SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED

DIMENSION ON P3

ALEXEY N. IVANOV AND ALEXANDER S. TIKHOMIROV

Abstract. We describe new irreducible components of the Gieseker-Maruyama moduli

scheme M(3) of semistable rank 2 coherent sheaves with Chern classes c1 = 0, c2 =
arXiv:1703.04851v1 [math.AG] 15 Mar 2017

3, c3 = 0 on P3 , general points of which correspond to sheaves whose singular loci contain

components of dimensions both 0 and 1. These sheaves are produced by elementary
transformations of stable reflexive rank 2 sheaves with c1 = 0, c2 = 2, c3 = 2 or 4 along
a disjoint union of a projective line and a collection of points in P3 . The constructed
families of sheaves provide first examples of irreducible components of the Gieseker-
Maruyama moduli scheme such that their general sheaves have singularities of mixed
dimension.

1. Introduction

Let M(0, k, n) be the Gieseker-Maruyama moduli scheme of semistable rank-2

sheaves with Chern classes c1 = 0, c2 = k, c3 = n on the projective space P3 . Denote
M(k) = M(0, k, 0). By the singular locus of a given OP3 -sheaf E we understand the set
Sing(E) = {x P3 | E is not locally free at the point x}. Sing(E) is always a proper closed
subset of P3 and, moreover, if E is a semistable sheaf of nonzero rank, every irreducible
component of Sing(E) has dimension at most 1.
In this article we study the Gieseker-Maruyama moduli scheme M(3). In [2], [7] it
was shown that the scheme M(3) contains at least the following irreducible components:
1
(i) the instanton component I of dimension 21 whose general point corresponds to a
locally free instanton sheaf [7];
(ii) the Ein component N of dimension 21 whose general point corresponds to a locally
free sheaf that is the cohomology sheaf of a monad of the form

0 OP3 (2) OP3 (1) 2OP3 OP3 (1) OP3 (2) 0;

(iii) the component C of dimension 21 whose general point corresponds to a sheaf E

having singularities along a smooth plane cubic C and satisfying the following exact
1Here and below by a general point of a given irreducible set we understand a closed point belonging
to its open dense subset.
1
2 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

triple
0 E 2OP3 L(2) 0,

where L is a line bundle over C with Hilbert polynomial PL (k) = 3k such that
L2 6 C ;
(iv) the four components T (s), s = 1, ..., 4, of dimensions 21 + 4s, respectively, whose
general points correspond to sheaves E having singularities along the sets of s distinct
points {q1 , ..., qs } P3 and satisfying the exact triple
s
M
0 E F Oqi 0,
i=1

where F is a stable reflexive rank 2 sheaf with Chern classes c1 = 0, c2 = 3, c3 = 2s

such that Sing(F ) {qi }si=1 = .
Note that general points of these components correspond to sheaves with singularities
of pure dimension, i. e. such that all irreducible components of singular loci of these
sheaves have the same dimensions. The main result of the present article, Theorem 3
below, gives a description of new irreducible components of M(3) whose general points
correspond to sheaves with singularities of mixed dimension, i. e. sheaves whose singular
loci contain components of dimensions both 0 and 1. For this purpose, we define 7 families
of sheaves X (n, r, s) from M(3) and prove that, among their closures X (n, r, s) in M(3),
there are 3 irreducible components of M(3), namely, X (2, 2, 0), X (4, 3, 0), and X (4, 2, 1)
(see Theorem 3).
Remark that, up to now, there were known only those components of the Gieseker-
Maruyama schemes M(k), general points of which are semistable sheaves with singular-
ities of pure dimension. Namely, in [7] there were constructed the first infinite series of
components of the schemes M(k), with k growing, such that their general points are
sheaves with singularities of pure dimension 0, respectively, 1. Thus, Theorem 3 provides
first examples of irreducible components of the moduli scheme M(k) for k = 3, the general
sheaves of which have singularities of mixed dimension.
The families X (n, r, s) are constructed in the following way. Let R(0, 2, n) be
the moduli scheme of stable reflexive coherent rank 2 sheaves on P3 with Chern classes
c1 = 0, c2 = 2, c3 = n, where n = 2, 4. R(0, 2, n) is an open subset of the Gieseker-
Maruyama moduli scheme M(0, 2, n), see [4]. Let Syms (P3 ) be a dense open subset of
Syms (P3 ) consisting of disjoint unions of s distint points in P3 . We consider any point
n
Z = {q1 , ..., qs } Syms (P3 ) , 0s + 1,
2
 SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED DIMENSION ON P3 3

