STANDARD Pe tag LS EN 50464-12007 Three-phase oil-immersed | distribution | transformers 50 Hz, from 50 kVA to | 2 500 kVA with highest voltage for equipment | not exceeding 86 kV — | Part 1: General requirements ‘The European Standard EN 50464-1;2007 has the status of a British Standard =e =n British Standards. COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT 17 7ED BY COPYRIGHT LAWpuotisned under the authority Of the Stondards Poltey and Strategy Committee on BY duly 2007 © BSI 2007 ISBN 978 0 580 57448 1 $e i orew: ‘This British Standard is the UK implementation of BN 50464-1:2007. It supersedes BS 7821-1:1995 and BS 7821-3:1995, which are withdrawn, “Tho UK patticipation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PEL/14, Power transformers. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of & contract, Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with # British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 50464-1 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM _April 2007 1cs.29.180 ‘Supersedes HO 428.1 S1:1992 + 411998 ang HO 426 9 S1-1904 English version Three-phase oil-immersed distribution transformers 50 Hz, from 50 kVA to 2 500 kVA with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 36 kV - Part 1: General requirements Transformateurs triphasés de distribution Olgefittte immergés dans (huile, Drehstrom-Verteilungstransformatoren 50 Hz, de 50 KVA a 2 500 kVA, 50 Hz, 50 KVA bis 2 500 kVA, de tension la plus élevée mit einer héchsten Spannung pour le matériel ne dépassant pas 36 kV - fir Betriebsmittel bis 36 kV - Partie 1: Prescriptions générales Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2006-12-01, CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standarc the status of a national standard without any alteration, Upto-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat orto any CENELEC member. This European Standard exists in three oficial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibilty of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical commitees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus. the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, ireland, italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, ‘Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europaisches Komitee fur Elektrotechnische Normung Central Secretariat: ue de Stassart 35, 8 - 1050 Brussels (© 2007 CENELEG - _Allrights of expaitation in any orm and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEG members, Ret. No, EN 50864-1.2007 EForeword This European Standard, prepared by tite Technical Committee CENELEC TC 14, Power transformers was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 50464-1 on 2006-12-01 This European Standard supersedes HO 428.1 S1:1992 + A1:1995 and HD 428.3 $1:1994 The following dates were fixed latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national! level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-12-01 - latest date by which the national standards conflicting The EN 50464 series consists of the following parts, under the general tile “Three-phase oil with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2011-12-01 mersed distribution transformers 80 Hz, from 50 kVA to 2.500 kVA with highest voltage for equipment not ‘exceeding 36 kV" Part1 General requirements Part 2-4 Distribution transformers with cable boxes on the high-voltage andlor low-voltage side ~ General requirements Part 2-2 Distribution transformers with cable boxes on the high-voltage and/or iow-voltage side — Cable boxes type 1 for use on distribution transformers meeting the requirements of EN §0464-2-1 Part 2-3 Distribution transformers with cable boxes on the high-voltage andior low-voltage side - Cable boxes type 2 for use on cistribution transformers meeting the requirements of EN 50464-2-1 Pant 3 Determination of the power rating of a transformer loaded with non-sinusoidal currents Part 4 Requirements and tests conceming pressurised corrugated tanks: En 5046. Contents 1 Scope . : 4 Normative references 4 3. Electrical characteristics 4 3.1. Rated power. 4 3.2. Highest voltages for equipment for windings 5 3.3 Rated voltages of windings 5 3.4 Tapping 5 3.5 Connections... 5 3.6 Dimensioning of neutral connection of the low-voltage winding 6 3.7 Short-circuit impedance . 