1

O (
) -. -
,
, .

,
: ..,
2 13 : ioannou_ge2_deo13.doc.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

-
36






. 2016-17

(
/ 1 ) /
;

:
.
, , .

.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

(, )

_______________________________________________________________________________________
/
-

18, 263 35 1


.. 36 (2016-17)

1 -
:
1 ,
IP . (5)
1 2
1 .

1. 6 2016,
23:59
2. 9 2016, 23:59,
6 2016, 23:59
-
.
- .
3. http://study.eap.gr.
e-mail.
4. 13 2016
http://study.eap.gr , -36.

1 20 4 20
2 20 8
8 2,5 12
3 20 5 20
10 5
6 5
2 5
2 5

10, .

18, 263 35 2


.. 36 2016-2017
#1
1
Routers
Routers, ROUT-1 ROUT-2.
:
1. 100 ROUT-1
50 ROUT-2 .
2. 200 ROUT-1
150 ROUT-2.
3. 200
Routers .
4. ROUT-1 3,
ROUT-2 10.
Routers
.
1
:
: ROUT-1, > 0
: ROUT-2, > 0
(1) : > 100 > 50.
(2) : < 200 < 150. :
100 < < 200 50 < < 150
(,) ; (100, 50), (100, 150),
(200, 150) (200, 50) .
(3) : + > 200, > 200 . =200
(100, 100) (150, 50)
:
(100, 150), (200, 150), (200, 50), (150, 50), (100, 100)
(4) :
= 3 + 10
(,) = (100, 150)
1200.

18, 263 35 3


250

200 Y=200-X
X=100 X=200
Y=150
150

100

Y=50
50

50 100 150 200 250 X

18, 263 35 4


2
ping ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol),
ECHO_REQUEST, ECHO_RESPONSE .

ping, Internet,
. ,
, Round Trip Time (RTT)
(delay latency)

1. ,
.
, . ping site ,
. ()
.

2. X-Y,
.

3. , ( )
(packet loss).

4. sites .
(.. , ).
.
, .

. , sites
.

5.
;
,
.

6. , (.. , ) traceroute
site . 2 4,
hops ( ).

7. , .
( /) .

8. TTL
(ping, traceroute).

18, 263 35 5


2

.
1. ( )
A. Google Earth

B. X maps.google.com
maps.google.com server
. maps ,
" ". (..
) . maps
( )
.
. Firefox Extension Geotool. server .

18, 263 35 6


! A ,
.

18, 263 35 7


5
,
( ).
( ).

,
.
.., site on-line .
.., site
.
.., site .

18, 263 35 8


18, 263 35 9


18, 263 35 10


hops .
7

.

.
8
TTL - Time To Live ,

. '
TTL,
ICMP .

18, 263 35 11


3
3.1 IPv4
160.190.0.0. 4 4000
. ,
.
3.1 (subnetmask) .
3.1 IP 4 , IP (hosts)
(broadcast address) .
3.2 205.150.127.99 255.255.255.240.
/ , / broadcast / .
:
/ ()
()
/ ()
/ ()
/ Broadcast ()
/ Broadcast ()

, .
3.3 / , Ethernet0, 179.25.70.129 255.255.255.192.
/ (LAN)
;
. 179.25.70.64
. 179.25.70.151
. 179.25.71.130
. 179.25.70.191
.
3.4 Class C IPv4 5
16 .
;
. 255.255.255.192
. 255.255.255.224
. 255.255.255.240
. 255.255.255.248
.

18, 263 35 12


3
3.1 160.190.0.0 Class B 16 bits 16 bits
. , 4 ,
8 . 3 bits (23 = 8)
. 13 bits ( host part)
213 2 = 8190
/ ( 4000 /).
,
(11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000)2=(255.255.224.0)10

3.1 , 4 :
Subnet Subnet Mask Subnet Address Broadcast Address
(Fixed)

160.190.0.1
1 255.255.224.0 160.190.0.0 160.190.31.255
160.190.31.254
160.190.32.1
2 255.255.224.0 160.190.32.0 160.190.63.255
160.190.63.254
160.190.64.1
3 255.255.224.0 160.190.64.0 160.190.95.255
160.190.95.254
160.190.96.1
4 255.255.224.0 160.190.96.0 160.190.127.255
160.190.127.254

3.2
/ () 11001101 10010110 01111111 0110 0011
() 11111111 11111111 11111111 1111 0000
/ () 11001101 10010110 01111111 0110 0000
/ () 205 150 127 96
/ Broadcast () 11001101 10010110 01111111 0110 1111
/ Broadcast () 205 150 127 111

205.150.127.97 205.150.127.110.

3.3 , :
: 10110011.00011001.01000110.10 000001

18, 263 35 13


: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11 000000
/ 179.25.70.128
179.25.70.129 179.25.70.190.
LAN. broadcast
.

3.4 .
255.255.255.192 4 .
255.255.255.224 8 30 .
255.255.255.240 16 14 .
255.255.255.248 32 6 .

18, 263 35 14


4
2796 bytes.
MTU 1508 bytes MTU 1454
bytes.

( Ident, MF/DF, offset).

