_ Pastel Lim Pe ut Ka ai Tt [URE 1. Atoms are composed of 3 sub-atomic particies : Sub-atomic particle _| Relative mass_/ Relative charge Location Proton (p) 1 +1 Nucleus Neuxron(n) | 0 Nucleus Electronle) | 7ac5 = Shale guiside I Creyhigib@) ‘te P rd nth the pucleys also Enown) as nucleon. e 2.The atom sneutal: Humber of protins = Winker o€ elects 3, An lon is formed by loss or gain of electrons. a.loss of electrons: forms positive ion yaa tt en * Sie oF positive ian ove e Sm Wohl e er compared to neutral Nplzn (2) apple) b. gain of electrons : amy regative ion K Sine ok negative ion is % yar my teater than neatal ot sighene) M44) g an neu om 4.0, The atomic number (7) :refersto he number of protons in the mcleys of atom. b. The mass number [ A} or nucleon numberrefersto ThE WMhor of protens ard neutrons in the Macleans of the atom5. 8ehaviour of atomic particies in an electric field : a. Protons are positively charged attracted tr A egati ve Clectides b.Electtons are negatively chorged- 4 Hrtcfed fo pasitive Cectredes c. Neutrons are not chorged~ not attracted fr charged tléctate. d. The angle of deflection depends on : a charge of “he partide w mass of fhe porsicle J “Angle &/m ratiy “Higher ratio, mae defteded, therefore Leger angle 6 Isotopes : a.etriion: flams of the same eletent which has the came Feumber oF pron hat dite paner of newts lin terns of Subsfamic. particle). or Same Otoric ember byt aeHereet tags aumber. Eg : isotopes of potassium , K tsotope No of protons No of electrons No of neutrons A A it 20 v fil i 2} * 4 4 wb, Properties of isotopes : i isotopes of an element have ihe same atemic Numer, Theretare sane bier of eledion tn q heutral Otom same electane carkig uration - Same che mieal Properties why, as Clectans are farolyed in chmicel reacton i isotopes of on clement ave der! no. of hentuns , rhereg » dittecnt 98S Kanber and differs relative muni i Different plysla papertos (6. me Hig pit /insiy) NIC COI IN 1 Electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom in shells. numbered 1 - 2, etc starting from the nucleus. These numbers are known as principle quanta lumber ~e 2. a. Each shell consists of different type of sub shells labeled Spd ard § * b. The number of sub shells in each shell equal the shell number. Shelino No of subshell ! t CIs) L 2. Cis, ip) 3 % (Bs, 3p, 34 > indicate shell umber3.0. Each sub shelf has a number of orbitals , in which the electrons are placed, i) The number of orbitals in each sub shell depends on the type of sub shell. Type of subshell_| No of orbitals Ss t P 3 3 Ss f 7 fi] Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Sheil no_‘| Subshetls No of orbitals Maximum no of etectrons i Is | 2 2 Is, bp 4 8 3 35, 3p,34 q '§ b.Detiriton: Kn grbital refers fy 4 Volume oF Space Grand the hucleuy where fhe pleston OF a particular sekskel Spend mest OF Hey time (959) . ¢. Each orbital hos a specific shape. i) s orbital : spherical. Alls orbitals are spheres , only differs in size. ji) p orbital : dumb belt shoped with nucleus located between the 2 halves ‘of the dumb bell. There are three p orbitals of the same shape but with different orientation in space. a ae ACd. Each orbital is represented by a square box. . The relative energies of the orbitals : before being filed with electrons LS, Note : For transition elements : once orbitals are filled with electrons, the 4s will be repelied fo a higher level compared to 3d. Therefore elecirons will be lost from the 4s first during ionization. £, The arrangement of electrons in atoms is known as electronic configuration. Two species with the same electronic configuration are said to be. (S0blecAFONc. g. Blectrons are arranged in orbitals according fo @ set of rules : i} electrons always enters the lowes! energy level available Auf bey Principle Fora particular shell , s orbitals are filled before p orbitals Sequence of filing orbitals { from lower to higher energy )Paul?s Exclsion Principle ji) no single orbital can accommodate more than 2 electrons Hund’s tale iii) orbitals of the same energy are occupied singly with parallel spins