the image of x, or the value f at the point x.
If y is the image of x,
CHAPTER 01
FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS
Open Interval: The set of all points x such that x lies between two
real numbers a & b (a < b) so that a < x < b is called the Open
Interval, denoted by (a, b) or ] a, b [ Hence (a, b) = {x / a < x < b}
Closed Interval: The set of all points x such that x lies between
two real numbers a & b (a < b) So that a x b is called the
Closed Interval denoted by [a , b] Hence [a, b] = {x / a x b}
Lower bound: Let S R (i.e. S is a non-empty subset of R).
A number a R is called a Lower bound of S. if a x, x S.
Greatest lower bound (g.l.b.): Let S R, Let a1,a2,a3
3..an3.. are lower bonds of S. If m is the smallest of all these
lower bounds a1a2a3 3..an3.. then m is called greatest lower
bound (g.l.b) of S.
Upper Bound: Let S S, A number b R is called on upper
bound of S if b x, x S.
Least Upper Bound (l.u.b.): Let S R, Let b1,b2,b3 3..bn3..
are all upper bounds of S. If M is the least of all these upper
bounds then M is called least upper bound (l.u.b.)
Function: Let x and y be two non-empty Sets. A rule f which
assigns to each elements of x a unique element of y is called a
function or (single valued) mapping (or map) from x to y. If xx
then the element y of y assigned to x, under the rule f is called
math.pgseducation.com
we write y = f(x).
If f is a function from x to y, then the set x is called the
domain of the function and the subset of y consisting of all the
images is called its range.
Types of Functions
1. Constant Function: A function f : xy is called a constant
function if the range of f is a single element.
Since Range of f = {S} f is a constant function.
2. Identify Function: A function f : xx is called Identify Function.
3. One-One (or Injective) Function: A function f : xy is called
one-one (or injective) if distinct elements of x have distinct
images in y i.e. whenever f(x1) = f(x2) x1,x2 x then x1 = x2.
4. Onto (or Surjective) Function: A function f : xy is called onto
(or Surjective) if each element of y is the range of x i.e. range of f
= y.
5. One-One and Onto Both (or Bijective) Function: A function f:
xy is called bijective if it is both one-one (or injective) and onto
(or Surjective)
6. Inverse Function: A function f1: yx is called inverse of f:
xy.
7. Composition of Functions: Let f : xy and g : yz be any two
functions. The composition (or resultant) g of these functions.
pg. 1
 (9)Monotonic Sequence Decreasing: A sequence {an} is called
monotonic decreasing if a1 a2 a3 a4 3 an an+1 3.
(10) Convergent Sequence: If Lim an
n
is definition to be the function from x to z, given by (g of) (x) = g
(f(x)) (11) Divergent Sequence: If Lim an =
n

8. Even Function: A function f : xR, where x R is called even (12) Arithmetic Sequence: General term an = a + (n1) d,
if f (x) = f(x) x x. where d = T2 T1
9. Odd Function: A function f : xR, where x R is called odd if n1 T2
(13) Geometric Sequence: General term an = ar ,r=
f (x) = f(x) x x. T1

(1) Sequence: A group of numbers arranged according to n

(14) Arithmetic Series: Sn = {2a + (n 1) d}
certain rule is called a Sequence. 2
(2) Limit of a Sequence: Consider the Sequence a (r n 1)
(15) Geometric Series: Sn = ,r>1
1 1 1 r 1
1, , ... ,... we depiet the terms of this sequence on real
2 3 n a (1 r n )
Sn = ,r<1
line. We see that all the terms of the sequence tend to zero and 1 r
no term of the sequence will be beyond zero. Hence we say that
zero is the Limit or Limit pont of the sequence. (16) In (AB) = In A + In B

(3) Lim n = A
(17) In = In A In B
n
B
1 m
(18) In A = m In A
(4) Lim =0
n n x x In a
(19) a = e
(5) Lim (n a) = Sum the series
n

