 3 tonenieg of lok eng S foanling of space may Sal the meres OF e cy ceme ‘ences may lst be wed, Petops te cm pred by ping te pack on the lee” er by moving “toward he olen ome” Arrows can Be ted Fl prociog ices Fling one decion might hve adel cor All ese meats Br Thre dager of ing » wong TF pustons lang te line can be dieretted ia some ametswable way shen the lin i a oly ered bt Seed wel Onirary bane ournbcsng s mit 2 technige | A les abro meant i he marking ofan Keifiabepint o te lin, so ar er ples ay Be thought of as before” oF “er” Sewral check pes improve the dein. OF 8 quay (ch 3d space of the eorndne) may have + maa th oF graient a a vhanging tte, 50 dae he cange el har 2 moaishe for. Thus one cosld say eat ceria fie ia “ont bere che ater sara dows very epi” othe shor ofthe ll before she Sl scent “The ove ci feel ot ony “Tam going the igh decion” but Ta ls there es well Where the jouney canny sch fetes of dine events a reaching and posing of one sb gu fer nite. the erp ie ker on meaning and Become 38 perenne OW gh hsrves are imped, eve ie memory, by he epprst inestber” qualey of 2 pe she sense of ation slong te cating, ip, fling, Precip fa ts tre where te puth st averied ar high spec. A gro dacening cive hien approaches» cay cemer can proce an vaforpable98 Image. Tactile and ine senses ener ito his perception ‘of reaton, bat visaa sens to be domiaae, Ovect song he pth can be ssnaged sharpen the eet of ston pr lax ox pepective,o the cute af che pat bend maybe ade inble" The dynamic sping ofthe movement line wil ge 1 en and nit produce» cnicou experince ove ine ‘Any vsualexponce of the path or goal beigent t image A grea bese ray do tan anal ven,» conave Probl, or the tne hover ofthe Baal desinon The resnce of the path muy be made evden by high ndmaks Song, other ine" The vial line of creation becomes palpable before our yes, and an become te symbol of 2 Fundam stban funcion Caoversy, the experince eigned if the path eves the presence foe ty lens so the evel if peneates or ste therm tanger, ir oferr his ad symbols of what ie paced by. A sbmay, for example, instead of being baie lve. might sldely pus through te shoppig tooe Wl, o es saon might reel by lin form the ate ofthe cy abowe The path ight be to taped thar tbe Sow ial Becomes tensouty evident pli lanes, ramps and spr woul allow che wale co indulge in seltconcemplion All these ae cecnigce of lacesng he ‘nal spe of the eaveee "Normally » chy i mromured by an organed et of pate “The sepe po in ich tet i he inerecon, the oie of connection tnd decison for he man in maxon. I shit an be viuaiaed cea ifthe imeciecon isl makes » vivid Sage tad ifthe le of che mo paths with expect fo ech tthe i deny epreun hen we obuewer an build» mie facie sore Boston's ak Squares an ambiguus joining of major suse sets, ee junction of Aringan Set sod Commoaweabh Avensis eat and sharp Univeral sobeay sation fn make sch cee vinal jee Spec cre mast te ken co expunthe ini ineaeenos of modern pth syues. ‘A join of mace than wo pate is ocmaly quite dial to concepele A scare of pathy must have » craia Smplicey of frm co make dear image Simplicity in 2 ‘opologial saber shan geometrical sna i egue 10th cep bor approximately sgheangled cosing is pele. ‘lero pree uccin. Esamples of nh simple sae: te pall se of spindle Forms one, two of hee bated ‘ost, ecanges ort few ars linked cogte Pats may aso ke imaged, oo ae» specie paren of cea individual elements, bar ether at a network wach expan be ‘ape elaions beeen al pts io te set with enyng thy paricla path The codon tmpiee» gid which at tome coniaeney, wheter af decom, opie eres: om, ortenpeing A pore gidron combine ll hee but ieeomal or opolgial variance ay by themes be jive efeaive. ‘The image Sarpns if ll pues running fo oe ropologial seme, or compass deetion, ne wna i (ented frm the ther pate ‘Thas the spl dicen eeneen Manharaa'® areem and avense i flee. Clo, pPhring of deal ight seve eqully well. Naming std fanberng, priens of space ropagraphy, or ai, aren ‘ion within the net may al give the gid» progres a ever eld ene “Thre i's onl way of canting » path ora a of pds, ‘hich wil Become