as a reduced scheme. (Here for s = 0 we set by definition Z = .)

For any point [F ] R(0, 2, n), by Grauert-Mullich Theorem (see [5]), for 0 s
n
2
, the set

X[F ] = {(l, Z) Gr(2, 4) Syms (P3 ) | l Z = , (l Z) Sing(F ) = and F |l 2Ol }

is a dense open subset of Gr(2, 4) Syms (P3 ) . For (l, Z) X[F ] set
n
r= + 1 s, Qu,r := Ol (r) OZ ,
2
and consider the open dense subset Hom(F, Qu,r )e Hom(F, Qu,r ) consisting of epimor-
phisms : F Qu,r . For any element Hom(F, Qu,r )e we can take the kernel of
:
E = ker .

(This procedure of passing from F to E is sometimes called an elementary transformation

of F along l Z.) It is easy to see that E is a stable sheaf and defines the point [E] of
n
the scheme M(3) (use the condition r + s = 2
+ 1, r, s 0). Besides, ker ker if
and only if there is an automorphism g Aut(Qu,r ) such that = g . Denote by []
the equivalence class of modulo Aut(Qu,r ). Now consider the sets

Xe(n, r, s) = {x = ([F ], u, [x]) | [F ] R(0, 2, n), u X[F ] , [x ] Hom(F, Qu,r )e /Aut(Qu,r )}.

Since R(0, 2, n) are reduced irreducible schemes (see [1]), the sets Xe(n, r, s) have a natural
structure of reduced irreducible schemes. Furthermore, by the above, there is a well-
defined injective morphism

f : Xe(n, r, s) M(3), x 7 [ker x ].

Set
n
X (n, r, s) := f (Xe(n, r, s)) M(3), r+s= + 1, r, s 0.
2
The dimensions of the varieties X (n, r, s) are calculated by the following formula

dim X (n, r, s) = dim Xe(n, r, s) = dim R(0, 2, n) + dim Gr(2, 4) + dim Syms (P3 )+

+dim Hom(F, Qu,r )e /Aut(Qu,r ) = 13 + 4 + 3s + 2(r + 1 + s) (1 + s) = 18 + 2r + 4s.

A sufficient condition for the variety X (n, r, s) to be an irreducible component of

M(3) is the equality

dim Ext1 (E, E) = dim X (n, r, s) for any point [E] X (n, r, s).
4 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

In Section 3 it will be shown that this equality is satisfied for families X (2, 2, 0), X (4, 3, 0)
and X (4, 2, 1), this giving the proof of Theorem 3. From the construction of the families
it is clear that general points of these irreducible components correspond to sheaves with
singularities along l Sing(F ) Z. Since dim Sing(F ) = 0, these singularities have mixed
dimension.
Throughout this work, the base field k is an algebraically closed field of character-
istic 0. Also, for simplicity, we will not distinguish between a stable rank-2 OP3 -sheaf E
and its isomorphism class [E] as a point in the Gieseker-Maruyama moduli scheme.
Acknowledgements. AST was supported by a subsidy to the HSE from the
Government of the Russian Federation for the implementation of Global Competitive-
ness Program. AST also acknowledges the support from the Max Planck Institute for
Mathematics in Bonn, where this work was finished during the winter of 2017.

