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Tu Duy Dot Pha 2 PDF
Tu Duy Dot Pha 2 PDF
Tu Duy Dot Pha 2 PDF
BREAKTHROUGH THINKING
T DUY T PH
FIRST NEWS
NH XUT BN TR
Li ta
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li Ta
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li Ta
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li Ta
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PHN 1
BN
CON NGI
TRUYN THNG
Chng 1
tY tHUC BN
Vn (*)
l s thc bch v mt hay mt lot thay i
cn phi thc hin ngay. Xt theo ngha ny th c m hay
mc tiu ca bn cng l mt vn . Ngay lc ny y, hn
bn ang i din vi mt s vn . l iu tt yu ca
cuc sng, vn l mt cuc u tranh khng ngng ca con
ngi vi t nhin, vi nhng ngi xung quanh v vi chnh
mnh an ton hn, thnh cng hn v hiu qu hn. Mc
tiu ca vic gii quyt vn v t c c m khng c
ngha l loi b s tranh u m nhm xc nh ngha v
phng hng vn n s hon thin.
Mc ch s nh hng vic tm kim gii php theo
nhng cch thc hiu qu nht. l nguyn tc gip bn
khai thc nng lc sng to - v cng l mc ch chnh ca
chng ti khi vit quyn sch ny. Khi c xong quyn sch,
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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T duy T ph
p xe tp th dc
gi gn cha kha
i y
Nn ch rng mi mc ch c phm vi khc nhau.
Nhng mc ch c th c sp xp theo mt trnh t t
nh n ln, t gn n xa, t ph n chnh. Vic phn loi
hay sp xp trt t ca cc mc ch c gi l h thng cp
mc ch. L do chng ta xt cc mc ch theo h thng l
nhm tm kim mt cp m cc n lc ca bn s to
nn kt qu hu hiu nht. Xp loi cc mc ch trn t nh
n ln to ra mt h thng tng mc ch nh Hnh 1-1.
Gi gn cha kha
Bo v xe p
S dng xe p
p xe tp th dc
i hc hay i lm
i y
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Ty Thuc bn
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Chng 2
VN ko
tHeo VN
C
ch y khng lu, T chc World Future tin hnh
tng hp v nu ra 2.653 vn nn m nhn loi phi i mt,
bao gm nhng vn t chin tranh ht nhn n vic gi
mo cc tc phm ngh thut. Vo nm 1991, Lin hip cc T
chc Quc t pht hnh n bn ln th ba b Bch khoa Ton
th gm hai tp v cc vn ton cu v tim nng ca con
ngi, cp n 13.000 vn nn th gii, t nng lc qun
l yu km cho n nn ph rng.
Cc danh sch ny vn tip tc di thm, nhng lin quan
n nhng vn nn c nhn v nhm - hay ni cch khc l
nhng vn con ngi - th cc danh sch ny ch mi
cp b ni, d rng ton b cc vn ny gn nh l v tn.
Chng ta thng c khuynh hng xem mi vn u
l nhng hn tng ngng trn con ng cuc sng ca
chng ta. Trn thc t, vn xut hin theo quy lut ch
khng phi mang tnh ngoi l. Bi, vn l s phn nh cc
trng thi tinh thn.
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vn ko Theo vn
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T duy T ph
Cc loi vn
Du bit rng c gng lit k tt c cc loi vn l mt
cng vic khng c hi kt thc, nhng vn rt hu ch khi
nu ra mt vi lnh vc ph bin nht m t cc vn
thng pht sinh. Ty theo tnh cht cng vic v mi quan
tm ca mnh, mt ngi s sn sng u t thm thi gian
theo ui mc ch hoc lnh vc ny hn so vi mc ch
hoc lnh vc khc. Tuy nhin, tt c chng ta u chm trn
vi loi vn mi ngy.
Trc tin v quan trng nht, l vn tn ti
(survival). y l vn c bn nht m mi chng ta u
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vn ko Theo vn
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vn ko Theo vn
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T duy T ph
Th xem xt mt s vn
Trc khi tip tc nghin cu chi tit nguyn tc T duy
t ph dnh cho c nhn trong cc chng ti, chng ta
th do qua Cn phng Khng hong, mt phng trin lm
ng i trng by nhng cch gii quyt vn yu km
cn c ngn chn v sa i bng cch s dng T duy
t ph.
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vn ko Theo vn
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T duy T ph
N LI T DUY NG S TRONG CC
NGNH KINH T
Kinh doanh vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau l hot ng
mnh m v rng ri nht mi quc gia. D lnh vc ny
thng xuyn ghi nhn nhng thnh tch n tng, nhng lch
s pht trin ca n vn khng ngng chng kin nhng vt
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vn ko Theo vn
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vn ko Theo vn
Mt s kt qu gii quyt vn
Nhng khng hong m chng ta c th gp phi nh
trn ch l vi iu c th d dng k li. Thc t vn cn
nghim trng hn v s lng nhng kt qu gii quyt vn
khng hiu qu, khng trit , trn lan, hoc ko di l mt
con s khng l.
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vn ko Theo vn
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vn ko Theo vn
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vn ko Theo vn
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vn ko Theo vn
Vn ca vn
Chng ny cp n nhiu ch rt khc nhau,
nhng tht ra l nhng kha cnh ca mt lun im: cuc
sng l mt tm mn ln m pha sau n c v s vn cn
c gii quyt; song con ngi thng tn qu nhiu thi
gian v sc lc lao vo gii quyt vn m khng xt n
hnh th, bn cht v cc n (c hi) ca mi vn .
Chng hn, ngi ta cho rng nhng tin b cng ngh
vt bc trong ngnh my tnh cng nh x l v kim sot
thng tin s ci thin mi trng lm vic, nng cao hiu qu
v tng nng sut lao ng. Th nhng, trong nhiu trng
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vn ko Theo vn
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Chng 3
tiN N s t pH
M rng c hi
thnh cng ca bn
n y, c l cn phi khng nh rng T duy t ph
i hi mt phng php tip cn vn hon ton mi
mt li t duy mi xa b khong cch gia tri thc sn c
ca mi chng ta v vic vn dng mt cch c h thng cc
tri thc pht trin cc cng trnh nhn to (sn phm
hng ha, nh ca, ng s, cu cng) v cc h thng khc
nhm hon thnh cc mc ch, mc tiu, gi tr v nim tin
ca chng ta.
Mt tng t ph him khi xut hin nh mt ting
st m xut hin thng qua s chun b ca thc. T duy
t ph c xem l mt cch chun b thc nng cao
kh nng t c mt t tng cht lng hoc mt
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Tin n s T ph
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Tin n s T ph
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T duy T ph
(*) Carl Gustav Jung (1875 - 1961): Nh tm thn hc ngi Thy S, nh t tng
ln v l ngi sng lp ra ngnh phn tm hc.
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T duy T ph
Thay i t duy cn c
Mt s thay i c bn v mt t duy l iu ti cn thit
bn c th tip thu v p dng T duy t ph.
Trc ht, bn cn nhn thc rng c nhiu hn mt cch
t duy (Chng 1), nhiu hn mt loi vn (Chng 2) v
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Tin n s T ph
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Tin n s T ph
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Tin n s T ph
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PHN 2
TNG CNG
HIU NNG
HOT NG
C NHN
Chng 4
NgUYN tC V s
kHC NHaU C o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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T duy T ph
2. Mi vn u thuc v mt chui cc vn c
o khc c lin quan
M x vn thnh nhng vn nh hn, v d qun
l hn l phng php truyn thng. Nhng phng chm
ny hu nh khng th p dng gii quyt nhng vn
phc tp. Mi vn u tn ti cc mi tng quan phc
tp vi con ngi v vi cc h thng c lin quan.
Mt ngi v v chng trong mi gia nh lun c s khc
bit vi cc cp v chng trong mt gia nh khc v h khc
nhau v gen di truyn, truyn thng gia nh, anh ch em, hon
cnh kinh t x hi Nhng iu kin nn tng ny s nh
hng n mi vic h lm trong i sng v chng.
Tng t, thit lp mt h thng kim k kho hng cho
cng ty ny cng s khc vi vic thit lp cho cng ty khc v
h thng kho hng s chu tc ng bi cc yu t ln hn nh
dy chuyn sn xut, c cu cc b phn, lch s hot ng ca
nh cung cp, i th, kiu tm l ca i l mua hng, v v
s cc yu t khc nhau gia cng ty ny vi cng ty khc.