of increasing imporance in wold of greet, Alences and high speds Ue wight be cled “meade” io aalogy « mmoie. ‘Phe event apd charncernice along the brandnacs, space anges, dymaicsensacons—might be Gepned ar pela Ine, percened and taped os form ‘hich i expceaced overs tbsanal tine tena Since the beage wo be of + ctl melody rather tha» eis Sepa pits, that nage ould pesaly be more incase, nd ye less demanding The form mighe be the casi nee ‘cian devlopmencclinwxconcaian sequence, or Hight take more subtle shapes, such ab those which aid Saal con ‘duiont The approach co Son Francico aeroc the Bay Be Sea ope of ths melodic eatin. ‘The ecg Ofer = {ih Geld for design development and experimen. Wiyt Gee. Design of Other Elemeers Flyer aswell ae pat ll for ceria comin of frm fteoughow thee lengh. The elge of = buses det, fr ‘erumple, may bean snporant concep, but be dial to i 99covet inthe ld bets i tn no cecogsinble condita oom The elge alan gins tegen oo trl wile for doe ditane, masks sharp geben of en rater nd feat pies the ura boul rene Tor the abrpe xe thon of meal cy cit ma he froming of yap Spumees oa Catal Prk te cet trata a et GO land ac sendon, al ae powell wal enpressins When ero srongy conmasing reins ace ati lve jt potion, and ther mecing edge Bid open co ew, eben Presa where the regsns bounded ae eto contasting ure, then veel to diferente the two aes of a8 pe, 10 ren the ebaover in te isdeowsid” ene, It imay be accmplaed by conring mari, by conient foncaviy of lie, er by planing. Or the edge may be taped to pre vena sag sien by pe, by Menable pone at inerai, ot y insisting ome ead wh reper (othe ater” When the alge a0 coninanut and rela then ie import chara emis have debe crm 1 fognible anchors which comple and late the ine. The itt of che Boson watson, winch is etal not set oinaous withthe Chaves Nive be, ck perl anchor Ssueshet ends apd isi comequene an indesive and Tony ‘kent the taal Boson iowge. “An edge may be ave than singly s dominant trske if soe visor aon penezacn is elowed trough it~ i citer sleTethen becomes seam ret than bats 4 Tne of exchange long which coo ates are sewn route TH an imparace elge is provided wh acyl ant circuaion comections to tere of he cy srr hen iebecames fear v9 which everthing he easy aligned (One way of lacreeng the risiy ofan elge iby dorening ies sceusbiey or ue, a wher opening = waterrot eo tae fe recs.” Another might be to conunt igh orb ge vinble for long deances ‘The esewil chraersic of a vile landmat, on she coer ands i 8 singly, es ones with ks content ot Seckgromd_ Ie may be 2 cower shouted ove lw reals, flowers apace «se wal « igh sufce fon dnb sree © churh among ses projection a contlous fsa Sprial fromieace i puta camping of atenson. Conte of fhe landmark apd is comet may be Ried he resco of Signe to specie sarfaes, hight is which pp al but fone bubling ‘The objec i ako mare reusable ic hat 3 ‘ly of ee formas does aol wt sphere. ie ton has we riches of Jeti or tea, wl tly "A tandmark i not seecsanly 2 Lge sbje. it may be = dried at wel srs dame beatin tail ge fl ee spa! ering mist allow i 0 be emi aml ere te cetin soos that receive more prepa tenon han hers fe slates or by cadens oe Sighly bow, ‘elev, Aay beso wasps, deison pos Se pet of nese perpen Inerviews show eat od tary Badings af rose decison poi are renee cs, ile dice cures slong 2 cininsut rote may hve Sippel inw bscary. A hndmack yet svonger a ble over an extended range of dine o dare, moce sell the ‘Tnecan of wiew can be dannghed I Heniabie fom reat a far, wile moving rap © owl, by nigh oF Sy, teen becomes» ae anchor forthe etn of the com. plex aod shag urban el Tage ateags rats when the landmark cunces wih = coocaneaion of scan If the dtintive Buin i he feene of an hin eve, of ae aighcaaed Sori our ‘oun hen ke bscmer nda indeed Eve th bras Gl 2 mame fas power ence that name geneay now td ecepied Inet f we ane 10 make our encom stem inp such a cence of ssuxiation nl imapeabilay is ‘mpi mars less they se dominuor one, 7 key to be weik references by themes Tet fogs ‘ques sisaiped sepia Il they are dsered. weve, they snore exch erin 3 ae an alive