6 3.8 Losses and sound power level ae : 6 3.9. Tolerances and penaities : ae 10 3.10 Tests eee 18 3.11. Insulation levels and dielectric tests... : 10 4 Design requirements ..... : Le 10 4.1. Type of oil preservation system and degree of sealing : 10 4.2 Terminal markings : : 10 4,3. Terminations ae ene 10 4.4 Distance between bushings " 45 Rollers “ 5 Accessories 1" 6 Efficiency and voltage drop (at reference temperature) 12 6.1 Efficiency a - 12 6.2 Voltage drop ( 1%) : 13 Annex A (informative) Capitalisation evaluation.. i: 14 Bibliography aessaeens a . 15 Tables Table 1 ~ Connections for distribution transformers Table 2 — Load losses Py (W) at 75 °C for Un 24 kV. . Table 3 — No load losses Po (W) and sound power level (Lia) for Um 24 KV... Table 4 ~ Load losses Phas (W) at 75 °C for Um = 36 KV Table 5 - No load losses Pras (W) and sound power level (Lwia) ) for Um = 36 KV Table 6 — Accessories1 Scope This document covers transformers from 50 KVA to 2.500 KVA intended for operation in three-phase distribution networks, for indoor or outdoor continuous service, 50 Hz, immersed in mineral oil, natural cooling, with two windings ~ a primary (high-voltage) winding with a highest voltage for equipment from 3,6 kV to 36 kV; = a secondary (low-voltage) winding with a highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 1,1 KV. NOTE 1 This document may be appied. einer as a whole orn pat, to transformers immersed in a sythetic insvating Wis. NOTE 2 This document may be applied, either as whole o° in part, to transformers having windings with more tnsn one cated voltage. In this case the rated power for each rated wotage shall be specified by the purchaser. The object of this document is to lay down requirements related to electrical characteristics and design of three phases distribution transformers immersed in mineral oil 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies EN 50216 series Power transformer and reactor fitings EN 50464-2 _series__—_‘Three-phase ollmmersed distribution transformers 50 Hz, from 50 kVA to 2500 kVA with highest voltage for equipment not exceeding 36 kV EN 60076 series Power transformers (IEC 60076 series) IECITR 60616 ‘Terminal and tapping markings for power transformers 3° Electrical characteristics 3.4 Rated power ‘The values of the rated power are 50 KVA — 400 kVA ~ 160 kVA ~ 250 kVA ~ 315 kVA ~ 400 KVA — 500 KVA ~ 630 KVA — 800 kVA ~ 1.000 kVA ~ 1 250 KVA ~ 1.600 KVA.~ 2.000 KVA ~ 2.500 KVA. ‘The underlined values are preferred.8. Et, 50464-1:2007 3.2. Highest vottages for equipment for windings Insulation levels and dielectric tests shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 60076-3, ‘The values of the highest voltage for equipment are — for the high-voltage winding 3,6 KV~ 7,2 KV — 12 KV — 17,5 kV ~ 24 kV — 36 KV, = for the low-voltage winding: TRV, 3.3 Rated voltages of windings 3.3.4. For the high-voltage winding ‘The rated value of the high voltage winding is above 1,1 kV, up to and including 36 KV. 3.3.2. For the low-voltage winding ‘The rated voltage shai! be chosen among the following preferred values: 400 V— 410 V~ 415 V~ 420 V ~ 433 V. NOTE This document may be apple, ether as a whole arin par, to transformers with rats fow voliages below 400 V and above 453 V. 3.4 Tapping The HV winding can be provided with tapping, The preferred tapping ranges are = 2,5 % or +2x 2,5.% unless otherwise specified ,but in any case maximum taps shall not exceed 7 positions and the tota! maximum range shall not exceed 15 %. The tapping range has to be specified by the purchaser or by agreement between manufacturer and purchaser. ‘These taps shall be connected to an off-circuit tapping switch. 3.5 Connections Connections shall be made in accordance with the provisions of Table 1. Table 1 — Connections for distribution transformers ————————— Rated power 50 and 100 = 160 kVA Um $24 KV. Y zn or D yr D yn 36 kV Y anor D yn D yn The clock hour figure shall be § or 14 Connection symbol Y2n5;¥ zn 11; Dyn §;D yo 4tConnections and clock figure shall be specified by the purchaser. NOTE This document may be apslieg, ether as a whole or in par, to transformers having conmections other than those m: above. 