Nu bn chia vn thnh nhng vn nh hn, bn s
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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T duy T ph
n ng ni cn n
Mt trong nhng him ha t vic sao chp gii php ca
ngi khc l bn s khng pht trin c nhng bc i qu
. Vn v gii php ch l nhng bc nh chp nhanh
trc-v-sau: y l ni chng ta ang ng, v kia l ni
chng ta mun n. Mt bc nh chp nhanh s khng ch
ra mt hng dn no v cch i t ni ny n ni khc, v
nu khng c bn trong tay, bn s b lc li ngay.
y l mt s lu c xp vo hng nh du
trong cuc hnh trnh tm kim gii php ca bn:
Khng pht minh li bnh xe!
iu ny tng c tc dng vi ti trong qu kh.
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
l cch chng ti lm y!
l cch c thc hin trong ngnh (ngh, b
phn) ca chng ta.
i th chng ta ang p dng n; chng ta s p dng
n tt hn, v nhanh hn.
Ti va c thy mt cng ngh mi tuyt vi.
Bt c khi no bn nghe chnh bn hoc ngi khc ni v
nhng iu ny, hy dng li ngay v p dng ngay Nguyn
tc v S Khc nhau c o.
Nu khng c hng dn, nhn vin ca bn s ko mi
vic vo trong tay mnh v t ra nhng con ng nh c
mc ch t c mc tiu, nh s vic xy ra nh
my giy Midwestern. Chnh sch qun l c on v khun
php trc km hm mi quan h gia cng nhn v
ban qun l xng sn xut lm nng sut i xung v nh
my b bn i nh ph liu.
Nhng ngi ch mi bc vo v c gng vc dy nh
my. Trong n lc a cng nhn tham gia nhiu hn vo hot
ng iu hnh nh my, gim c mi mua mt chng
trnh kho st kin t mt trng i hc vi hy vng tm ra
nhng chin lc ci thin h thng truyn t thng tin
v cc mi quan h trong xng. Nhng tht ng tic, nhng
ngi cng nhn ph v mi quy nh. H phn i cc
cuc kho st di dng v cho l in r v thiu mc ch.
H khng n cc cuc kho st v tin hnh t chc
cuc hp ca ring h lin quan n cc vn c th v my
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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nguyn Tc v s khc nhau c o
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T duy T ph
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Chng 5
NgUYN tC
triN kHai MC CH
M
t nh my thy in ln Canada mun gim gi
thnh ng thi nng cao hiu sut xy dng v bo tr
cc thp truyn ti in. Cc nh qun l quyt nh xy
dng mt chng trnh nh gi cng vic lp ch tiu
cho tt c nhn vin xy dng.
Sau khi nh my u t 2 triu la thu thp thng tin
v hiu qu cng vic v xy dng chng trnh, h phi
tm ngng v nguy c nh cng. Nhn vin phn i v
khi lng cng vic i hi mi ngi phi gnh vc tng
ln qu nhiu.
Gia lc bt u p dng chng trnh theo k hoch
nh, ban qun l c b thay th. Ban qun l mi quyt
nh dng T duy t ph m rng cc mc ch h
mun t c qua chng trnh, theo mt trt t cc mc
ch ln hn.
H xc nh cc mc ch ca chng trnh gm cc bc
nh sau: (1) nh ra cc tiu chun v khi lng cng vic
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
y l mt v d tm vi m (microcosm) v T duy t
ph. K thut Trin khai Mc ch cng rt hiu qu trong vic
gii quyt nhng vn khc, nh trong v d v vn giao
thng ti giao l nguy him n. Nu bn m rng suy ngh ca
mnh vt ra khi mc ch tc thi ban u, v ngh n iu
bn mun phm vi ln hn th cc la chn cho gii php
ca bn s n r nh hoa c ma xun, v gii php bn chn
c kh nng a bn n gn hn vi mc ch ca mnh.
Cc cp mc ch cn c nhng ng dng v m. Xem xt
v d sau y, cc mc ch c hiu ngm ch khng c
vit ra, nhng chng mang n cho Isao Nakauchi nh
sng lp, Ch tch Hi ng Qun tr kim Gim c DAIEI,
h thng siu th ln nht Nht Bn nhiu nm thnh vng
v pht trin. ng k:
Sau chin tranh th gii th hai, ti m mt quy thuc
ty nh Kobe. Lc , mi ngy ti bn thuc cho rt
nhiu ngi. Sau mt thi gian, ti cht ngh n mc ch
ca vic bn thuc quy thuc nh ca ti. Ti nhn ra
rng mc ch ca vic bn thuc l ngn nga bnh tt
cho ngi dn. Ti m rng quy thuc v bt u bn
cc mt hng c lin quan n vic tng cng sc khe
ca mi ngi. Quy thuc nh ca ti tr thnh ni bn
thuc l tng, v chng ti bt u pht trin chui quy
thuc khp t nc. Ti tip tc suy ngh n cc mc
ch ca quy thuc. Cui cng ti thy cc mc ch cng
vic ca ti khng ch tng cng sc khe cho mi ngi,
m cn mang li cho h mt cuc sng tt p hn. Ti
pht trin mt siu th cho mc ch . By gi chng ti
khng ch cung cp cc sn phm vt cht nhm lm cho
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
(*) Tu con thoi Challenger b n tung sau 73 giy ri khi b phng vo ngy
28/01/1986, lm thit mng ton b 7 thnh vin phi hnh on. Thm ha ny buc
Chnh ph M phi ngng chng trnh tu khng gian trong hai nm ri sau .
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T duy T ph
Bn cht v cc gi tr ca vn
Khi nim v mc ch c mt h quy chiu v trit hc
v lch s rt ni ting. Cc nh s hc i tm mc ch ca cc
hot ng ca qu kh trong bi cnh tng ha cc ng c,
mc tiu, gi tr v nim tin.
Cc trit gia lun i tm s thu hiu v cc vn c lin
quan n mc ch nhng gi nh tuyt i, quan h nhn
- qu, phng tin v kt qu, phng thc hot ng chc
nng, cc tng ngha, bn cht ca chn l v thc tin
Quan im ton din l yu t trung tm ca T duy t
ph. Chng ta tin rng l do cui cng gii quyt vn thnh
cng l hng n s hon thin con ngi; v cc gii php
khng da trn nim tin s khng pht huy ti a tc dng.
Mi vn lun c hai mt c bn, s tn ti c lp
(substantive) v cc gi tr (values).
Tn ti c lp bao gm tt c cc iu kin (ai, ci g,
u v khi no) ca mt tnh hung c th m bn mun thay
i. Vn tn ti c lp ca bi cht xp l a hng ln xe
ti hoc phn phi sn phm n khch hng. Trong quyn
sch ny, khi nhc n t mc ch l chng ti ang ni v
nhng kha cnh tn ti c lp ca vn . l chui cc s
mnh hoc kt qu vn ch c th t c thng qua cc hot
ng c cn nhc k lng.
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
Cng ty ch to t
Mc ch: Sn xut xe ch ngi v vn chuyn hng ha.
Gi tr hoc mc tiu: To li nhun, to phong cch ring, c cc
i l cht lng cao, p ng yu cu tiu hao nng lng, p
ng nhu cu khch hng.
Cc thc o kt qu: C tc, th phn, kh nng thu hi vn.
Mc tiu: Tng 20% li nhun trong nm ti, tng vng quay vn
15%.
Hnh ng c th: Thu mua, hn, sn, lp rp.
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
NOrTH GOrGE
HuBSvIllE
ng cao tc hai ln xe
H
Chng ngi
HT SMAll
Giao l BuffAlO
QuEEN CITY
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
Xy dng mt xa l
C mt xa l
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
8. a hng ha v hnh
khch n nhng thnh
ph xa xi
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
B. Cc h thng nh gi kt qu
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
c vt qu mt cp mc ch c th. Vic i qu xa s
kh nhn c s ng h ca h.
Mi trng chnh tr. Ai yu cu s thay i khn cp? p
lc n t u?
Gii hn thi gian. Thng thng mt d n c thi hn
hon thnh trong 6 thng s thuc v mt mc ch ln
hn d n c thi hn 24 gi ng h.
Chi ph d n.
Tnh cht phc tp ca hnh ng c yu cu thc hin
nhm t c cp mc ch.
Cc yu t t chc v phm vi quyn hn. Mt d n ca
b phn sn xut c th quan tm n mt mc ch c
lin quan n b phn kinh doanh, nhng mt s n v
thuc t chc khng cho php gt b cc tuyn b phn.
Yu t kim sot. Chnh quyn, hip hi hoc s kim sot
v cc quy nh bn ngoi c th mu thun vi mt cp
mc ch c th.
Yu t ti chnh. Mt mc ch c th s dn ti mt gii
php c vn u t ln? Cc gii php c vn u t ln
c tc ng g n s linh hot? (u t vn ln thng
khng linh hot).