before pairing occurs. | e Exampies : 1) Br: ke Ist 2p Bs* 3S 3.4" tse 2) AB: Is ast 2p* 3 fot Dt ay! 3p 3p! e Exercise: Write the full electronic configuration for the following : Le: [s” 2st 2 2. se: [gr s™ Zpl 35°3)% ds 3a 3. om: [s* 25% Dob 4. Mom: bs” 15" Dt 5 Pes | St Jgt Uph 36%Notes: 1. Two elements have unexpected electronic configurations. & Chromium, Cr [se Det ff Bo 346 BY Heh © Copper, Cu ee Ast Hf cr Bpf 3d" 4s 2. Ground state and excited electronic configuration. w Far c(eeiectons] | outer chell electrons Ground state : is 2s promote, He) UY LET ‘i . hubridisation Excited state : TT 1 | Ti recess Ca? fh yt it ; pr PP 3. Formula of ions : 4 equal sf Aybrid orbitals, @. Octet rule: i electronic configuration of noble gases are stable. ji} Atoms forms ions by losing or gaining electrons to attain the electronic configuration of a noble gas. { However the octet rule is not obeyed by ail elements |b, The 18 electrons rule : Eighteen electrons in the outer shell is also a stable electron arrangement. This applies to elements with full d orbitals in the outer shell. : as 3, a fs Fine ofom tHe GE] TARE ETM] (A) 2x in Te AT] ETE) LETTE [_] Note : ions of transition elements During ionization , electrons are lost from 4s first 3, Bp Ez ts tel (HAT) TL TA] [ fin 3, E 3) Uvel i] AD) OT 4, Information from electronic configuration of atoms : *3 A tom No Q. predict group / location of element in Periodic Table. ij no of vaience ( outermost} electrons = group no susennes Iacinne te period 5 Grow Perel me db orto x ® da eT V2 ji) transition elements have. ner filled d sub shells Is 2s 3s 3p 4s 34 re fD) (] atin Ae fr] eB) TI ili) elements of the same group in the Periodic Table have the same no of valence electrons , hence the same outermost electronic configuration 1s 2s we 35 Grow fo: My ip why) fv x y Co PTY TR) AT) 0 AT Te Sr thd A A Aef9°Nq mien i Nat ch a bb We S b. predict ion formed therefore formula of compound formed 3 Vv vy fo bu 5 7) eT 4 a a] (ET) GA ft ev Ta IONISATION eneRGY (1.£) 1. Definition Fast DE is the energy atom, 2. LE values are always positive as there is an attractive for overcome. yin one mole oF €§- Nal g) —? Naty) te Chis) > CLs) te> requiced to remave ore election Fram each guens adons of an ele mend. \gh De. = dy ET mt Ip TE. = +160 EF mo ce between the nucleus and electrons which has fo be 3. During ionization , el eleciron with the higt Note: a) for transit 1b) last in, first out ey 0(3e’s) Is” 2s apt 2p* ATE lectrons are removed in order of thelr energies. The hest energy (in the outermost shell) is removed fist. ‘on elements : electrons are removed from 4s fist \venwe Kast4.0 First LE: energy required to remove the first electron . Singly charged, positive ion formed Second Lé : exira energy required fo remove a second electron from the singly charged posttive ion eg° Mgig) —> Mg} (a) +e st LE = 4738 Ag map Nyt) —a Wet lg) ter Pad F-E.= +1451 kT molt Aylq) — Ag Gyre Gira LET35+ lbs = tU84 AF mol b. The second LE is larger than the first ILE because more energy is required to pull an electron away from a positive ion compared to a neutral atom. An the pésitivg ion, the reoaining Clectars are Mire Steengly held or the eb fecdive nuclear cherfe ihereases. LE- becemes caceesely lager Factors affecting I.E 1. Nuclear charge : Bigger nuclear charge, attractive feces oF RwlOws on the tlecten increases - More energy reqaited te remove elCotran therefore TE. ineredges - Nuictgor charge 4, pet2. Distance between the outermost electron and the nucleus > me ok atm inctenses, eledron & farther Fram the nucleus, therggore (65 Stargly aHracted and less Shergy "equited . LAE. decreases 4 ye sin T Vote f Sed 4, Effective nuclear charge / shielding effect (screering cffe et) Size OF Atam woreases - Shney host lower erergy orbitals shield tA - the puclews - 1B orbits shield The arfermesy Clecton fem Weaker Effective nuclear charge Shutting eifect , LEV successive LE 4. Removal of successive electrons from an atom requires increasing amounts of energy. 