3.6 Dimensioning of neutral connection of the low-voltage winding The neutral conductor and terminal of the low-voltage winding shall be dimensioned for rated current and earth fault current, unless otherwise specified 3.7 Short-circuit impedance le preferred vaiues of the short-circuit impedance at a reterence temperature of 75 °C are — for rated voltage < 24 KV (refer to Table 2), — for rated voltage 16 KV (refer to Table 4), NOTE Other values of shor-cicult impedance may be specified by the purchaser for paicuar eystem service concitons, eg. in the case ef paral! gations 3.8 Losses and sound power level For transformers having listed values of rated power and preferred value of short-circuit impedance in accordance with 3.1 and 3.7, the values of losses and sound pawer levels are stated, for Un < 24 kV, in Table 2 (load losses) and Table 3 (no load losses and sound power levels), for Un = 36 KV in Table 4 (load losses) and Table 5 (no load losses and sound power levels). The sound power levels given in Table 3 for Up < 24 KV and in Table 5 for Up = 36 kV are the maximum admitted (no tolerance). Lower sound power fevels can be specified by the purchaser. To choose the correct load losses (Table 2 or Table 4) and no load losses (Table 3 or Table 5) or when the loss vaiues stated in the tables do not correspond to the actual evaluation of the energy cost, the transformers can be requested and offered with losses differing from the tabled losses; the capitalisation formula given in annex is applicable. 3.8.1 Load losses, no load losses and sound power level for Un 24 kV In the following tables, column A values correspond to the lowest losses as commonly used in EU for electrical devices. Transformers can be requested and offered with Lys lower than the tabled values. A “low noise” series with no load losses E,, D., Co oF By can be proposed with the Lys from the tabled values of D,, Cp. Ba oF Ax resvectively.Els 50464-*:2007 Table 2~ Load losses P,, (W) at 75°C for Uy, 24 KV. Ree |e a | rout impedance kVA w w We ws 30 | 1350 | 1100 Co || [100 | 2150 | 1750 1475_| 1250 —| [160 | 3100 2350, 2000 | 1700 [250 4200 | 3250 | 2750 | 2380 : 315 | 5000 | 3900 3 250 2800 | 406 | 6 000 4600 3850 | 3250 | [soo | 7200 | 5500 | 4600 | 3900 630 84006 500 5400 | 4600 | 30 | 8700 | e780 | S600 | 4600] (800 | 10500, 8400 | 7.000 6000 | 1000 {13000 | 10500 | 9000 7.600 | iesiscors | ie ool asso |avoualiga sok) [1600 | 20000) 17000 | 14000 | 12000 2000 | 26000 | 21000 | 18000 | 75000 | 2500 | 32000 | 26800 22000 | 18500 |un Table 3— No load losses Py (WW) and sound power level (LW,a)) for Up 24 kV | ta | j cece | power = De a & | 2 impe- | { | dance Pa] tem | Po [ tm | Pe | tm | Pe | bm | Me | bm | wa | waaay) w /apiay! w | aacay| Ww dB(A) WBA) | % so | 190 | $5 | 145) 50 | 125 | 47 | 110 | 42 | 90 | 39 | 100 | 320 | 89 | 260 | 54 | 210 | ae | 1e0 | 44 | 145 | 41 | j 160 | 460 | 62 | 375 | 57 | 300 / 52 | 260 | 47 | 210 | 44 | | 250 | 650 | 65 | sao | eo | 425 | 85 | 360 | 50 | 900 | 47 | | “ais | 770 | 67 | a0} 61 | 620 | 67 | 440 | 52 | 360 | 40 4o0_| 930 / 68 | 750 | 63 | 610 | 58 | 520 | 63 | 430 | 50 ] (soo [1 100] e9 | wa0_| ee | 720] 60] 610] a | S10) 630 1300) 70 |1030| 65 | 860 | 60 | 730 | 66 | 600 52 | 630 | 1200| 70 | 940 | 65 | 800 | 60 | 680 | 55 | 560 | 52 | {soo [1400] 71 [11807 66 | 930 | 61 | 800 | 56 | 650 | 53 1000 11700) 73 |1400| 68 |1100| 63 | 940 | 58 | 770 | 55 |.1260 |2100/ 74 |1750| 69 [1350 64 | 1150 | 59 | 950 | 56 6 4600 2600! 76 [2200| 71 [1700] 66 | 1450 | 61 |1200| 58 | [2000 |3100/ 78 |2700| 73 2100) 68 | 1400 | 63 11450) 60 | 2500 |3500| 81 132001 76 |2500| 71 | 2150 | 66 |1750| 63 | NOTE Pe Lea no oad losses. sound power 3.8.2 Load losses, no load losses and sound power level for Un = 36 kV Transformers can be requested and offered with Ly, lower than the tabled values. ‘A “low noise” series with no load losses Coss, Boss can be proposed with the La from the tabled values of Base, Asse, respectively5Ga8e-":2007 Table 4 — Load losses Pia (W) at 75 °C for Um = 36 KV Rated Cue Buse Ass Short-circuit power : impedance kVA w w | % 50 1.450 1.250 1050 | WOR | 20501) loco eco, | 160 3.350 2.550 2160 250 4250 3.500 3.000 Ue 400 6 200 4 900 4150 630 8800 | 6500 5 500 800 70 500 8 400 7-000 1000 | 13.000 10 500 8 900 1 250 16 000 13500 11500 5 1 600 19 200 17 000 14 500 [2000 | 24000 21000 | 18000 2.500 29 400 26 500 22 600 Table § - No load losses Pose (W} and sound power level (Lwj.,) for Um = 36 KV a Con Bos fox ‘impedance. Po ten | Po | tm | Po | bun % wa waaay ow | asm | ow | atay 50 | 230 52 190 | 52 | 160 | 50 100 | 380 56 3z0 | 56 | 270 | 54 160 | 520 59 460 | 59 | 390 | 57 250 | 780 62 50 | 62 | 550 | 60 3 400 [1120 | 65 930 | 65 | 790 | 63 630 [1450 67 | 1300, 67 | 1100 | 65 oo: | 1700 | 68 | 1500 | 68 | 1300 | 66 | 1000 | 2000 | 68 |1700| 68 | 1450 | 67 1250 | 2400 | 70 | 2100 | 70 | 1750 | 68 1600 | 2800 | 71 | 2600, 71 | 2200/| 69 : 73 |3150| 73 | 2700 | 71 76 [3800 76 | 3200 73 0 loa losses. 12 Sound power level J3.9 Tolerances and penalties Within the limits of tolerances (EN 60076-1) the application of penalties/bonus with regard to losses is left to the agreement between manufacturer and purchaser at the time of enquiry and order. 