1 n
(6) Lim
n na
=0 (20) x1 + x2 + x3 + 3.. + xn = xi
i =1
bn
a
(7) Lim 1 + = eab Sin x
n n (1) Lim =1
x0 x
n
1 1
x
(8) Lim 1 + = e (2) Lim 1 + = e
n n x
x
(9)Monotonic Sequence Increasing: A sequence {an} is called 1
monotonic increasing if a1 a2 a3 a4 3 an an+1 3.. (3) Lim (1 + 3) x = e
x

math.pgseducation.com pg. 2
 a
bx Definition of Isosceles triangle: If two sides are equal in length is
(4) Lim 1 + = eab called isosceles .
x x
In (1 + x ) Definition of Equilateral triangle: If three side are equal in length
(5) Lim =1 is called equilateral .
x0 x
ex 1 Definition of Right angled triangle: If one angle is right (90o) is
(6) Lim =1 called right angled also satisfied Pythagoras theorem
x0 x
(H2=B2+P2)
ax 1
(7) Lim = In a Definition of Circle: A circle is a set of points in R R whose
x 0 x
distance from a given fixed point remains constant. The fixed
In (1 + e x ) point is called the centre of the circle and the constant distance
(8) Lim =1
x x is called the radius of the circle.
Definition of Parallelogram: The opposite sides and angles are
equal (same) is called a Parallelogram.
(9) Continuity of a function: Let f be a function defined on a Definitoin of Square: The all sides are equal in length and all
o
neighbourhood of a R. Then f is continuous at a if and only if angled are 90 is called a square.
Lim f (x) = f (a) Definition of centroid: The point of concurrence of median is
xa called centroid G.
(10) Binomial Theorem:
Definition of Incentre: Centre of the inscribed circle is called
(i) (a + b)n = an + c1 an1b + c2 an2b2 + ----- + bn
incentre I which is meeting point of internal bisectors of the
n (n 1) 2
(ii) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ----- triangle.
2!
. Internal bisector: A line which bisects the angle at any ratio at the
same ratio, it divides the opposite side of that angle of the
triangle.
CHAPTER 02 Definition of orthocentre: The point of concurrence of attitudes is
called an another.
Definition of Slope of a line or Gradient of a line: The
trigonometric tangent of the inclination is called the slope (or
gradient) of the line and is denoted by m thus m = tan.
THE STRAIGHT LINE Concurrency of three lines: Three lines L1, L2 & L3 are said to be
concurrent, if they interest at only one point and the point O
where the three lines interest is called point of concurrency.
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS (1) DISTANCE FORMULA IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES:

math.pgseducation.com pg. 3
 d = ( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y 2 y1 )2 m1 m2 = 1 a
(12) ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES:
(2) DISTANCE FORMULA IN POLAR COORDINATES:
m m1
Tan = 2
d = r12 + r22 2r1r2 Cos(2 1) 1 + m 2m1
(3) MID-POINT FORMULA:
x + x2 y + y2 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
x= 1 , y= 1
2 2
(13) LINE PARALLEL TO X AXIS:
(4) INTERNAL DIVISION FORMULA, ID (x, y):
y=b a
m x + m2 x1 m y + m2 y1
x= 1 2 , y= 1 2 (14) LINE PARALLEL TO Y AXIS:
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
x=a a
(5) EXTERNAL DIVISION FORMULA, ED (x, y): (15) POINT SLOPE FORM:
m x m 2 x1 m y m 2 y1 y y1 = m1 (x x1) a
x= 1 2 , y= 1 2
m1 m 2 m1 m 2
(16) TWO POINTS FORM:
(6) CENTROID, G (x, y): x y 1
x + x2 + x3 y + y2 + y3 x x1 y y1
x= 1 , y= 1 = OR x1 y1 1 =0
3 3 x 2 x1 y 2 y1
x2 y2 1
(7) IN-CENTRE, I(x, y):
(17) SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM:
ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay + by 2 + cy 3
x= 1 , y= 1 y = mx + b a
a+b+c a+b+c
(18) TWO INTERCEPTS FORM:
(8) SLOPE OF A LINE (OR GRADIENT OF A LINE): x y
y y1 + =1
Slope = m = tan , m = 2 a b
x 2 x1
(19) PERPENDICULAR FORM:
(9) CONDITION OF THREE COOLINEAR POINTS x cos + y sin = P a
A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3),:
(20) SYMMETRIC FORM:
y 2 y 1 y 3 y1
= x x1 y y1
x 2 x 1 x 3 x1 =
Cos Sin
(10) PARALLEL LINES:
m1 = m2 a
(11) PERPENDICULAR LINES:

math.pgseducation.com pg. 4
 L1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
L2 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
CHAPTER 03 L3 a3x + b3y + c2 = 0
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
(7) Straight line through the intersection of two given lines
THE GENERAL EQUATIONS L1 + KL2 = 0