2. Some properties of stable reflexive rank 2 sheaves with c1 = 0, c2 = 2

on P3

According to [1, p. 63, 66], a general sheaf [F ] R(0, 2, n), where n = 2 or 4,

satisfies the exact triple

(1) : 0 OP3 (1) F IYn (1) 0,

where Y2 = m C2 is a disjoint union of a line m and a smooth conic C2 in P3 ; Y4 = C3 is

a smooth twisted cubic in P3 . Moreover, the extension Ext1 (IYn (1), OP3 (1)) under
isomorphisms

Ext1 (IYn (1), OP3 (1)) H 0(Ext1 (IYn (1), OP3 (1))) H 0 (Ext2 (OYn (2), OP3 ))

corresponds to the global section H 0 (Ext2 (OYn (2), OP3 )) such that ()0 = {xi }ni=1 are
n distinct points of the component of Yn which is not a line, and
n
M
(2) Ext1 (F, OP3 ) Oxi .
i=1

Lemma 1. The sheaf Hom(F, F ) satisfies the following exact triple

0 F (1) Hom(F, F ) G 0,

where the sheaf G fits in an exact triple

(3) 0 F IYn (1) G Q 0, dim Q 0.

 SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED DIMENSION ON P3 5

Proof. Applying the functor Hom(, F ) to (1) we obtain the exact sequence

(4) 0 Hom(IYn (1), F ) Hom(F, F ) F (1)

Ext1 (IYn (1), F ) Ext1 (F, F ).

Since hdF = 1, there is a locally free OP3 -resolution

(5) 0 L1 L0 F 0

of the sheaf F . Applying the functor Hom(IYn (1), ) to (5) and considering an easily
verifiable equality Ext2 (IYn (1), L1 ) = 0, we obtain an exact triple

(6) Ext1 (IYn (1), L1 ) Ext1 (IYn (1), L0 ) Ext1 (IYn (1), F ) 0.

An easy computation shows that the sheaves Ext1 (IYn (1), L0 ) and Ext1 (IYn (1), L1 ) are
locally free OYn -sheaves. Hence, Ext1 (IYn (1), F ) is OYn -sheaf and, moreover, it is generi-
cally a rank 2 locally free OYn -sheaf. Furthermore, the morphism in (4) factors through
the morphism of restriction OYn : F (1) F (1) OYn . Since F (1) OYn is generically
a locally free OYn -sheaf of rank 2, this yields = j (OYn ), where j is a generically in-
jective morphism of OYn -sheaves. Consequently, since ker(OYn ) = F IYn (1), it follows
that the sheaf G := ker satisfies the exact triple

(7) 0 Hom(IYn (1), F ) Hom(F, F ) G 0

and the triple (3) in which we set Q := ker j.

Now show that

(8) Hom(IYn (1), F ) F (1).

Indeed, applying the functor Hom(, F ) to

(9) 0 IYn OP3 OYn 0

we obtain an exact sequence

(10) 0 F (1) Hom(IYn (1), F ) Ext1 (OYn (1), F ).

On the other hand, applying the functor Hom(OYn (1), ) to (5) yields an exact triple

... Ext1 (OYn (1), L0 ) Ext1 (OYn (1), F ) Ext2 (OYn (1), L1 ) ...

Since F is locally free outside the points {xi }ni=1 , the sheaf Ext1 (OYn (1), F ) either equals
to zero or is an artinian sheaf. On the other hand, Ext1 (OYn (1), L0 ) = 0 and the sheaf
Ext2 (OYn (1), L1 ) is locally free OYn -sheaf, since L0 and L1 are locally free OP3 -sheaves.
6 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

Hence, the sheaf Ext1 (OYn (1), F ) is a subsheaf of Ext2 (OYn (1), L1 ), so it cannot be a
non-zero artinian sheaf. Consequently, Ext1 (OYn (1), F ) = 0 and (8) follows from (10).
The statement of Lemma now follows from (7) and (8).

Lemma 2. Let [F ] R(0, 2, n), i. e. F is a stable reflexive rank 2 sheaf on P3 with

Chern classes c1 = 0, c2 = 2, c3 = n, where n = 2, 4. Then the following equality holds

h2 (Hom(F, F )) = 0.