map. Folia tears develop landmark des ow of ose unproming wor‘moe nd depend up an ineped sto sgn. of which ‘en member may be too wesk 0 reginer The marks may tho be aranged in + cominvour eeqene, «0 het 4 whale Journey ie Hew and mae conforabe by fain nc ‘sion of deail The confusing seas of Vice become teaerble ser one or to expences, ice hey 2 fo Slnintive deny which are son sequently aeaned Ut ‘ly, edmais may be gruged roger In pers, which in themstver nave fom aml may inde by thei appear the direction fom which they are viewed. The Frecine landmark pie of dome apd campanie dance sboa ech oer ‘The nodes ae the conrpasl anchor pies in car ees Rarely in the United Saten howevet, do they have + fam equ vo supp seso, ater dan cent concen ten of avy. “The fe pees for such percep spa isthe aches mene of denny by the sigan and concious quay Of te ‘le, tor, deni pking, vegan, eopogrpiy, or syne Of the noe. The esence of this ype of element tae be 1 dine, unorgnable ple, oto be confused with #09 ser leeniy of we tegen hi dent, of couse and Someines the very nen of ae rene vil shapes whieh te sic at In Tene Square. Bur our sopping ceers, fd anger breske whch ick this wna hacer ae legion. “The wade is move defied i ht 4 sharp coed bound sd docs ot wa off wceriniy on every sale; moze remsck- thie i pnded wth one oe vo objec which ate fod of renin = Dat if en hve cheese ps form, wl be Inesiible. This ee clas concep of Forming sac otdoe gees and dhere ace many techaigues forte expeesion snd efnwion of sucha spaces wanparenc, overlapping, light Iollaion,peapecive, sue grain one, srealton pater of motion and sound breakin eansporaion of 4 decion pine on 4 path ca be made to coincide wih the node, the noe wil ete tien more senn The jie berneen path and node mist be viable and expe a ie sn he cue of iterecing paths The weveler mast se how he eters the aoe, were ‘he beso and how he goer owaré “These conlensaion polns tan, by ration, oegnie lage iis around theses thle peseoce is somehow sgt fae in he sroundags A gradiene of wor wher duces: lke may lad p vo te nde, i space may ecasonaly be isle fom ote: off may conan high andar The ey of Floeace focuses inthis manner around is Doe and Paluo Vere bh sending in aor walee The vale my fie characte igh sound o te pretence be hinted 2 Sy symbole dea ia eh hoetind, whch aos sme qulty of the mode fuel" Sjeanures ia = ce mighe eval ee prosimiy of aque aned for bevy planation of ese ‘recy, of cbblcone paves lend up 0 2 cobbled eclnte TE the node hat 3 fol entation within ean "Up OF down 2 ef ot 4 "ight" a Tron” of a “backer ie can be sued vo eke legr oetaton spam. When 1008 sled ps ene in Ge om then he ie a als be made neither ug, he cheer fs he pee of heey Sacre soup huge He kgows i whot econ co move ours to reach oa 2nd he pail Of te pace el enhanced ty the fot cons wath she oa! image Wes posse o aang & seis of des co Frm a rebel senate They coh be liked rogether by close jxtpaion fr by allowing hum vo be tava, a ate the Paeze air and 8° Arman in Freee. They may be pin ome common teltion to 2 path or edge, ed by + sor Tang element elated by an ech of rome character fas fone 19 the ber Such Eaages can weve abana cy eBions ‘hey dni ia spl sense ean arene homogenc sarc, recopaaed by cee which are caninous drought fe dave and dhwniminr caewhere The homogeneiy ray be of ep curacy, Ie te narow Hoping set of Hes Hil of boing pe, ke the sel oe ow hoses Of he Soh Gnd: of alee of upogapy maybe 8 pa Tnildg fener, We the white supe of Balimore Wey be continu of color, emu or mel, of Sour suc ms108 scale o fade dealing, pling, o shown. The Ino eese dancers ver the sange the impession Tied region. Te appears thar 2 thematic uni” of thee four such ebracers parca seul a dling a aes Forme imerviceed wally bel peter in it cinds 2 mall Custer of such curaere: such af the mune spay fee, brick pivemeets mlcle aw bonee and ceed horays of Bevan il.” Several such chrsers ean be Be [aed ins die, wile eter Toms are wre dese ‘Where phys homogency coicles with ose aml at, the efec enmusaable The vial carter of Bese Hl i recy tifrcd by ssa a8 pps rele. The Imo oma