OF STRAIGHT LINES (8) Equation of the bisectors of angles between two straight lines
a1x + b1y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c 2
=
a12 + b12 a22 + b22

BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS (9) Area if a triangle =

x1 y1 1
(1) General Form of Straight line. 1
= = x 2 y2 1
2
Ax + By + C = 0 x3 y3 1
Coefficient of x A
(2) Slope of line = m = = (10) Condition for three collinear points then = 0
Coefficient of y B
(11) Area of a quadrilateral
(3) N.B. L1 a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 Area = (base) (attitude)
L2 = a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are two straight line 1 x x y1 y 3
Area = = 1 3
Then they (i) Intersect if a1 b2 a2 b1 0 2 x2 x4 y2 y4
(ii) Parallel if a1 b2 a2 b1 = 0
(12) Area of a square or Rectangle
(iii) Perpendicular if a1 a1 + b1 b2 = 0
Area = Length breadth
a1 b c
(iv) Concident if = 1 = 1 (13) Equation of a pair of lines through the origin
a2 b2 c2
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
a1 b c
(v) Parallel if = 1 1 (14) Nature of Rools If b 0 then
a2 b2 c2 2 2
ax + 2hxy + by = (y m1x) (y m2x) = 0
(4) Angle between L1 and L2
a2b1 a1b2 h + h2 ab h h2 ab
Tan = Where m1 = and m2 =
a1a2 + b1b2 b b
h2 ab = D is called the discriminant.
(5) Point of intersection between L1 and L2 2
(i) If D = h ab > 0 then two real and distinct lines.
b c b 2c 1 a c a1c 2 2
(ii) If D = h ab = 0 then two real and coincident lines.
x= 1 2 , y= 2 1
a1b 2 a 2b1 a1b 2 a 2b1 2
(iii) If D = h ab < 0 then two imaginary and distinct lines.
(6) Condition of concurrency for three lines. 2 2
(15) Angle between the lines ax + 2hxy + by = 0 then

math.pgseducation.com pg. 5
 d(c )
2 h2 ab 2 (3) =0
tan = (i) h ab = 0 lines are coincident. dx
a+b
(ii) a + b = 0 lines are perpendicular. d( x n ) n1
(4) = nx
(16) Combined equation of the two straight lines which are dx
perpendicular to the given pair of lines x2+(m1+m2) xy+m1m2 y2 d n1
(5) (ax + b)n = na (ax + b)
=0 dx
d x
(6) (e x ) = e
(17) Distance Formula point to line: dx

Ax1 + By1 + C d ax
(7) (e ax ) = ae
d= dx
A 2 + B2
d 1
(8) (In x ) =
(18) Area of a = r1r2 Sin (21) + r2r3 Sin (32) dx x
+ r3r1 Sin (13) d a
(9) In (ax + b ) =
dx ax + b

04
d
(10) (sin x ) = cos x
CHAPTER dx
d
(11) (cos x ) = sin x
dx
d 2
(12) (tan x ) = sec x
dx
DIFFERENTIABILITY (13)
d
(sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d 2
(14) (cot x ) = cosec x
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS dx
d
(15) (cos ec x ) = cosec x cot x
(1) Derivative Or Differentiation: The rate of change of dx
dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called d 1
derivative or differentiation. (16) (sin 1 x ) =
dx 1 x2
(2) Derivative by First Principle:
d 1
(i) f(a) = lim
f ( x ) f (a ) (17) (cos 1 x ) =
x a x a dx 1 x2
f (a + h) f (a) d 1
(ii) f(a) = lim (18) (tan 1 x ) =
h 0 h dx 1 + x2
Derivatives

math.pgseducation.com pg. 6
 d 1 dy
(19) (cot 1 x ) = (1) Geometrical Meaning of is equal slope of tangent.
dx 1+ x 2 dx
d 1 dy
(20) (sec 1 x ) = (2) Rate of change of y with respect to x is equal to .
dx dx
x x2 1
ds
d 1 (3) Speed =
(21) (cos ec 1 x ) = dt
dx x x2 1
d2 s
(4) Magnitude of Acceleration = .
d dv du dt 2
(22) (UV) = U + V
dx dx dx 4 3
(5) Volume of Sphere = V = r .
d dw dv du 3
(23) (UVW) = UV + UW + VW
dx dx dx dx 1 2
(6) Volume of Right Circuler Cone = V = r h.
du dv 3
V U
d U dx dx (7) Approximate value = y + y where y =
dy
. x
(24) =
dx V V2 dx
d x (8) Approximate value of Sin (x +x) = sin x cos x x
(25) (a x ) = a In a
dx (9) Approximate value of Cos (x +x) = cos x sin x x
2
dy (10) Approximate value of tan (x +x) = tan x + sec x. x
dy
(26) = dt (Parametric Differertiation) (11) Approximate value of log10 (x +x) = log10x +
log10 e
x
dx dx
x
dt
1
(12) Approximate value of x + x = x + . x
2 x