Proof. Applying the functor OYn (1) to (1) we obtain the exact sequence

1 0
(11) T or1 (IYn (2), OYn ) OYn F (1) OYn IYn (2) OYn 0.

It is easy to see the sheaves F (1) OYn and IYn (2) OYn are rank-2 OYn -sheaves and 0
is an epimorphism. So ker 0 is artinian sheaf and the morphism 1 is non-zero on each
component of the curve Yn . Next, standard computation gives the following

O O 2 (1) for n = 2,
m C
T or1 (IYn (2), OYn ) T or2 (OYn (2), OYn ) det NYn /P3 (2)
OC 3 (4pt) for n = 4.

L
n
So we obtain coker 1 = ker 0 Oxi due to Sing(F ) = {xi }ni=1 that is the following
i=1
L
n
triple is exact 0 Oxi F (1) OYn IYn (2) OYn 0. This triple as a
i=1
triple of the OYn -sheaves on the smooth curve Yn is splitted. Thus we have the following
isomorphism
n
M
(12) F (1) OYn Oxi IYn (2) OYn .
i=1

Next, we have

2O (1) O 2 O 2 (1) for n = 2,
m C C
(13) IYn (2) OYn NYn /P3 (2)
OC 3 (pt) OC 3 (pt) for n = 4.

So (12) and (13) yield

(14) hi (F (1) OYn ) = 0, i 1.

It is easy to see that T or1 (F, OYn (1)) = 0 because hdF = 1, so the sheaf F IYn is torsion
free and the following triple is exact

(15) 0 F IYn (1) F (1) F OYn (1) 0.

 SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED DIMENSION ON P3 7

Besides, according to [1, Table 2.8.1, 2.12.2] we have

(16) h1 (F (1)) = h2 (F (1)) = h2 (F (1)) = h3 (F (1)) = 0

From (14)-(16) and Lemma 1 it follows that

h2 (Hom(F, F )) = h2 (G) = h2 (F (1) IYn ) = h1 (F (1) OYn ) = 0.

3. Components of M(3) formed by sheaves with singularities of mixed

dimension

Theorem 3. The closures X (2, 2, 0), X (4, 3, 0), X (4, 2, 1) are irreducible components of
the moduli scheme M(3), of dimensions 22, 24, 26, respectively.

Proof. Consider an arbitrary sheaf [E] X (n, r, s) which according to the construction
satisfies the following exact triple

(17) 0 E F Ol (r) OZ 0,

where l is a line in P3 , [F ] R(0, 2, n), Z = {qi }si=1 is a reduced subscheme of s distinct

points in P3 such that

(18) l Z = , Sing(F ) (l Z) = , F |l 2Ol .

Since hd(F ) = 1 and dim Sing(F ) = 0, we have

(19) Ext1 (OP3 , F ) = Ext2 (F, F ) = 0, dim Ext1 (F, OP3 ) = dim Ext1 (F, F ) = 0.

From (18), (19) it follows that

(20) Hom(F, Ol (r) OZ ) 2Ol (r) 2OZ

and the morphism in (17) induces an isomorphism of artinian sheaves

1
(21) : Ext1 (F, E) Ext1 (F, F ).

For the same reason

(22) Hom(Ol (r) OZ , F ) = Ext1 (Ol (r) OZ , F ) = 0,

(23) Hom(F, Ol (r) OZ ) 2Ol (r) 2OZ , Exti (F, Ol (r) OZ ) = 0, i 1.

8 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

Similarly we have an isomorphism of artinian sheaves

(24) Ext1 (F, F ) Ext1 (F |U , F |U ) Ext1 (E|U , F |U ).

due to the isomorphism

E|U F |U , U := P3 \ (l Z),

that follows from (17). The inclusion of the artinian sheaf Ext1 (F, F ) into the sheaf
Ext1 (E, F )

(25) Ext1 (F, F ) Ext1 (E, F )

follows from (24) as a direct summand such that

(26) Ext1 (E, F ) Ext1 (F, F ) Ext1 (E, F )|U , U = P3 \ Sing(F ).