Cc nhu cu ngun lc tng lai.
Cc yu t quan trng khc la chn mc ch l mi
quan h vi cc d n khc, cng ngh sn c bn trong hoc
bn ngoi t chc, tnh kh thi, hot ng v chin lc ca
i th, iu kin cp bng sng ch, tnh ph hp vi lch s
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
Cc mc ch v qun l d n
C gng gii quyt mt vn c ngha l bn phi x l hai
vic: (1) huy ng cc ngun lc gii quyt vn v (2) tn
dng s thay i vo tnh hung vn ban u. Nn p dng
nguyn tc Trin khai Mc ch vo c hai vn ny. V d, khi
huy ng cc ngun lc gii quyt vn , hy hi rng cc
mc ch ca vic lp d n nhm gii quyt vn l g? Chng
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T duy T ph
Hy ch nhng c hi c m ra
p dng nguyn tc Trin khai Mc ch c th to ri ro
v bn ang i ngc vi li t duy quen thuc, nhng bn s
gp ri ro nhiu hn nu khng p dng n. Hu ht cc cng
ty, c quan nh nc, cc nh cung cp dch v v c nhn
u gp kh khn v h khng t cu hi v cc mc ch.
Mt s lu nh du mc trong hnh trnh tm
kim gii php:
Mt ch th, gm cc thc o, chuyn n bn nh mt
gii php duy nht. V d, gim chi ph 10%, gim thi gian
tr li khch hng xung mc 5%...
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
Sau hy hi mc ch ca mc ch ca mc ch ny
l g? Hy hnh dung nhng mc ch ln hn v tm hiu
nhng tnh hung tng th. Nu mc ch ca dy giy l
buc giy, vy mc ch ca vic buc dy giy l g? Sau
xem xt cc kh nng cho cc gii php ci tin v thay th
khc c m ra trc mt chng ta. Ch c gng ht sc
hoc lm vic chm ch thi vn cha , bn phi bit r iu
bn nn lm, W. Edwards Deming, ngi xng hc
thuyt qun tr cht lng, ni.
Bit r iu nn lm l li ch c bn ca nguyn tc Trin
khai Mc ch. D n sau y l mt minh ha in hnh cho
iu ny. Ba mi ba thnh vin thuc S Y t khu vc Greater
Milwaukee quyt nh hnh ng gii quyt tnh trng
thiu ht y t, v vy, h thnh lp mt ban chuyn trch lin
ngnh gm 16 ngi. Sau khi xc lp mt dy mc ch (Hnh
5-6), ban chuyn trch thay i trng tm ca d n t cp 2,
s dng y t nh th no, n cp 8 v 9, cc m hnh chm
sc bnh nhn. H ng rng nu thc hin cc m hnh
phc v tt nhu cu ca bnh nhn th cc y t t nhin c
s dng ng ch.
Ban chuyn trch tht s ngc nhin v nhng kt qu
m quan im v cp mc ch ln hn ny to ra. Kt qu,
h khng cn thnh lp mt trung tm cung cp y t bi v
sut ton b qu trnh thit k, khng c g chng minh
rng mt trung tm nh th c th gip cc y t p ng
nhu cu bnh nhn. Thay vo , cc k hoch chm sc
bnh nhn v cc ch dn ca bc s phi lun m bo gn
vi mi bnh nhn.
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
3- Xy dng cc c im v quy m
ca bnh vin trong trng hp c s thiu ht
lc lng iu dng.
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nguyn Tc Trin khai mc ch
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T duy T ph
hi rng mc ch ca mc ch ca mc ch l g. Trn
tt c, x l vn chnh l lm vic vi tt c nhng ngi c
lin quan n vn . Khi , mc ch l cht xc tc
bin h thnh nhng ngi ng gp tch cc vo mt gii
php hiu qu.
Mt tng t ph him khi xut hin nh nhng tia
st bt ng. Chng ch xut hin khi tinh thn bn c chun
b, c kch thch v m ra sn sng n nhn cc c hi.
Nguyn tc Trin khai Mc ch s thc hin cng on
chun b. u t thi gian cho vic tm kim v nm bt cc
mc ch s tit kim rt nhiu thi gian, tin bc v n lc
ca bn v sau ng thi to ra khng ch ba t ph sau y
m cn nhiu t ph khc:
Mt khm ph , ra th! hoc mt tng hay gii php
sng to c bit xut sc.
Nhng kt qu tt hn nhiu.
Thc hin mt tng tt hoc loi b mt tng ti.
152
Chng 6
NgUYN tC
gii pHp tip tHeo
153
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(*) Trong The Act of Creative, Arthur Koestler cn c trn lun tnh c o
sng to khng c ngha l to ra hoc lm pht sinh mt h thng tng t ci
khng, m ng hn l t s phi hp nhng m hnh t duy tng tn ti vng chc
thng qua tin trnh trao i cho. Koestler gi tin trnh ny l bisociation. Nh vy,
c th hiu bisociation l kt qu t s kt hp nhng im tng ng bt ng
to ra nhng kiu kt hp mi.
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Tr li:
1- S dng xe ti cng thm gim s lng xe lu
thng trn ng.
2- t nhng bng xch ti t ng iu ha lu lng xe.
3- Lp t ng ray nhng xe ti cng thm c th
ch xe ti v xe hi.
Cu hi: Nhng cch tt nht (h thng l tng no)
t c cp mc ch chn?
Tr li:
4- Mt ng cao tc bn ln xe hon ton mi theo mt
ng thng.
5- Lm mt ng cao tc mi hai ln xe lu thng
mt chiu, v ng hin hu dnh cho hai ln xe theo chiu
ngc li.
6- M rng ra hai bn ng cao tc hin hu, mi bn
mt ln ng mi.
7- Yu cu mi ngi s dng xe hai cu vt mi a
hnh, xe i c trn ct, xe i c trn cn ln di nc
tn dng mt ng.
Bc tip theo (Bc B, Bng 6-1) l phi a ra cng
nhiu tng cho Gii php Tip theo cng tt. y l thi
im quan trng ca qu trnh xy dng khi nim v cng l
lc s dng hu ch nht nhng cch thc, k thut c trnh
by trn y. Hy tm kim vt ra ngoi nhng g bn c th
bit. Bn phi thit k nhng h thng l tng ch khng ch
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T duy T ph
ng cao tc mi
mt chiu, hai ln xe
ng cao tc hin
hu dnh cho chiu QuEEN CITY
ngc li
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NOrTH GOrGE
HuBSvIllE
ng cao tc mi hai ln xe
ng cao tc c hai ln xe
H HT SMAll
Chng ngi
ng trnh nh quanh h
Giao l BuffAlO
QuEEN CITY
Ti c xem xt mc ch ny v tng mc ch ln hn s
thc hin nh th no trong vng 10 nm k t by gi?
iu kin bnh thng no c th gip chng ta pht trin
nhng gii php l tng nht? (Nh trnh 15% trng
hp bt thng, ch tp trung vo 85% trng hp thng
thng ca gii php.)
iu g hin ti khng th lm nhng nu c th, s em
li thay i mt cch cn bn?
C phi ti ang xem xt ng mc tiu cho xut ti u?
C phi ti ang tm kim mt cu tr li ng th hai?
Th ba? Th t?
Ti c nh khuyn khch v li ko ngi ngoi cuc
tham gia vo qu trnh i tm gii php hay khng?
191
T duy T ph
Kt lun
Nguyn tc Gii php Tip theo c vai tr rt quan trng
trong vic pht trin nhng chin lc c th nhm t c
nhng quan im ci m ca nguyn tc v S Khc nhau c
o v nguyn tc Trin khai Mc ch. N buc bn phi suy
ngh vt ra ngoi vn hin ti v gii php kh thi u tin
hnh dung v hnh nh ca bn hoc cng ty, h thng, t
chc, sn phm hoc dch v trong tng lai. S hnh dung
ca bn c th tt tri xanh, nhng nguyn tc ny s a
bn tr li mt t khi bn tm nhng chin lc kh thi cho
mc tiu ca mnh. Nguyn tc s mang li cho bn s t do
chn la nhng gii php ng ci thin cuc sng.
Thc hnh nguyn tc Gii php Tip theo ca T duy
t ph nh sau:
t ra mt khung thi gian cho vic pht trin gii php
l tng.
Cho php bn bt u t vch xut pht tm kim gii
php.
Khuyn khch cc knh phn bin c th dn n nhng
gii php l tng.
Cn c vo iu kin bnh thng thit lp m hnh
gii php l tng.