3.10 Tests 3.10.1, Routine tests EN 60076-1 applies. 3.10.2 Type tests EN 60076-1 applies. 3.10.3 Special tests EN 60076-1 applies. 3.11. Insulation levels and dielectric tests Insulation levels and dielectric tests shall be in accordance with the requirements of EN 60076-3, as further detailed below. ~ High-voltage winding ‘The rated values of the short duration power frequency withstand voltage and of the lightning impulse withstand voltage are given by Table 2 of EN 60076-3, Series 1 = Low-voltage winding According to Table 3 of EN 0076-3, for the normal insulation tevel, only a short duration power frequency withstand voltage equal to 3 KV. is specified, NOTE The values for short duration power frequency withstand andior for the lightning impulse withstand test between windings and earth are to be slated by the purchaser. The most usual values are respectively 10 kV and 30 KV. 4 Design requirements 4.1 Type of oil preservation system and degree of sealing The type of oll preservation system and the degree of sealing shall be indicated in the enquiry and order (Table 6). 42 Terminal markings Terminal markings should preferably be in accordance with |EC/TR 60616 unless otherwise specified 4) one ‘The terminations to be used can be of the following types: a) oper type bushings; b) cable boxes (see 3.4.3); ) plug-in type bushings; 4) LV busbars The requirements of the different types of terminations should be matter of separate HDS/ENs.4.4 Distance between bushings 4.4.1 Distances between high-voltage oil-air bushings The bushings ciearance shall meet the requirements of EN 60076-3. For transformers with a highest voltage for equipment equal to 24 kV and lightning impulse 125 kV, the minimum distance between live parts shall be 210 mm and between the highest sheds 120 im, For transformers with a highest voltage for equipment equal to 36 kV, and lightning impulse 170 kV, the minimum distance between live parts shall be 280 mm and between the highest sheds 180 mm. However, shorter distances may be agreed, subject to confirmation by test or by service experience NOTE + If the user intends to make the connections to the vansformer in a way which may teduce the clearances provided by the transfocmer sel, then this should be brought to attention in the enquiry (EN GOOTE-3}, NOTE 2 When an ollimmersed transformer is specifiad for operation at an atude higher than 1 600 m, clearances shall be ‘designed accordingly. I may then be necessary to select bushings designed for higher nsufation levels than those specie forthe Internal insulation a he transformer windings (EN 60076-3), 4.4.2 Preferred distance between centres of low-voltage bushings = For currents up to 250 A 70 mm ~ For currents above 250 A and up to 2.000 A. 150 mm For currents above 2 000 A 165 mm 4.4.3 Cable boxes For transformers in which (he terminations are made in cable boxes, EN 50464-2 applies. 45° Rollers When rollers are fitted, they shall comply with EN 50216-4, 5 Accessories ‘Accessories shall be in arcardance with the appropriate Part of EN 50216. ‘The type of oil preservatian system and the degree of sealing shall be indicated in the enquiry and order. Transformers should normally be fitted with the accessories listed in Table 6, ‘On request by the purchaser or recommended by the manufacturer, additional accessories may be fitted, for instance: = arcing horns on H.V. porcelain bushings; = gas and oil actuated relay for liquid immersed transformers with conservator (EN 50216-2): - protective relay for hermetically sealed liquid immersed transformers without gas cushion (EN 50216-3);‘Table 6 ~ Accessories | Accessories | Free Breathing Hermetically sealed | Gas cushion Conservator Gas cushion Totally filled = Rating plate | x x | x x '2 earthing terminais { x x t x [Liting tugs x x 1 x x Oil level indicator x x = ve | Filing hole and plug x x x x [Drain and sampling plug 7 _ | : 7 Dehydrating breather 1 x ] x : Ngee x | * x x |? irequested * Am equivalent device may be provided. 6 Efficiency and voltage drop (at reference temperature) 61 Efficiency ‘The efficiency of a power transformer is given for any load condition by the ratio between the out power (P:) and the input power (P,) = 100-— (%) P, Because of the difficulty to determine the efficiency by direct measurements, it can be evaluated conventionally through the guaranteed or measured losses as follows. a P.