2. The LE increases from one electron fo the next because the charge on the posifive lon remaining becomes bigger hence increasing the attractive force ‘on the remaining electrons. fai WATE Ing TE 3d HE. Hh TE. No Joo G00 4D SOD . VN SS 4o 2300 Lb00 Na Is! 25+ Iy6 35! Seavtase sare oidey & ° magpitUs a. Big jump / increase in LE when the secs \d electron is removed Nol \le's) > Iyr2s* dpe 35° - Ind électan ic removed fam inrer Ske/l chser + He mucleus 7 Clecton & moe strongly held : Therefore i pare? say vise in TE- W'. Third and fourth I.E has the same order of magnitude rs and Ath elections are fersued fiom the same. Shel} at about the same disince, fom athe cleus thereore Xporaces alnast He Sine A raction ‘Other examples : 0 Ale 2) He 7B BN Meo JE '450| 7100 lasay _ 2 valence | '3t big incre a 3 valence it falence | 1S by increase, tlectioss A ae Uedians} in Successive LE- Ish 2st i] 33 3p IS ast 2p] 35% Ineer-shall Ovber Shell Inner Shet Vater hell 3. LE can be used to determine the outermost electronic configuration of atoms ‘therefore determine the position of the element in the Periodic Table. 2. from graphs : fog ene Loot 4h seni iio S¥#Ccesive jovisation Crees Se oxyseh In KY malt a er i or S&S 6 FB hy gf electites ho temeed 9 (Bes) “pe y 12b. from data: Eg : The fist four successive I.E for an element are as follows { kJ per mo! } 5171930 2940 6/96 i) How many electrons are there in the outermost shell? 3 g?¢ ii) In which group in the Periodic Table does the element belong? Group I jij, Write down the outer electronic configuration of the element. > 1 is” np’ Exercise 1. Without looking up the actual valves of ionization energies, indicate the approximate relationship between log |.£ and ionization number for magnesium. Succescive JE Or Magnesion in bf mol 4g exergy Wet Side) mae Poteet . erg jevel TOD ER Wm OF eledran released 2. The first seven successive ionization energies for an element are as follows : 790 1600 3200 4400 16100 19800 23800 a. How many electrons are there in the outermost shell? 4 bb. Write down the outermost electronic configuration of the element. hs? A r ns a (i) Ici ®Fletteiet eery qu LEIN THE PI 1, As we go from lett to right across a period , a. the noble gases (Ne, Ar, Kr) have the highest Ist Te. among the elements is the fae peer , 4 cause. strongest hud eus attactin (Kghest no. 7 and e's alle te the sane shel! uit ne ot ens) b. he okaimetot OP have the. lowest Ist ILE. anony the lements in the same porisd (Li Na, K) becasse sew shelf Further away froin indus and Kigher Shielding effect 3, inner shel] theefve weaker efkective force on the 4 Oorermest electron ©. there isa... GRMREAL. NC LE ASE. in fist LENote : for 2 periods The increase in Ish LE- is due to increase in clear change acriss The pevied The eater lectins are mare. ctraggy helt and 50 the janisation energy increases - Cooke: the elechons are abded in the some, shell when rnaving actass the Petied) ~~ d. However there are ‘anomalies across the period 5 that is i) between elements in Group I! and til Exampie : 35 Is Is Groy Mg T¥e AY 3p be fH) 4 Cop Le AL TMI GD ETT 8 i @ Oy The relative bwer Ist De. tar AL compared to is due ye ai J . 1. the electron beirg list trom be Sp Sebshell which is Karther Atom the huclens than the 3s subshel] 2 more energy 15 required te break wp the electon pair in the 3s in Myji) between elements in Group V and VI Example : bs 3p Ib 2s Gap VP iv MEH » ow Gow vis [ke] TA 9 Mm A The relatively bwer Ist LE: for S anpared ta P is due +p. 1. increased repulsion between the electrdns acuipying the Shwe, Sp orbital. So one Clatan is ove easil lost. 2. P has all oY) acupied ch orbitals (ou- she) L ¢ Femove one election, slightly higher they is reqys to distur the stalin SOP oreay reps * Grvelnectooerel: fat She le ¢ lest are further fom the hacleas and thus beame fess Shingly attracted dy the postive nucleus. AHtough the nuclear charge increases, eyctre shells of elewns are added. Thus the increase in paca chang is largely cancetled by the extra che of Clectans, whoa doy Dan the reps mating it easier for electrons to be rénved- Grow I element Ist Dé. (ko mal) Be 406 a 7136 54 or S48 : Ba