Trnh c vic xy dng iu g hm nay nhng tr
thnh vt cn trong k hoch di hn.
m bo rng nhng xut hin ti cho s thay i cha
ng nhng d phng cho vic ci tin, nng cp lin tc.
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H ni:
Cch tt nht d on tng lai l
pht minh ra n.
- Alan Kay
196
Chng 7
NgUYN tC
tHit Lp H tHNg
7/8 ca vn vt l phn
chm ca mt tng bng tri
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T duy T ph
Hu ht vn vt u c th c xem l mt h thng.
Mt con cu cng l mt h thng: n n c sn xut len
v tht. Ni la l mt phn t ca mt h thng m tri t
m l thng cho sc nng trong lng t thot ra ngoi.
Khi x l mt h thng, bn c th lit k nhng yu t v
c im c bn ca n. Sau , lit k nhng yu t c th nh
hng n nhng yu t ny. Gi bn c hai danh sch, hoc
nhiu hn. C th bn mun chia cc yu t thnh hai nhm,
mt nhm gm nhng yu t nh hng n h thng vo cc
ngy thng v mt nhm nh hng vo ngy ch nht.
R rng nu theo cch ny bn s thy mnh vit ri vt
i rt nhiu t giy m khng th t c kt qu no.
p ng iu ny, mt ngi ngh ra mt cch trnh by
dng bng ch nht sp xp li trt t t mt m d liu
hn n. Phng php gi l ma trn.
Loi ma trn n gin nht l ma trn hai chiu, hay cn
gi l ma trn khi, ging nh bn c ca-r. Trong cc bn
c th vit bt c g, nu khng ch, bn c th nh du
chuyn n trang gii thch ring.
Mt ma trn c hng dc v hng ngang nhm th hin
mi tng quan gia cc thng tin trong cc . V d, nu bn
ang tm a im ph hp t nh my mi, cc la chn
v yu t c lin quan n chng c th sp xp nh m t
Hnh 7-1.
Khi mi nhn vo, bn s thy ngay rng lao ng sn c
vng duyn hi pha ng l iu m bn cn iu tra trc
khi bn chn gii php cho vn ca mnh.
200
nguyn Tc ThiT lp h Thng
Lao ng
Kh hu Chi ph xy dng/ m2
sn c
B Ty Tt $1.000 100%
Khu vc
Trung bnh $1.500 80%
Trung Ty
B ng Xu $2.000 ?
201
T duy T ph
CHNG C
NGHI V tr lc xy C hi tip Thng tin Hnh vi t
PHM ra v n cn sng c nhn suy lun
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203
Xu hng
Nguyn tc c bn: Gi tr: mc tiu, Thc o: thnh qu Kim tra: cch nh im chung: lin h Tng lai: nhng thay
cc c im t nim tin thc y, (tiu ch, cng hin v gi v sa i yu t ca tt c xu hng i c hoch nh v
nhin hoc c bn kht vng, o c, yu t c gi tr), mc hoc h thng khi i vi cc h thng nhu cu nghin cu i
ai, ci g, u, phm cch tiu (bao nhiu, khi n i vo hot ng hoc yu t khc vi tt c cc xu hng.
nh th no no, t l, c im
Yu t thnh qu c th)
Mc ch: s mnh, mc tiu,
nhu cu, mi quan tm ch
yu, trng tm
u vo: con ngi, vt
cht, thng tin kch hot
quy trnh
u ra: kt qu mong i
(t mc tiu) v khng
mong i t quy trnh.
Quy trnh: cc bc x l
u vo, lung, s , v
cc hot ng n v.
Mi trng: con ngi v
thi , t chc v hon
cnh
Yu t con ngi: K nng,
nhn s, trch nhim, khen
thng...
Yu t vt cht: thit b, iu
kin t liu
Hnh 7-3: Ma trn h thng: tc nhn, cht xc tc, cc hot ng h tr gip x l u vo thnh u ra
nhng khng l mt b phn ca u ra.
nguyn Tc ThiT lp h Thng
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T duy T ph
2- u vo
5- Mi trng
6- Con ngi
7- Yu t
4- Trnh t
vt cht
8- Yu t
thng tin
3- u ra
1- Mc ch
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Cc cu hi c a ra tm hiu cc c trng cn
c pht trin cho mi hu nh l tt c. l nhng cu
hi vt xa nhng cu hi thng thng Ai, Ci g, Ti sao,
u, Khi no v Nh th no. Cc cu hi cng c th hn v
c sn hn 48 cu hi m ma trn xut. Thm vo ,
16 cu hi v xu hng nn tng v gi tr, 24 cu hi v xu
hng kim sot, 32 cu hi v im chung, v 40 cu hi v
tng lai, tng cng c t nht 128 cu hi.
Quan im h thng v mt yu t v xu hng c th
tip din khng ngng, ging nh tm nh mt ngi ph n
cm trn tay mt chai thuc ty vi tm nh mt ngi ph
n cm trn tay mt chai thuc ty vi tm nh mt ngi
ph n cm trn tay mt chai thuc ty vi tm nh (3 ln).
Hy khoan bi ri! Thc t rt t khi xy ra cc ma trn
nh th. Tuy nhin, cch nhn chi tit v m rng ny s m
bo vic xem xt gii quyt vn cho mt d n mi mc
phc tp ng thi vi nhng n v ph thuc ln nhau
nhm hn ch nhng lin kt yu trong ton b h thng. Kh
nng nhn thc tng th ca ngi thnh t v hiu nhng
mi tng tc v cc lin kt yu thng qua mt s c cu h
thng m h thit lp bng trc gic chnh l im c trng
ca nguyn tc Thit lp H thng ca T duy t ph.
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Vic pht trin gii php theo h thng cng cho php
vic thc hin thm d v tng bc thc hin nhng thay
i ca nhng b phn quan trng.
6. Trnh s c gng sa cha nhng sai lm trong kim
sot v nhng sa i gy ra bi hot ng mang tnh chu k
ca h thng. Hu ht mi ngi ngh vic kim tra gim st
di mi hnh thc lun phi c trong mi h thng. i vi
a s h thng my bay, y hc, truy cp vo thng tin c
nhn th iu ny ng. Ma trn h thng vi cc yu t v
xu hng khc mc ch, im chung v gi tr s gip
nhn nhn ng hn v quan im kim sot. Con ngi c
th thc hin vic kim tra mt s khu my mc khng
th lm c. Nhng t cc tai nn nh my nng lng ht
nhn, sai st ca phi cng, v trc trc h thng bo chy
cho thy con ngi gy ra li lm, v vy cn phi c mt
s phn b vic kim tra hp l gia con ngi v thit b. V
d, khi thit k cc nh xng ln v phc tp, ngi M c
xu hng lp nhng c my kim tra gim st rt phc tp,
trong khi ngi Nht li giao cho con ngi vic kim tra
s phc tp ca nh xng (v t hiu qu cao hn so vi
ngi M).
7. Trnh s phc tp khng cn thit. Nu ma trn h
thng c th gip bn hiu c tnh phc tp v trnh c
vic kim tra gim st qu nhiu mt h thng th n cng c
th gip bn trnh c s phc tp khng cn thit. Ma trn
s cn bng vic kim tra bi n biu th mi mi tng quan
gia cc yu t. S phc tp qu mc ch c nhn r qua ma
trn h thng.
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T duy T ph
Bng 7-1: Cch thc ma trn h thng m rng mt k hoch chin lc.
Cc gi nh mi Mi trng Cc gi tr ca mi trng
trng ch yu Nn tng, thc o, kim tra, Trin vng mi trng
cc im chung tng lai
u ra
Kim tra, cc im chung
Cc gi nh chnh u vo Cc u vo c bn c trng
v i th Thc o, im chung Cc gi tr ca i th cnh tranh
u ra u ra c bn, nh th no
Thc o, kim tra, im chung v xu hng tng lai
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nguyn Tc ThiT lp h Thng
D on ti chnh Mc ch
Thc o, tng lai
u ra
u ra, quy trnh
Kt qu v tc ng
Dng nh c phn kh hiu khi chng ti s dng mt
vi thut ng ging nhau m t li ch ca nguyn tc Thit
lp H thng m nhng ngi xng ci gi l t duy h
thng s dng c phn thi qu. iu duy nht chng ti
c th gii thch vi bn l mang n mt hnh nh vng chc
v m hnh hnh phu v ma trn h thng bt c khi no bn
s dng t h thng, hoc khi so snh vi quan im bc
tranh ln v hnh do ngi khc xut.