CHAPTER 05 (13) Extreme Values

f (x) = Given Function
f (x) = 0 (tangent of curve parallel to xaxis)
f (x1) = < 0 x1 is Maximum
f (x2) = > 0 x2 is Minimum
APPLICATION OF DIFFER- f (x3) = 0 x3 is neither maximum nor minimum
(14) Volume of Cube = V = Length breadth height
ENTIAL CALCULUS
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS CHAPTER 06
math.pgseducation.com pg. 7
 x
ANTIDERIVATIVES = In tan +
2 4
sec x = tan x + c
2
(14)
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS (15) sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
cos ec x dx = cot x + c
2
Definitionl: The reverse process of derivative is called (16)
antiderivative or integration.
Standard formulas for Integration. (17) cos ec x cot x dx = cos ecx + c
(1) dx = x + c (18) cot x dx = In sin x + c
(2) x dx =
x2
+c
(19) cos ec x dx = In (cos ec x cot x ) + c
2 x
= In tan + c
x n +1 2
(3) x n dx =
n +1
+c
1 1

3
(20) sec x dx = sec tan + In (sec + tan ) + c
(ax + b)n + 1 2 2
(ax + b) dx = a (n + 1) + c
n
(4)
1 x
(21) dx = sin 1 + c
1 a x 2 2 a
(5) x dx = In x + c 1 1 x
1 1 (22) 2 dx = tan 1 + c
(6) ax + b dx = a In (ax + b) + c a + x2 a a
1 1 x
x sec 1 + c
e dx = e + c dx =
x x (23)
(7)
x a 2 2 a a
ax
1 x a
x
(8) a dx = +c 1
In a (24) 2 dx = In +c
x a 2 2a x + a
e ax
(9) e ax dx =
a
+c (25)
1 1 a+ x
a 2 x 2 dx = 2a In a x + c
(10) sin x dx = cos+ c
1
(26) dx = In ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + c
(11) cos x dx = sin x + c 2
x +a 2

1
(12) tan x dx = In sec x + c (27) 2 2
dx = In ( x + x 2 a 2 ) + c
x a
(13) sec x dx = In (sec x + tan x) + c 1 1 x
(28) a 2 x 2 dx = x a 2 x 2 + a 2 sin 1 + c
2 2 a

math.pgseducation.com pg. 8
 1 1
(29) x 2 + a 2 dx =
2
x x 2 + a 2 + a 2 In ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + c
2 CIRCLE
1 1
(30) x 2 a 2 dx = x x 2 a 2 a 2 In ( x + x 2 a 2 ) + c
2 2
e ax BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS
(31) e ax sin bx dx = 2 (a sin bx b cos bx ) + c
a + b2 (1) Circle: A circle is the set of points in a plane whose distance
e ax from a given fixed point remain constant fixed point is called
e
ax
(32) cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx ) + c
a2 + b2 centre of the circle denoted by C and the constant distance is
called the radius of the circle denoted by r.
e {af ( x ) + f ( x )} dx = e ax f ( x ) + c
ax
(33)
(2) Theorem: (i) The point (x1, y1) lies out side of the circle
(34) Integration by parts:
x2 + y2 = r2 if x 12 + y 12 r2 > 0.
du
UV dx = U V dx dx V dx dx (ii) The point (x1, y1) lies on the circle
2 2 2 2
x + y = r if x 12 +y 12 r = 0.
(35) Area Under a curve
2 2 2
b (iii) The point (x1, y1) lies inside of the circle x + y = r
A= y dx 2
if x 12 + y 12 r < 0.
a
(3) Concentric circles: Circles having the same centre are
(36) Trigonometric substitutions
called concentric circles.
(a) a 2 x 2 dx Substitute x = a sin (4) Concyclic: Four points P1, P2, P3 & P4 are said to be
concyclic if the circle passes through these four poionts.
(a) x 2 + a 2 dx Substitute x = a tan
(5) Standard Equation of Circle:
(a) x 2 a2 Substitute x = a sec 2 2
(x a) + (y b ) = r
2