Amerian cue i he reve usec reeves Te soppon fom vu caracer (A dat is Farber sharpened by te definzeness and core of is boii. A Boson busing projec on Catamba Pine tas an nine charser whch may be undesabe saily ‘uti peep que cat Any sal Hanlin Ie, Bat charming parialarny for this esou. Aad if he e0 i ely vile as 2 whe, at by Nph or panoramic views © ty he covery canny of hee, en Hs parent 2 st ‘The atte may be sacred within half aswell Tere sony be slits, lteralyaiferenaed while canfeng {0 the whole, noes whec raline wrote by rade oF ‘ihe hing, peers of item puts The Bae Bay ave fared by iy nework of alpbaerae! pats, and uly appeses ‘ea uinnkably, apd somewtt elred o8 mo she fmape A unatredvegon i ely wo be tare sri age Fanecmare else lohblane ax gly "you se ome wherein "but “you ate fn X neat ¥. ‘When sibly dtfemnted within, « dt can exes wontons with cher ey fees The bounany as mow be peeabic seam, ota barter Disc may pin 10 di tet, by jmtaporkive, nervy, celation 0 4 Nas or by Sone lla sch as 4 reign path or small tice Bescn Hill inked tothe metropolitan core bythe spa region of he Carman, and therein bet mach of Haron Such like Regen che ccc of ach ditt, and rig roqeter gree aan seat. He canceable hat we miphc have # region which sieply chartered by heogateos spatial qual, bt i fue wor spel rea seated conus of pata fem 1 primi ess sh ge urban spe a ve openings ae ol hn rte A spire wo be iinguil om spa ole ca square) Beenie cold not be aod Syuckly Te cal ony he experienc, a pater pay of Spanal danges by 4 ruber pravaed yuroey dieu Pee pu the proceed cnt of Peking ow che canal spies of Acura ave ths quay. Preumsbiy ty evoke am Ege of pet poner ‘Tho lus for wa design ca be suri le aude sry sn there are cone thes tht an ght he TE the epee elem wo etna grea phparl sna Sica Thee are the caeporet of re Ine in dar, tice sey debe qualities sh a signer may Oprte wpa ‘They mighe be sare falls Signi or Bg ackgrond lari: sharps fbn sy (at an aap axnion of iy deepen ee (Gs sa enosd square), canrat o sulce, rm,teaey, employ, s,s spallation (an 2 single er = Feb Soran» gang sign). The coma may be them inelate visible eranings, ve the cbaavers expen ‘hese ar the ques hr ent aces abe Fema thle once wd, reugriabe. Oberers a hele fa rip ura oes) depund lesan less goss pysel Continues «0 agunize he whole, aod co dei more and too i const and vigueness which vivily the see 2 Form Spl cay and simpy of sible form he geomet se, Tina of pan (asthe cony ef 3 sed aym 3 tecange + dome). Fo of 2s are ae much mor sy icorporsed inthe mage ad ence ‘ae cheer wll ort complex facto sep forms crn 0s106 sone pce and pci con. When a eet ot ‘staotony ob t' wol, ts ape maybe pao SSsoten of up fr sad yer be ute ener “Comin connnce of eie ot mace (ein et tae soe, ot soba); nares of pa (a4 net Of big pon of ie mer (os secant poverty, mag ot tarmooy of ae, frm, 8 te ta iat common bung ae cepative pers of tay nico sya ms eyo cn Sip) ‘Te wee quills ha ocie e penepon «ae Rex pop sky ow ora sre, he Gees ‘neg the batowing of gle ey *t Doman aoians of soe praetor by aes of se, emi, or rte, rerdg ne resi tthe ‘whole tpi fexare with an tied caer (in ‘he "Rrwed Sue ate) Ts uly Be cot, lowe th cectmey stein of he loge by Cen ced oe monpion Popeel cent wo oe toe Bos ny over he sdf enon al ace wo nah ig nce sme dere sting out rom + eet any of Jan hgh vay of fe dae inp uencion of on sir) at feon td imerconccion (sf bug oa, Of 2 bony ‘Suioo 0 she see shoe). Those nar he meee ‘omen of sua and shoud be Mpy pele Drecioa Difermaton: sent. pds, $8 sada ecece wich difectine Se ed om me (at t= potting opti omvy fat py sad ord Cena one Siero soir a win big rong 1 punt rene conju deco fom aber (by e lige by the with of conneoth sents). Tas gene Ebel aed fo sect ote niger ale Win Scope ques sich crete tng and pes tution af vio ther sual ox smbalaly "Ths dae ‘Species with gn fe beings ow ws), orgs (se wien nrc tpet behind eer; a panos sch ire te Eph of aon Cut oo te, bad Spe eee geet ang ems (Uk etn od pencsing obs) which wally explin 2 space: con Eiy ts of oteckpround il or ering Stee) ith exposes fara sbjee to view, clas