233
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234
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235
Chng 8
236
nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
237
T duy T ph
238
nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
239
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T duy T ph
Tp trung vo thc o
Phng php gii quyt vn truyn thng thng qu
tp trung vo cc con s chnh xc. V d, u ra k vng ca
mt nh my c th l 1.244,33 n v sn phm mi ngy
trong khi 1.250 l con s chnh xc m d liu c th cung
cp. Nhiu ngi cho rng cc thc o l nguyn nhn ca
mi vn . V d, tng gim c ca mt cng ty 100 triu
la khng nh rng nhng con s th hin s yu km v cc
hot ng cng ty dn n tn tht ca cng ty trong ba
nm lin tip. V vy, ng y dnh thi gian ci tin cc
thc o, thay v nghin cu v s cc nhn t, c th o
242
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243
T duy T ph
244
nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
quan tm, hoc bi tiu lun c nhn hoc ti liu tham kho.
Nhng cch hc hi nh th s mang n cho bn nhiu
ngun thng tin b sung vo quan im T duy t ph.
245
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246
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247
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nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
249
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250
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257
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nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
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Kt qu v nh hng
Ging nh nguyn tc v S Khc nhau c o, nguyn
tc Thu thp Thng tin c Gii hn pht huy nh hng ln
nht thng qua phng php m n t ra trong qu trnh suy
lun ca bn. Cc v d mang tnh tiu cc v d nh thng
tin c thu thp qu d tha trong h thng kim sot su
hi v trong d n ti quy hoch th gm 200 khu ph
mt thnh ph thuc vng Trung Ty ni trn th hin
tm quan trng ca nguyn tc ny.
p ng yu cu rt cao ca nguyn tc ny, bn phi
lun tm hiu v cc mc ch ca vic thu thp thng tin v
bin php l tng t c nhng mc ch ny. iu ny
i hi s kin tr ca bn thn bn trc nhng p lc rt ln
ca x hi v thi quen thu thp tt c thng tin c bit
vo giai on u ca mi d n.
Cn i vi nhng ngi c quyn lc - nhng ngi hay
than phin rng h khng mun b lm phin bi nhng hc
thuyt mi v thng tin c gii hn, nhng ngi thch p
bn v ra lnh cho bn thu thp tt c mi thng tin th sao?
Phn ng thch hp l phi hi v mc ch ca vic cn cc
thng tin thc t v sau hi v mc ch ca mc ch ,
v mc ch ca mc th hai, c tip tc nh vy. Phn ng
ny lun pht huy tc dng, nhng n cn tun th cc
nguyn tc t c hiu qu cao nht. Hy nh rng
khng phi bn khng ng vi h; m bn ch m rng mt
cch thng minh s ch ca h m thi.
Vi kt qu tch cc m bn c th t c nu kin tr
p dng nguyn tc ny:
264
nguyn Tc Thu Thp Thng Tin c gii hn
Gim thiu tng thi gian thu thp thng tin v phn tch
d liu. Thm ch nu bn u t thm thi gian suy
ngh v nhu cu thng tin ca bn ngay t u, th tng
thi gian b ra s t hn na, c bn v bn khng ri vo
hi chng phn tch.
Gim chi ph cho vic thu thp thng tin v d liu. y
l nhng chi ph quan trng trong vic xc nh gi thnh
sn phm hoc dch v. ng thi, bn hc c cch
lng nghe ngi khc.
Sc lc b ra cho vic thu thp thng tin v nh gi
thng tin t hn. Bn hc c cch lng nghe ngi khc.
Ngoi tnh r rng v chnh xc, cht lng thng tin cao
hn ph hp vi gii php v yu cu ca d n. Bn trnh
c vic nh gi sai cc kin.
Tng tc tt hn gia ngi ph trch d n v ngi chu
tc ng ca d n. Bn hn ch c tnh thiu kin nhn.
Tp trung vo vic pht trin v thc hin h thng v cc
thay i thay v tp trung vo cc cch thc thu thp
thng tin v xy dng m hnh. iu ny cho bn bit khi
no b qu trnh thu thp thng tin, so snh iu c
lm vi mc ch v xut.
Lu tr bo co t hn.
Tuy nhin, bn cn lu n nhng ngi hay quan trng
ha cc thc o so vi ci gi phi tr cho Gii php Tip
theo. H cho rng vic lp ra mt bo co dy cp quan trng
hn vic xut gii php cho mt vn .
265
T duy T ph
Kt lun
Ct li ca chng ny l qu trnh Thu thp Thng tin
c Gii hn cho mt vn hoc mt d n c th. Nhng
phng php tip nhn v x l nhng thng tin cng l
mt vn c th gy ra hu qu ln thay v mang li cho bn
nhng kt qu tt p.
Thi i Thng tin em li s bng n v thng tin sn
c, v tht s bn c th b ngp chm trong . Nhng ng
vi lo! Trong vai tr l ngi nhn v ngi tiu th thng
tin, bn c th p dng T duy t ph. Mc ch bn mun
t c l g? Mc ch no th hin nhu cu c bn ca
bn? H thng l tng no gip t c mc ch? Gii
php Tip theo l g bn c th xem n l mt mc tiu
thit k cch x l v ng ph vi thng tin, c bit xc nh
cch chn lc v cch lin kt n cc ngun thng tin c
lin quan khc? Hy nhng cu hi bn cn tr li ko
266
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267
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268
Chng 9
NgUYN tC Li ko
Ngi kHC tHaM gia
269
T duy T ph
270
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
271
T duy T ph
272
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
273
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274
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
275
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276
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
277
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278
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
279
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280
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
281
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282
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
283
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284
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
285
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286
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
287
T duy T ph
nhng ro cn gy ra nhiu bt li bi v n n su vo
tim thc mi ngi.
Nguyn tc Li ko Ngi khc Tham gia t trng tm
vo vic x l, ch khng phi gt b cc nim tin ang tn ti.
Khi kt hp vi cc nguyn tc khc ca T duy t ph, Li
ko Ngi khc Tham gia cho php cc thnh vin nhm th
hin gi tr ca chnh h, cho php h tin xa trong iu kin
v hon cnh ca chnh mnh. y l l do quan trng khin
T duy t ph c s dng thnh cng trong nhiu nn
vn ha khc nhau.
12. Trnh xu hng p dng nhng h thng kim tra,
gim st thi qu. iu ny lin quan n xu hng gii quyt
vn duy l bng cch p t nhng cch kim tra, gim st
khc nhau i vi nhn vin, ch bi v cc cng ngh c sn
c th lm iu tt hn chng ta. Robert Howard m t
ni kinh hong ca vic kim tra, gim st thi qu nh sau:
Kim tra, gim st thm ch dn n nhng kt qu yu km r
rng v nhiu mt. Mt nh qun l Ngn hng Citibank t
quy nh thi gian gii quyt trung bnh 2 pht cho mi cuc
gi ca khch hng n trung tm x l th South Dakota.
Kt qu l, khi nhn vin cng thng p ng yu cu thi gian
ca mi cuc gi, h sn sng ct ngang cuc gi ca khch hng
bt k vn ca h cha c gii quyt!
Mt s mc ch v mc tiu quan trng khc ca nguyn
tc Li ko Ngi khc Tham gia:
Gia tng cam kt lu di ca nhng ngi tham gia
m bo tnh kh thi v ci tin lin tc ca gii php.
288
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
289
T duy T ph
CC GI
a. Hy th p dng phng php ny. Hy t nim tin
vo ngi khc. Hy ni chuyn vi mi ngi. Hng dn h
cc nguyn tc T duy t ph. Vn dng ngn ng t duy
t ph trong cc cuc tho lun cc mc ch, thc o
nh gi thnh qu mc ch (s hi lng ca khch hng, chi
ph, thi hn, v nng sut), cc Gii php Tip theo
b. t cu hi. Ni dung cc cu hi phi lin quan n
mc ch, h thng l tng l nhng cu hi khng e
da n li ch ca ngi khc.
c. T chc cuc hp khng chnh thc trong nhng bui
n tra hoc mt cuc hp hng tun ca cu lc b tnh
290
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
291
T duy T ph
CC PHNG PHP
Nm vn cn nhc lin quan n vic thc hin nguyn
tc Li ko Ngi khc Tham gia vo vic gii quyt vn
292
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
293
T duy T ph
A. Giai on
Nhn c tn hiu ng tnh ca nh lnh o cao nht
Hun luyn o to ngi khc v quy trnh T duy t ph
Pht trin h thng k hoch
Xc nh vn
Xc nh tiu ch ra quyt nh
Xc nh nhim v ca cc thnh vin trong nhm
Xc nh mc ch v dy mc ch
xut kin
Xem xt gii php tip theo
Chn mc tiu
Chi tit ha
Trnh duyt
p dng
Ci tin
294
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
295
T duy T ph
(1) l phng php do Jiro Kawashita (JK) xng vo nhng nm 1960. Theo
phng php ny, mi ngi trong nhm s vit tng ca mnh ra giy, tm cc
tng c lin quan, sp xp cc t giy ghi tng thnh nhm cho n khi tt c
tng u c phn loi nh gi v la chn.