Note that the sheaf F |U is locally free, so that

(27) Ext1 (E, F )|U Ext1 (E|U , F |U ) Ext1 (E|U , OU ) F |U

Besides, Ext2 (Ol (r) OZ , OU ) (det Nl/P3 )(r) Ol (2 r). Applying the functor
Hom(, OU ) to the exact triple (17) restricted on U and taking into account that the
sheaves Ext1 (F |U , OU ) and Ext2 (F |U , OU ) are vanished because the sheaf F |U is locally
free we have Ext1 (E|U , OU ) Ol (2 r). So Ext1 (E|U , OU ) F |U 2Ol (2 r) due
to (18). The isomorphism Ext1 (E, F )|U 2Ol (2 r) follows from that and (27). Hence,
from (26) follows an isomorphism

(28) Ext1 (E, F ) Ext1 (F, F ) 2Ol (2 r).

Next, in view of (22) applying the functor Hom(Ol (r) OZ , ) to the triple(17) yields
an isomorphism

(29) Ext1 (Ol (r) OZ , E) Hom(Ol (r) OZ , Ol (r) OZ ) Ol OZ .

Besides, applying the functor Hom(F, ) to (17) we have

(30)
1

0 Hom(F, E) Hom(F, F ) Hom(F, Ol (r)OZ ) Ext1 (F, E) Ext1 (F, F )

From here in view of (20) and (21) it follows that the following triple is exact

(31) 0 Hom(F, E) Hom(F, F ) 2Ol (r) 2OZ 0.

 SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED DIMENSION ON P3 9

Next, applying the functor Hom(, E) to (17) and taking into account (25) and (29) we
have the exact triple

(32) 0 Hom(F, E) Hom(E, E) Ol OZ 0.

The monomorphism E F in (17) induces the monomorphism : Hom(E, E)

Hom(F, F ) which along with the triples (31) and (32) is included into the following
commutative diagram

(33) 0


=
0 0 // Ol OZ //

  
0 // Hom(F, E) // Hom(F, F ) // 2Ol (r) 2OZ // 0

  
0 // Hom(E, E) // Hom(E, F ) // coker // 0

  
=
// Ol OZ // 0 0


0

It is easy to see that coker |l is a locally free Ol -sheaf (see [6, proof of Lemma 5.1]), so
the right vertical triple in this diagram yields

(34) coker Ol (2r) OZ .

and the following triple is exact

(35) 0 Hom(E, E) Hom(E, F ) Ol (2r) OZ 0.

Applying the functor Hom(E, ) to (17) and taking into account (35) we obtain the exact
sequence

0 Ol (2r) OZ Hom(E, Ol (r) OZ ) Ext1 (E, E) Ext1 (E, F )

(36)

Ext1 (E, Ol (r) OZ ) Ext2 (E, E)

On the other hand, applying the functor Hom(, Ol (r) OZ ) to (17) and taking into
account (23) and standard isomorphisms

Hom(Ol (r) OZ , Ol (r) OZ ) Ol OZ ,

10 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

Ext1 (Ol (r) OZ , Ol (r) OZ ) Nl/P3 3OZ 2Ol (1) 3OZ ,

Ext2 (Ol (r) OZ , Ol (r) OZ ) det Nl/P3 3OZ Ol (2) 3OZ ,

we obtain the exact sequence

(37)

0 Ol OZ 2Ol (r) 2OZ Hom(E, Ol (r) OZ ) 2Ol (1) 3OZ 0

and the isomorphisms

(38) Ext1 (E, Ol (r) OZ ) Ext2 (Ol (r) OZ , Ol (r) OZ ) Ol (2) 3OZ .

It is easy to see that im|l is locally free Ol -sheaf in (37), so im is isomorphic to Ol (2r)
OZ . Hence, the following triple is exact

(39) 0 Ol (2r) OZ Hom(E, Ol (r) OZ ) 2Ol (1) 3OZ 0.