which speak of an eemen! ther (See iwatble (as the sig of actvay whichis characte W's reglon to some of the we of Graces deal 0 bit Shake pronimiy of snoier element) Al these elated ques ‘Eclne the Baoping of a anand compen wle by in (Gung, asi were the ficiency of ison ts nage, Pent on and rving pore °S Mosiom Auwarnets te gules whch make sesle so obaeet, hough both the vl aed he hese nes, {is owe aca or poem main. Soc are che eves which Improve the cy of slopes carves, and inerpeneatons: give tie expesince of toson pares and pespective: mama he ‘asineny of decom or econ change: or make wie the dance inerval Since + ty Is sensed io moron, tee (hair ace fondamenal, and they are ied © soc and Tene demi, whecvet hey are coherent enough 0 rake i sible fos “Ble them eign “a the sharp be” oF “ee Frocks slang ths eee”). Pes ques reinforce and develop twat en server eam dw epee deeeson or dace, 08 {ore form in oon feel Wit ierensing see Bese ‘Cetiges wil ned farther developmear ia he mera cy. 9. Tine Sore: series whch ae sesed over ine, ncing tah simple Nemrbytem Unger, were one elemens i spy Knited tte wo clemensbefoce and Behind fas in a asa eqence of denied ldmarks), an alt sees which ae rly mrad ine and tos mee 9 ave (at he Nake wold locesse ia tens of frm un lax pine were rachel). ‘The former (Simple sequence) i vey Fremenly vse, patsy slong famlae pines met ‘umerpe mare ely cen bot may be mos impor © ‘Scop in she ige, duc, modern mewopols Here whit ould be inaged woul! be he developing peer of element, Titer tun the cement tence jst as we remember ‘rloies at ne Ins cpr emizonent, ight eve0 posible ro we conapanaltchiques: moving puters of (Cppoang sees or hytme Thee te sopisiced metho, 7?sd most be consiutydevlopd. We ned rsh thoght co Se theory af foe which ae peceined 4 2 coneinuy oer ‘ine at well aon design arches which exhib » lode sequace of image demene oF formed mccenon of spe, erat, evan ge, or sone 10. Name ond Mein non-physlcharaceriis whick may enhance the imagnbiey of aa elenene Neneh for ample are imports in ylsing Hen. They eresion ty ive loctnalcluee (Nor Saton).” Naming sens (asin he alpabeinog of «see sees), wl ao Facet sxrcsiog of elemes Meanings sod asians, whether ‘och, ior, fein, conomi, of individu, cniate fn exe rele lying boas tbe physical ales we del ‘ihre. ‘They sony reinforce sch sagesions toward ey oe sracae ah may be bee ithe ps Foren sl All ofthe abovementioned qa do aot wok nisin Weer one quality present sone (as concn of bung teal wth no other common feature), or be guste ae ia fice (a in two area of common Bulag eye bur of di {ecenfoneron), the roa eect may be weak of rege eff 10 Wenify and sre, A ceain amon Of repeiion Sinioe, sod seforoate scone ro be etcesy. Ths 8 teflon woul be upmiamale which tad» simple form, ‘denat of he feo snd complexity of likages ia» top Every connection must be made in 3 roundaba, concept fasion up ro general and back to a parc even ong the bridging generality ty have tive to do withthe rel connection IF 15 the wy of 4 ear, aod Hvaes reqaee the concane we of bulky rssrferening sem ‘Dependence on 2 svong dominan clemere while ging £ much more mediate see of rion and continuity, becoes ‘pare dif a the envionment ieee a Ses dom ‘ane mut be found tat big enough to be in sale with task apd Bat enough “wlece are’ 20 tht ll he minor ‘emer can hie sme reanbly clot reaton 1 Ts fone ees 2 big er, for empl, ha winds enough 10 alow Ml seemene to be lily ear Cota [Neverieles hese are wo poste method, and ic woud be usu wo iovestiae ther scsi uying lege evi sents Al tol may simpy the podem agsin sce (in pope termed 0 sane ty han 8 dean crprinc an opportaniy o se 2 pewoplianatea snow at © ghnce ‘Considering ut present way of expeecing kge bas ten however, one dive twas teeter land of trp Son ear of sequence, or temporal parma 2 familiar ‘ex im mote dams, Taernore, or dance, Therefore it telly ety conceive of and sly, deform of eect Gf evens slang line such a6 whe accession of elements at fighe geet + eavcer on an urban highway. Wi same Atvenion and proper unl this experience cull be made Imeninglol and wal shaped ua