(2) Nhm cht lng l mt nhm tnh nguyn lm cu ni vi ban gim c trong
vic xut cc kin, sng kin ci thin cht lng cng vic, sn phm, iu
kin sn xut nhm nng cao hiu nng hot ng ca t chc.
296
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
297
T duy T ph
298
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
299
T duy T ph
300
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
ch c bn v kt qu p dng. T , bn c th xc nh b
quyt no ph hp cho tnh hung ca bn.
Sau y l nhng c im ca nhm m bn nn xem
xt khi thit k h thng hoch nh d n:
1- Cc mc ch, trnh t mc ch v mc tiu.
2- Trch nhim v mc t quyt.
3- iu kin tr thnh thnh vin, quyn hn nhm m
mi thnh vin mong mun, mi quan h gia cc thnh vin.
4- Hot ng nhm l chnh thc hay khng chnh thc.
5- S thn thin, thng thn v t do trong tho lun (liu
cuc trao i c phn chia vai v gia nhng ngi c chc v
hoc cuc trao i ch din ra gia h?).
6- S on kt ca nhm (c hiu qu v cam kt theo
nhm hay khng?) v mc s dng my tnh trong qu
trnh gii quyt vn .
7- Mc kim sot ca ngi iu phi v ngi ra
quyt nh.
8- C s vt cht sn c (thit b u cui, cc trang b
trong phng hp).
9- Ngun thng tin sn c (th vin v iu kin c s
d liu, chuyn gia).
C th c mt s bt li ca nhm nh: p lc tun theo
c th gy ra nhng gii php cht lng thp, hoc nhng
nhm c th gii quyt vn qu nhanh, thm ch b st
nhng tng hay khi gii php thm d c a ra.
301
T duy T ph
302
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
303
T duy T ph
304
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
305
T duy T ph
NG NO V TNG TNG
Cc bn c quyn li v ngha v lin quan tho lun ci m v trao
i kin v mt vn cn ci tin tm ra mt gii php chung ph
hp nht.
TRANH LUN
Hai nhm tranh lun cc xut mt cch chnh thc. Mt hi ng
ra quyt nh s nh gi hiu qu ca mi nhm quyt nh chn
xut tt nht.
306
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
TNG TC
Mt nhm gp nhau tho lun vn theo mt cch khng c sp
xp trc. Nh lnh o gi vai tr nh hng thp, mc d nh lnh
o c o to c th lm tng mc t chc tng.
PHNG PHP KJ
Mi ngi trong nhm vit ra tng trn mi t giy ri dn tt c trn
mt tm bng hoc t trn bn. Cc thnh vin s phn loi cc t
giy thnh tng nhm, mi nhm i din cho mt ngi trong gia
307
T duy T ph
KHO ST KIN
Cc c nhn by t quan im hoc thch v mt vn thng qua
cc cuc kho st ly kin m khng cn phi tng tc trc tip.
308
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
NHP VAI
Cc c nhn ng cc vai tr khc nhau trong qu trnh ra quyt
nh, v th h s hiu c thi v nh hng ca mnh n ngi
khc v hc hi cch tr thnh mt ngi gii quyt vn hiu qu.
H THNG XUT
Cc xut ca c nhn i vi vic ci tin nng sut v cht lng
c thu thp. Cc xut thng c b vo thng th gp v mt
y ban s nh gi liu cc xut c ng thc hin hay khng.
MA TRN H THNG
Mt cu trc gii php hng dn nhm gii quyt vn thng qua
vic pht trin gii php. Ma trn h thng cho php cc thnh vin suy
ngh mt cch chnh thng v v th xem xt cc im chung v chiu
hng tng lai ca xut.
309
T duy T ph
GIAO TIP T XA
Tin nhn bng ging ni, e-mail hoc hnh nh c trao i qua li
gia nhng ngi tham gia cho php vic trao i tng m khng
cn phi gp mt trc tip.
Lu
Hy nh rng con ngi v t chc truyn t thng tin
da trn c s cn-phi-bit (need-to-know). Trong nhng
trng hp , bn s nghe thy nhng tn hiu cnh bo
sau:
Chng ta s thng bo cho h khi n lc.
H s khng hiu nhng iu phc tp ny u.
H khng trnh tham gia vo cp ra quyt
nh ny.
Anh ta l ngi m mng vin vng.
C y qu quan trng ha cc chi tit.
H lm ti ni in vi cc cu hi.
Hy i thng vo trng tm ca vn .
Chng ta (ban qun l) tn t thi gian tm gii php
hn h.
Nhng nhn nh trn y chnh l nhng du hiu cho
thy nguyn tc Li ko Ngi khc Tham gia cha c
nhn thc r rng v y , v vn cha c p dng rng
ri.
310
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
Kt qu v tm nh hng
Li ch ca vic p dng nguyn tc Li ko Ngi khc
Tham gia l to iu kin cho ngi khc thc hin tt cng
vic ca h, bi qua h hiu mt cch d dng hn ti sao
v nh th no v h thng. iu ny li tip tc nng cao s
t tin, gp phn m rng s ng gp v nhit huyt ca h
i vi tt c trong mi cng vic.
Ngi tham gia vo nhm cng c th hc cch tr
thnh thnh vin hiu qu trong cc nhim v trong tng
lai. K nng ny rt cn thit trong th gii ngy nay. Khi cc
t chc thu hp v cc cp qun l b ct gim, s thnh cng
ca c nhn s khng c cng nhn bng s thng chc,
m thay vo bng nng lc thc s ca h trong cng
vic. Nng lc c nhn c pht trin bi T duy t ph
khng ch to ra kh nng lnh o tt, m cn gip pht
trin nng lc v s hp tc tch cc ca nhn vin cp di.
Nhng li ch ny khng m bo mi mi, nhng cc
m hnh t duy ca nguyn tc Li ko Ngi khc Tham
gia, c p dng kt hp vi nhng nguyn tc T duy t
ph khc, s nng cao mnh m kh nng t c chng.
Mi ngi s p dng cc gii php v tin hnh cc quy
trnh th tc m h tham gia pht trin. Tht vy, vi T duy
t ph, nhng g h xut cng s d bo kh nng thc
hin ca h. V vy, s tng tc lin tc vi nhng ngi
bn khuyn khch tham gia s dn dn thit lp mt hnh
ng t nhin ch khng phi l s thay i bt ng cho bn
v cho h.
311
T duy T ph
312
nguyn Tc li ko ngi khc Tham gia
313
Chng 10
NgUYN tC
Ci tiN LiN tC
Bit khi no cn ci tin
314
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
315
T duy T ph
316
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
317
T duy T ph
318
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
319
T duy T ph
320
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
321
T duy T ph
Mc ch v cc mc tiu ca nguyn tc Ci
tin Lin tc
Nguyn tc Ci tin Lin tc m rng cc mc tiu ca
cc nguyn tc khc - nhm nng cao mnh m kh nng ra
i ca mt gii php t ph v c ng dng khi bn ang
x l vn - bng cch b sung mt thnh t then cht: mt
s t ph c th xy ra sut mt qung thi gian, ch khng
ch xut hin ti mt thi im no .
C hai ngi c tng tin tin (t ph) v vic ci tin
mt cu trc h thng thng tin c thng chc vo cc v
tr iu hnh ti hai chi nhnh khc nhau ca mt cng ty.
Mt ngi bt u tin hnh thc hin ngay tng trong chi
nhnh mi. Sau ba thng, anh nhn thy nhn vin trong chi
nhnh kin quyt phn bc tng ca mnh nn nh b d
vic thc hin.
Cn ngi kia bt u t chc mt nhm chuyn trch
tho lun v vn x l thng tin. Anh ni v cc mc
322
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
323
T duy T ph
324
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
325
T duy T ph
326
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
327
T duy T ph
328
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
329
T duy T ph
330
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
331
T duy T ph
332
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
333
T duy T ph
334
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
Ci tin: Mt s phn nh
tng ci tin c nhng nghch l ca n. Ngc li, mi
chng ta li tin chc rng l quy trnh th s khng bao gi
thay i; nhng thc ra s thay i lin tc din ra trong cuc
sng ca chng ta v cho chng ta cng nhiu la chn trong
hu ht mi chuyn. Mt khc, mi chng ta u cm thy
rt hi lng vi cc hot ng m mnh thc hin hoc cc h
thng chng ta ang vn hnh nh ca, chng trnh th
thao, thm ving h hng, quy ch iu hnh cng vic ca
bn, cc l nghi ca cng ng chng ta. Tht may, l
phng tin thit lp mt nn tng v cuc sng m tnh
hung trc c th din ra xung quanh n.