+P, = 100-| }-—S “=~ "4 —_ | (a) a@S+a-P +P, where Fee = iva juss ai tailed Cuneni and reference lemperaure; Ps = ne@load loss at rated voltage and frequency; S = rated power, a load factor (p.u.).6.2 Voltage drop (_ u%) ‘The voltage drop for any load condition (secondary current and power factor) is given ay the following relation: Au = 5/1, )-(R%- COSQ, + X40-Sin Gs }+ (1! 200) {05 /1,, }(A%- cos, — RY-sing. JF where R% = load loss expressed in % of rated power; X% = reactive power expressed in % of rated power; ly = load secondary current (A) ln = Secondary rated current (A): (le 1p) = load factor, e phase angle between secondary voltage and current,Annex A (informative) Capitalisation evaluation ‘A transformer produces losses due to the magnetisation of the core (no load lasses P:) and due to the current carrying windings (load losses P,), No load losses are generated whenever the transformer is energised and usually are considered for 8 760 h per year. They are independent of the load while load losses relate to the square of the current (Pk ~P), The sum of both losses represents a loss of energy translated into heat which has to be dissipated by the cooling system of the transformer, Since energy has a certain cost, itis important to be aware of the financial value of the losses generated uring the lifetime of the transformer in addition to the initial purchase cost. The loading profile, the transformer losses and the energy cost should be taken into account in order to select the optimal no load losses and load losses. The losses tabled in this standard represent nowadays European practice. However, this evaluation may change over time and can be different in each country or for each user. depending on local iavesiment or energy policies. ‘Therefore, transformers can be requested or offered with no load losses and/or load losses different from those tabled in this standard to satisfy particular requirements. The sum of purchase cost and energy cost (load losses and no load losses) is called capitalised cost and represents an important part of the investment for the purchaser. This analysis may be done by using a capitalisation formula as follows: Co HC, +A-P, +B Py where Cc = capitalised cost; Cr = purchase cost of transformer: A = value indicated by the purchaser in the enquiry expressed in focal currency per watt P. = guaranteed no ioad losses in watts; B= value indicated by the purchaser in the enquiry expressed in urraney per watt (e.g. €W) corresponding to load losses; P. = guaranteed load losses in watts.-15- EN 50464-1:2.7 Bibliography EN 50180 Bushings above 1 KV up to 36 kV and from 250 A to 3,15 kA for liquid filed transformers : EN 50181 Plug-in type bushings above 1 kV ua to 36 kV and from 250 A to 1,25 kA for ‘equipment other than liquid filled transformers EN 50386 Bushings up to 1 KV and from 250 A to 5 KA, for liquid filled transformers EN 50387 Busbar bushings up to 1 KV and from 1,25 kA to 5 KA, for liquid filled transformersBSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL | BSI — British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards, lt presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter, Revisions British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions. It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services ‘We would be gratefal if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee the identity of wh: be found on the inside front cover. 20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400. BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards. Buying standards Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001 Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: orders@bsi-global.com. Standards are also available from the BSI website at http:/www,hsi-global.com In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested. Information on standards BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048. Email: infoabsi-global.com. Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002, Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: membership@bsi-global.com, Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global.com/bsonline. Further information about BST is available on the BSI website at http://www, bsi-global.com, Copyright Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright. in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be means— electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise ~ without nrior written, permission irom bol, ‘This docs not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained. Details and advico can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager. ‘Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553. Email: copyright@bsi-global.com,