1. IPv4 20 bytes.
2. IPv6 40 bytes 8
bytes.

1508 bytes MTU 1508 1454 bytes MTU

Ident = 1 0 0 0 offset=0 Ident = 1 0 0 1 offset=0 Ident = 1 0 0 0 offset=179

1488 1432 ( 8) 56

Ident = 2 0 0 0 offset=0 Ident = 2 0 0 0 offset=0

1308 1308

2) IPv6
ICMPv6.
.
MTU .
MTU
1454 fragmented (
8 bytes ).
ICMPv6
Total Header Data Fragment offset
Fragment "More fragments" flag
bytes bytes bytes (8-byte blocks)
0 1448 40+8 1400 1 0
1 1444 40+8 1396 0 175
RFC 2460 .24 :
"It is strongly recommended that IPv6 nodes implement Path MTU Discovery [RFC-1981], in order to
discover and take advantage of path MTUs greater than 1280 octets. However, a minimal IPv6
implementation (e.g., in a boot ROM) may simply restrict itself to sending packets no larger than 1280
octets, and omit implementation of Path MTU Discovery."

18, 263 35 15


Header
Total Data
Packet bytes (no
bytes bytes
fragments)
1 1280 40 1240
2 1280 40 1240
3 356 40 316

18, 263 35 16


5
5 (H1-H5), Ethernet (
switches S1-S4) ( router R1).
ARP caches MAC
R1 . MAC
MAC(X) IP IP(X) interface.
H1 S1

S1.1 H5
S1.2

S2.2 S3
H2 S2 R1.1
S3.2
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
S4.2

1. +200
(lookup tables) :
S1
MAC Interface

MAC(R1.2) S1.2 -100

S2
MAC Interface

MAC(R1.2) S2.3 -10
MAC(H1) S2.2 T-10
MAC(H4) S2.3 -50

18, 263 35 17


S3
MAC Interface

MAC(H1) S3.3 T-100
MAC(H3) S3.3 T-100
MAC(R1.2) S3.2 T-220

S4
MAC Interface

MAC(R1.2) S4.1 -100

300
sec.
,
( sec).
A. +50: 2 MAC MAC(H4).
. +70: O H3 IP IP(H5).
. +100: O H4 IP IP(H5).
+200 H1 S1.1 S1
S3.4 S3 .
. +220: O H2 MAC MAC(H1).

18, 263 35 18


S1 H1

H5
S1.2

S3.4
S2.2
H2 S2 S3 R1.1
S3.2
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
S4.2

2. +200
(, , . ) :
1. .
2. (
,
).
3. .
.
IP/MAC
.
5
A. +50: 2 MAC MAC(H4).
1. .
2. S2, S3, S4, H4, R1.
: S2. MAC(H4)
, S2.3 S3. S3
MAC(H4) S3.1 S3.2 To S4
S4.2 4, . R1
.
3.
S2: MAC(H2), S2.1, T+50
S3: MAC(H2), S3.3, T+50
S4: MAC(H2), S4.1, T+50

18, 263 35 19


H1 S1

S1.1 H5
S1.2

S2.2 S3
H2 S2 R1.1
A S3.2 A
A
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4 A

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
A
S4.2

. +70: O H3 IP IP(H5).
1. .
2. S2, S3, R1, H5.
: 5
R1. MAC
5 ( ) MAC
, MAC(R1.2).
S2. MAC(R1.2) ,
S2.3 S3. S3 MAC(R1.2)
, S3.2 R1
IP ,
R1.1 5, .
3.
S2: MAC(H3), S2.4, T+70
S3: MAC(H3), S3.3, T-100 MAC(H3), S3.3, T+70

18, 263 35 20


H1 S1

S1.1 H5
S1.2

B
S2.2 S3
H2 S2 B
R1.1
B B S3.2
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
S4.2

. +100: O H4 IP IP(H5).
1. .
2. S4, S3, R1, H5, S2.
: 5
R1. MAC
5 ( ) MAC
, MAC(R1.2).
S4. MAC(R1.2) ,
S4.1 S3. S3 MAC(R1.2)
, S3.2 S3.3 R1
IP ,
R1.1 5, . S2
MAC(R1.2) , .
3.
S4: MAC(H4), S4.2, T+100
S3: MAC(H4), S3.1, T+100
S2: MAC(H4), S2.3, T-50 MAC(H4), S2.3, T+100

18, 263 35 21


H1 S1

S1.1 H5
S1.2

S2.2 S3
H2 S2 R1.1
S3.2
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
S4.2

. +220: O H2 MAC MAC(H1).

1. .
2. S2, S1.
: S2. MAC(H1)
( 1 ) ,
S2.2 S1. S1 MAC(1)
.
.
3.
S2: MAC(H2), S2.1, T+50 MAC(H2), S2.1, T+220
S1: MAC(H2), S1.2, T+220

18, 263 35 22


S1 H1

H5
S1.2

S3.4
S2.2
H2 S2 S3 R1.1
S3.2
R1.2
S2.3 S3.3
S2.1
S3.1 R1
S2.4

H3 S4.1
S4 H4
S4.2

18, 263 35 23