Cc x hi ni chung phn nh s mu thun ny, th hin
nim tin v cc gi tr ca qu kh trong khi vn tm kim v
chp nhn cc li ch ca s pht trin kinh t v khoa hc k
thut, song i vi gi tr con ngi v cuc sng trn Tri t
335
T duy T ph
336
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
337
T duy T ph
Khng ngng S
Danh d lm mi Tnh
bn thn ci tin
hiu qu
Cht lng
cuc sng
338
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
339
T duy T ph
Kt lun
Cuc hnh trnh xuyn qua nguyn tc Ci tin Lin tc
gn cht T duy t ph vo mc tiu chung ca x hi l ci
tin mi vic chng ta lm. y khng phi l gii php cui
cng, nhng hnh trnh s lm sng t nhu cu then cht
340
nguyn Tc ci Tin lin Tc
341
T duy T ph
342
PHN 3
BN
CON NGI
HIU qU
Chng 11
sC MNH Ca s
kt Hp 7 NgUYN tC
t dUY t pH
344
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
345
T duy T ph
Tm tt cc nguyn tc T duy t ph
p dng cc nguyn tc T duy t ph, iu u tin
bn cn nh l xem xt tng th khi gii quyt vn . Tng
th vn bao gi cng quan trng hn tng s cc phn t
nh ca n. V th, p dng mt nguyn tc vo mt thi im
346
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
347
T duy T ph
348
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
349
T duy T ph
350
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
351
T duy T ph
352
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
353
T duy T ph
354
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
355
T duy T ph
356
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
357
T duy T ph
Lp k hach
ng hay thc
hin bc i, giai
on no
358
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
359
T duy T ph
360
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
361
T duy T ph
362
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
363
T duy T ph
ng lc i n thnh cng
C th ni, thay i t duy l iu khng d dng. Trn
thc t, im quan trng ca T duy t ph l thi chin
thng bn thn. Trong vai tr l ngi T duy t ph, chng
ti tp trung vo thay i cch tm gii php ca mi ngi
khp ni trn th gii. Chng ti tp trung thay i vn ha
t chc v vn ha tp th vn da trn li t duy c in v
khng thnh cng. Chng ti cng tp trung vo thay i thi
v quan im gii quyt vn ca chnh c nhn bn, v
v vy s thay i c cuc sng ca bn.
Nu bn l gim c ca mt cng ty, c l vo lc ny
bn cn ng lc pht trin hn l ngi nhn vo cc
con s thng k th phn. Bn phi thnh cng. Bn phi to
ra li nhun. Bn phi vt tri hn i th. Nu khng, bn
s khng cn nhiu c hi.
Di gc c nhn, mi ngi u c nhng s thch v
ng lc ring. C ngi cho rng kim tin l mc ch ca
cuc sng. Cng c ngi li tm kim s mn nguyn, thanh
thn cc hot ng gip cng ng. Cn hu ht chng
ta u c nhng mc tiu gin d hn nh lm vic, hc tp,
tha mn nhu cu ti thiu ca c nhn; v bn mc tiu
chung ca x hi: nng sut lao ng x hi cao, nng cao cht
364
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
365
T duy T ph
Du hiu v tc nhn
Khch hng, ngi s dng, hoc nhu cu c mt quy trnh r rng
hoc cc khiu ni
S khc bit ln trong ngn sch v chi ph thc t
Hot ng hoc phng ban c ngn sch hot ng c phn b
nhiu nht
Thiu cc th t u tin
Nhng hot ng v quy trnh km hiu qu
366
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
nh gi nhu cu
Nhng tnh hung rc ri (mu thun gia cc phng ban)
Mu thun khng gii quyt c hoc mu thun chung
Ro cn v nh
Chng trnh theo xu hng ni tip xu hng
Hot ng hng o v thm d
Khng hong hoc khng ph hp
Thc o km (nng sut, cht lng, th phn, s ln giao hng c
ngi ni vi bn rng gim 25% chi ph hoc 30% thi gian)
Gi tr, mc tiu, mc ch khng t c
Th thch hoc iu khng mong i
Thng k nhn khu hc
Ai khng khng rng ro cn l c nh
Gi sn phm ca i th thp hn, hoc cht lng cao hn
Chu k lp k hoch hng nm
Mt giai on khc trong vng i sn phm
H thng ng (nhng kh khn, hiu sut thp, chng trnh b
nght c chai nh trong Qun tr Cht lng Ton din)
H thng tnh (kt qu tt nhng vn cn kh nng ci tin cao)
H thng cha tn ti v cc nhu cu cha c p ng
Tho lun nhm phi chnh thc
Bm st ngun thng tin ang thu thp
Tnh lin tc ca t chc (pht trin, thnh qu, loi b, truyn thng,
dch v sn phm, hiu sut, ti tr, c cu t chc, cc chng trnh
pht trin con ngi)
C cu th trng v c cu ngnh
367
T duy T ph
368
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
369
T duy T ph
370
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
371
T duy T ph
372
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
373
T duy T ph
p dng lp i lp li T duy t ph
Tht ra, khi p dng cc nguyn tc T duy t ph,
nhng sai st trc kia s c ci thin v lm cho h thng
hay gii php bn ang tm hiu tin n s hon ho. Ti sao?
Bi v khng c t ph t nhin. Ch n thun s dng
nhng nguyn tc y khng bo m tm ra c gii php
kh thi nht. iu duy nht bo m cho mt gii php ti u
l p dng thng xuyn cc nguyn tc T duy t ph.
Khi tin hnh lp li quy trnh, ng bao gi tm ngi
gy li. ng c gng sa li. Bn ch n gin bt u li ton
b quy trnh mt ln na. Bt u li vi cc mc ch v gii
php tip theo. Mi ln p dng mt nguyn tc trong T duy
t ph khng nht thit bn phi t c gii php kh thi
nht. S t ph s xy ra trong qu trnh bn s dng 7
nguyn tc trnh by trn y.
S t ph c xu hng ngy cng tng nu bn p dng
phi hp cc nguyn tc mt cch thng xuyn v lp i lp
li. Vi mi ln n lc, bn s cng gt hi c nhng kt qu
tt hn v gia tng nhng gii php tin tin hn, v xt trn
tng th th bn t c bc t ph m bn mong
mun. Hy nh rng, tri vi nhng nhn nh thng thng,
T duy t ph cn ngha hn c thi khc cc php mu
xut hin, n mang n cho bn cm gic v a ra th!
y cm hng.
V tip tc lp i lp li
t c nhng ci tin cng nh nhng thay i
chnh thng qua vic lp i lp li quy trnh th cn phi xem
374
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
375
T duy T ph
376
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
377
T duy T ph
378
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
S sn sng
Tiu s v quy tc ng x ca bn thn cng nh ca cng
ty bn s nh hng n s sn sng p dng T duy t ph.
Chng hn mt s cng ty, t chc hn ch y quyn cho cp
di, c cu t chc phn chia r rt, giao lu hn ch gia cc
phng ban, chnh sch lao ng cht ch (ngh m, hun luyn
v o to, ngh lm thng xuyn) Bt k d n c nhn
hoc i nhm no cng c mt thi im thun tin gii
thiu T duy t ph vo trong t chc vi cc chnh sch t
h khc lin quan n nhng yu t trn.
V mc sn sng gia cc t chc khc nhau, nn mt
cch khc bt u thc hnh T duy t ph l xem vic
gii thiu T duy t ph l mt d n nh trong chnh d n
ln ca t chc. C th thnh lp mt nhm, thm ch khng
chnh thc, truyn t T duy t ph trong t chc. Mc
ch v Gii php Tip theo cn c xc nh r v cui cng
l hnh ng.
Cc bin php bao gm t vic t bn p dng T duy
t ph vo nhng d n ca ring bn cho n mt quy nh
trong chnh sch cng ty rng T duy t ph l cch gii
quyt mi vn (k c nhng phng n khc c th c s
379
T duy T ph
380
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
381
T duy T ph
Kin tr v Quyt tm
Kin tr v quyt tm l phm cht rt cn thit i vi
ngi mun thc hnh T duy t ph. N mang li cho bn
nhng phng php pht minh, sng to, v xy dng mi
t c nhng ci m Rosabeth Moss Kanter gi l trng tm
382
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
383
T duy T ph
384
sc mnh ca s kT hp 7 nguyn Tc T duy T ph
385
Chng 12
CHC MNg BN N
Vi tNg Lai!
