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    2 views10 pages

    Ancient Egyptian Calendars How Many Were PDF

    Uploaded by

    Soror Babalon

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    Review Article Ancient Egyptian Calendars: How Many Were There? ANTHONY SPALINGER In 1050, Richard A. Parker hypothesized that pharaonic Egypt had three separate calendars: origi nal lunar; civil later lunar, of which the most ancient was the original lunar. To be fair it should be noted that Ludwig Borchardkt fist discussed the idea of a second lunar calendar in great detail, and earlier scholars, such as Brugtch (in volume 1 of hie Thesaurus inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum) had also attempted also attempted to explain various anomalies by hypothesizing multiple nar calendars ‘The evidence for a Predynastic hinar calendar is explicit in “doubledlated” inscriptions that occur throughout ancient Egyptian history. In particular, correlations of a hinar month-anglay date with a civil monthand-day date confirmed Parker's theory that a funetioning lunar calendar co-existed with the civil calendar. Based on nakedteye sightings, the Predynastic lunar calendar was finprecise and out of syne with ‘the annual longitudinal motion of the sun. It had to be replaced as soon as a mature agrarian civiliza: tion arose, With Parker, Rolf Krauss, and Ronald Wells, therefore, I place the genesis of the later civil calendar during the Grst Uaree dynasties* Ouo Neugebauer bad posited thatthe Egyptians selected 865 days for thei civil calendar because of the annual rise of the Nile-* Parker, however, sav the weakness in this position and replaced it by ‘anew hypothesis, chat of the averaging of lunar years. But the easiest solution was always at hand, namely, the averaging of the yearly return of the sun to a presumed (by the ancients) fixed point in ‘te sky, Calendical specialists Krauss and Wells then replaced Parker's lunar origin with a solar one. | Richard A, Parker, The Colindat of Ancien! Bap, Studies on Ancient Oriental Gilztlon 26, (Chicago, 1950), 58-84, See 4§§ 270-71 fori second lar calenda "= Thete are covered forthe most part in Depuyd's volume, Cini Celendar and Lamar Calendar in Anclet Bp, Oren lia Lovanensia Anlecta 77 (Leven, 1909), chapters S-11. See now my sty “Egyptian Festival Dating and the Moon’ in {J-M. Steele av Arnette Imhausen,e€s, Under One Sy, Atonamy and Matkematisnde Acien Ney Bast (nenster, 2002), Saca0d, 5 Darko, Calon For the vesearch of Rolf Kraus, se his his wnd Monddlen, Hieshelmer Agypiolgische Bete 20 (tite, 1985), 191.98. Ronald A. Well precnted is commentary ln Re and the Calendars" tn Anthony J. Splinge. (ed, Healton i Time (San Antonio, 1994), 1-7. He followed up his preliminary stay ofthe Predyastc tua calendars With “The Goddess Nut, Pharat's Gunrantor of Immoral in Charles V. Van Sicen IH, ed, date Canginge. Stats ix ‘Mesary of Ae Ai Sade, Varta Angyptiace 10 1995-27), 205-4, Otte Neagebaner, “Die Baduttngslosighit des ‘Sohisperiode' for de atese 4gypische Chronologle” Ata Orinata 17 (1958), 169-85; and "The Origin ofthe Fgyptian Calendar VES 1 (1942), 896-408, The second study revises some of te hy Pothetes made eee, Vor the ayncroniama, we can refer lo Kennet A Kitchens most recencealaton of the material “Regal and genesogleal ata of ancien Kgyp absolate chronology 1. The Historical chronology of ancient Fgypt current assessment” in Wanted Bick, ec, The Srchroniaion of Cations inthe Easter Maieranan i lh Seon Millon BC. (Views, 2000, 39-52 ® Kauss, Shinn Mendaien, 179-83 ane Wells studies cted show in. 3. 241 "his content downlad foe 202161587809 Sat, 28 fn 2017 73:52:06 UTC A ose sibel oy faboat rps 2a JARGE XXXIX (2002) “There matters should have remained for chronologists. Why? All chronological discussions center ‘upon an attempt to arrive ata fixed or absolute point in time (a Julian date). The two cruxes of inter nal Fgypiian dating are Sothic dates and lunarcivil coincidences.* Often hunar

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