Besides, applying the functor Hom(, E) to (17) we obtain the isomorphisms

(40) Ext2 (E, E) Ext3 (Ol (r) OZ , E) Ext3 (OZ , E),

since, in view of (19), Ext2 (F, E) Ext2 (F, F ) 0 and hd(Ol ) = 2. On the other
hand, from (28) it follows that Ext1 (E, F )|Z = 0. So ker |Z = 0 and, in view of (40),
(38), there is an isomorphism

(41) ker Ol (2).

Thus from (36)-(41) follows an exact sequence

(42)
0 2Ol (1) 3OZ Ext1 (E, E) Ext1 (F, F ) 2Ol (2 r) Ol (2) 0.

Since Ext1 (F, F ) is an artinian sheaf, the following triple is exact

0 2Ol (1) 3OZ Ext1 (E, E) Ext1 (F, F ) Ol (2 2r) 0.

From this triple we obtain

4 + 3s + h0 (Ext1 (F, F )) for r 2,
(43) h0 (Ext1 (E, E)) =
7 + 3s 2r + h0 (Ext1 (F, F )) for r = 0 or 1.

Next, the triple (35) in view of the diagram (33) can be written by the following way

(44) 0 Hom(E, E) Hom(F, F ) Ol (2r) OZ 0.

 SEMISTABLE RANK 2 SHEAVES WITH SINGULARITIES OF MIXED DIMENSION ON P3 11

Since E and F are stable, they are simple, i. e. h0 (Hom(E, E)) = h0 (Hom(E, E)) = 1.
Therefore from Lemma 2 and (44) it follows that

(45) h1 (Hom(E, E)) = 1 + 2r + s + h1 (Hom(F, F )), h2 (Hom(E, E)) = 0.

Besides, from Lemma 2 and [1, Theorem 2.8, 2.12] we have

(46) h0 (Ext1 (F, F )) + h1 (Hom(F, F )) = dim Ext1 (F, F ) = dim R(0, 2, n) = 13.

Consequently, from (43), (45), (46) and the exact sequence

0 H 1 (Hom(E, E)) Ext1 (E, E) H 0 (Ext1 (E, E)) H 2(Hom(E, E))

we obtain
18 + 4s + 2r for r 2,
dim Ext1 (E, E) =
21 + 4s for r = 0 or 1.
Thus we have the following table of dimensions from which the statement of Theorem
follows.
The family Dimension of the family dim Ext1 (E, E)
X (2, 2, 0) 22 22
X (2, 1, 1) 24 25
X (2, 0, 2) 26 29
X (4, 3, 0) 24 24
X (4, 2, 1) 26 26
X (4, 1, 2) 28 29
X (4, 0, 3) 30 33

For the rest families X (2, 1, 1), X (2, 0, 2), X (4, 1, 2), X (4, 0, 3) which are not in-
cluded into the statement of Theorem 3 we formulate the following conjecture.
Conjecture. The following inclusions are true:

X (2, 1, 1) T (3, 1);

X (2, 0, 2), X (4, 1, 2) T (3, 2);

X (4, 0, 3) T (3, 3).

12 A. N. IVANOV AND A. TIKHOMIROV

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bridge Math. Lib., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
[6] M. Jardim, D. Markushevich, A. S. Tikhomirov, New divisors in the boundary of the
instanton moduli space. Preprint arXiv:1501.00736 [math.AG].
[7] M. Jardim, D. Markushevich, A. S. Tikhomirov, Two infinite series of moduli spaces
of rank 2 sheaves on P3 . Annali di Mat. Pura ed Appl. First online (2017), pp. 1-36.
doi:10.1007/s10231-016-0630-3.

Department of Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of

Economics, 6 Usacheva Street, 119048 Moscow, Russia
E-mail address: anivanov1@edu.hse.ru

Department of Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of

Economics, 6 Usacheva Street, 119048 Moscow, Russia
E-mail address: astikhomirov@mail.ru