L
i th v hnh t t duy s to nn s khc bit ln
trong hiu qu lm vic ca con ngi v cc t chc. Th k
21 l thi i ca sc sng to mnh m cha tng c trong
lch s; l thi i ca nhng ngi bit vn dng sc sng to
ton din bng T duy t ph c cao v tng thng.
Nng lc t duy ca tng c nhn - khng phi l ngun lc
t nhin, vn, hay k thut (l nhng th sn c trong th gii
ngy nay) - mi to ra s khc bit ln gia thnh cng v tht
bi, gia ngi dn u v k theo ui.
Ti sao? Bi v T duy t ph l mt quy trnh m nh
chng ta c th bin thng tin v tri thc thnh thc tin
mt cch sng to v hiu qu, qua lp y khong cch
386
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
Li ch ca T duy t ph
Nhng ngi tng p dng T duy t ph lin h vi
chng ti v nhng c trng m h tin rng c th khi qut
ha tt c nhng g m cc nguyn tc v quy trnh T duy t
ph mang li trong n lc gii quyt vn , sng to hoc ci
tin v ti cu trc cc gii php. H cho rng T duy t ph:
Gip nhn ra nhng im khc bit ca tng d n.
Xem mi kha cnh ca d n l mt vn hoc mt c hi.
iu tra nhng vn c nhn din quyt nh
u l vn c bn cn x l, bng cch m rng cc gii
hn.
Xc nh cc thc o cht lng v nhng kt qu tht
s quan trng.
Khuyn khch mi ngi ng gp v pht trin nhng
gii php ca ring mnh.
Mang mi ngi n gn nhau t nhiu ngnh v phng
ban khc nhau.
Xy dng khi nim v s thay i lin tc.
Nu r tc ng ca tng gii php ln mi trng
rng ln hn.
387
T duy T ph
389
T duy T ph
390
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
391
T duy T ph
392
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
393
T duy T ph
394
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
Thng mi v ti chnh
Vo thng 5 nm 1989, chnh quyn ca Tng thng
George Bush - i mt vi p lc mnh m v pht trin
thng mi quc t - nhn nh Nht Bn l mt trong
nhng quc gia thc hin thng mi gian ln vi M. Ngi
Nht rt tc gin vi nhn nh trn v xem l mt s xc
phm c v t chi tho lun xa hn v cc chnh sch
thng mi vi M. Nm 1993, sau khi Tng thng Clinton
vo Nh Trng, mt n lc m phn c xc tin nhng
tht s khng t kt qu ng k.
Trong qu trnh xc nh vn thm ht thng mi vi
Nht Bn, r rng khng mt Ngh s Quc hi no ngh n
gii php tip theo khi thng qua d lut vo nm 1989.
Cng khng ai quan tm qun l thc hin gii php c
chn thng qua mt ma trn h thng trnh cc kt qu
ngoi mun t lut ny v nhng rc ri c th xy ra khi p
dng gii php chn.
Thay v quan tm n mc ch ca h thng hin ti,
thay v ku gi s cng tc ca nhng ngi quan trng trong
lnh vc vn ny xc nh vn hin ti cng vi vic
hng n mt tng lai chung, th ngi M mun bo
cha trch nhim i vi vn m khng tm kim gii php
n phng hnh ng m khng nm r vn . Hu
qu ca hnh ng vn cn tc ng n ngy hm nay:
nc M khng c chnh sch thng nht v r rng no i
vi Nht Bn.
395
T duy T ph
Gio dc
C th ni rng cht lng gio dc cng ng ca M
ngy nay tt hu so vi nhiu quc gia cng nghip khc
chu u v chu . V d, trong nhng cuc kho st xp
hng v kh nng ton hc, hc sinh M xp di hc sinh
Iceland, Anh, Ty Ban Nha, Canada, Triu Tin.
Mt l do ca vn ny l do ni dung m cc gio vin
c dy, hc, v c khen thng gn lin vi nhng tiu
chun thiu suy xt v nhng quy nh chung. Tnh cng nhc
c th lm gio vin ch tm ging dy hay gip sinh vin
tip thu kin thc nhng cng ng thi li cn tr kh nng
hc hi mt cch sng to ca hc sinh - sinh vin.
Ring tr em th khng gp kh khn g khi tm hiu
nhng cch tip cn cn thit khc thit lp hay ci tin
cc gii php v nghin cu rt ra nhng ci tng qut.
Charles Anderson, gio s i hc Michigan v Mary Budd
Rowe, gio s gio dc hc i hc Florida, cho bit: Tr em
bt u tham gia cc hot ng c xem l c t duy sp
xp cao - m t, gii thch, d on v kim sot th gii xung
quanh - trc khi chng hc cch ghi nh s vic v iu
chnh li theo nhu cu s dng kin thc.
Bn c th hoch nh theo nhng cch khc ci thin
h thng gio dc a phng ca bn khng?
396
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
397
T duy T ph
398
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
399
T duy T ph
400
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
401
T duy T ph
Nghin cu T duy t ph
Nghin cu ca chng ti tp trung vo c trng v ngh
nghip c th ca cc chuyn gia nh quy hoch, qun l,
thit k, k s v nh gii quyt vn thnh cng nht.
Nghin cu cng tm hiu kin ca cc chuyn gia v cch
phn loi, kt ni v tng hp nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca
phng php gii quyt vn v qu trnh thit k ca ring
h t c thnh cng.
Sau chng ti so snh phng php ca cc chuyn gia
vi phng php ca nhng ngi bnh thng nhm xc
nh nhng im khc bit, t c th nhn din r rng
nhng phng php, phng tin v k nng m cc chuyn
gia thng s dng trong qu trnh gii quyt vn ca h.
Mt nghin cu khc m chng ti va tin hnh gn y
lin quan n cc quy trnh k thut x hi ca T duy t
ph - l tm hiu cch no hiu qu nht thu ht s tham
gia cng tc ca mi ngi trong vic ngn chn v gii quyt
vn , cng nh tm hiu cc cng c k thut cng ngh
h tr cho quy trnh nh my vi tnh, c s d liu v h thng
402
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
403
T duy T ph
404
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
405
T duy T ph
406
chc mng bn n vi Tng lai!
407
V CC tC gi
T
in s Shozo Hibino l Gio s i hc Chukyo, Nht
Bn, Gio s Thnh ging Hc vin Khoa hc X hi Thnh
ph Ty An, Trung Quc v l Ch tch Hip hi Quy hoch
Nht Bn, Ch tch Hip hi Quy hoch Ton cu; Ph Ch
tch Cng ty T vn T duy t ph Quc t c tr s
chnh ti M.
ng thi, ng l thnh vin ca nhiu hip hi ca
Nht Bn: T chc Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn JICA; Hip
hi K thut Hi ngoi Nht Bn, Hip hi K s Cng
nghip Nht Bn; Hip hi Qun tr Nht Bn; Vin nghin
cu Tokai; Phng Thng mi Doanh nghip Tr Nht
409
T duy T ph
410
v cc Tc gi
411
T duy T ph
412
MC LC
Li ta ..........................................................................................5
PHN 1
BN CON NGI TRUYN THNG
Chng 1:
TY THUC BN ..............................................................14
Chng 2:
VN ko THeo VN .................................................36
Chng 3:
TiN N s T pH ........................................................58
413
T duy T ph
PHN 2
TNG CNG HIU NNG HOT NG
C NHN
Chng 4:
NgUYN TC V s kHC NHaU C o..........................94
Chng 5:
NgUYN TC TriN kHai MC CH ..................................115
Chng 6:
NgUYN TC gii pHp Tip THeo ....................................153
Chng 7:
NgUYN TC THiT lp H THNg ...................................197
Chng 8:
NgUYN TC THU THp THNg TiN C gii HN...............236
Chng 9:
NgUYN TC li ko Ngi kHC THaM gia ...................269
Chng 10:
NgUYN TC Ci TiN liN TC.........................................314
414
mc lc
PHN 3
BN CON NGI HIU qU
Chng 11:
sC MNH Ca s kT Hp 7 NgUYN TC
T dUY T pH ...............................................................344
Chng 12:
CHC MNg BN N Vi TNg lai!.............................386
V cc tc gi ..........................................................................409
415
SHOZO HIBINO
GERALD NADLER
FIRST NEWS
Chu trach nhim xut ban:
Tin s QUACH THU NGUYT
Bin tp : Thnh Nam
Trnh by : First News
Sa bn in : Thanh Bnh
Thc hin : First News Tr Vit