(6) General Equation of Circle:

x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Centre (g, f)
Radius = r = g 2 + f 2 + c
(7) Equation of a Circle with A line Segment as its Diameter:

CHAPTER 07
(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) = 0
(8) Equation of Circle Touching the xaxis with Centre (g, f)
and Radius = r = f

math.pgseducation.com pg. 9
 L= x 12 + y 12 + 2gx 1 + 2fy 1 + c
(14) Parametric Equation of Circle:
x = r cos y = r sin
(15) Area of Circle = A
2 2 2
x + y + 2gx + 2fy + g = 0
(9) Equation of Circle Touching the yaxis with Center (g, f)
and Radius = r = g 2
A=r

CHAPTER 08
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + f2 = 0
(10) Equation of Director Circle to the Circle x2 + y2 = r2 will be
2 2 2
x + y + 2r
PARABOLA, ELLIPSE AND
HYPERBOLA

(11) Equation of the Tangent: BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS

y y1 = m (x x1)
PARABOLA: A parabola is the set of all points P in the plane
which are equidistance from a fixed line (directrix) and a fixed
point (focus) in the plane.
The straight line through the focus and perpendicular to the
(12) Equation of the Normal: directrix is called the axis of the parabola.
1
y y1 = (x x1) The point where the parabola meets its axis is called the
m
vertex of the parabola.
(13) Length of the Tangent Segment From the Point (x1, y1) To
the Circle ELLIPSE: The sum of the focal distances of a point on an ellipse
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is constant and equal to the length of major axis.
HYPERBOLA: The locus of a point, the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points is constant is hyperbola.
STANDARD PARABOLA

math.pgseducation.com pg. 10
 Case I CUP-RIGHT PARABOLA
(1) Vertex, V (0, 0)
(2) Focus, S (a, 0)
(3) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (a, 2a) and L2 (a, 2a)
(4) Equation of Directrix x + a = 0 a
(5) Equation of parabola y2 = 4ax a
Case II CUP-LEFT PARABOLA
(6) Vertex, V (0, 0)
(7) Focus, S (a, 0)
(8) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (a, 2a) and L2 (a, 2a)
(9) Equation of Directrix x a = 0 a
2
(10) Equation of parabola y = 4ax a
Case III CUP-UP PARABOLA
(11) Vertex, V (0, 0)
(12) Focus, S (0, a)
(13) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (2a, a) and L2 (2a, a)
(14) Equation of Directrix y + a = 0
2
(15) Equation of parabola x = 4ay
(16) Parametric Equation of parabola
2
x = at , y = 2at a
(17) Length of Latus Rectum = 4a
Case IV CUP-DOWN PARABOLA
(18) Vertex, V (0, 0)
(19) Focus, S (0, a)
(20) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (2a, a) and L2 (2a, a)
(21) Equation of Directrix y a = 0 a
(22) Equation of parabola x2 = 4ay a
GENERAL PARABOLA
math.pgseducation.com
Case I PRINCIPAL AXIS OF PARABOLA PARALLEL TO
XAXIS
(23) Vertex, V (h, k)
(24) Focus, S (h + a, k)
(25) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (h + a, k + 2a) and L2 (h + a, k 2a)
(26) Equation of Directrix (x h) + a = 0 a
2
(27) Equation of parabola (y k) = 4a (x h) a
Case II PRINCIPAL AXIS OF PARABOLA PARALLEL TO
YAXIS
(28) Vertex, V (h, k)
(29) Focus, S (h, k + a)
(30) End-Points of Latus Rectum
L1 (h + 2a, k + a) and L2 (h 2a, k + a)
(31) Equation of Directrix (y k) + a = 0 a
2
(32) Equation of parabola (x h) = 4a (y k) a
STANDARD ELLIPSE
Case I MAJOR AXIS ALONG X AXIS
a Centre, C (0, 0)
a Vertices, A (a, 0), A (a, 0)
Foci, S (c, 0), S (c, 0)
End-Point of Minor Axis
B (0, b), B (0, b)
Equations of Directrices
a a
x= , x=
e e
x2 y2
Equation of Ellipse + =1
a2 b2
Case II MAJOR AXIS ALONG Y AXIS
Centre, C (0, 0)
Vertices, A (0, a), A (0, a)
Foci, S (0, c), S (0, c)
End-Point of Minor Axis
pg. 11
 B (b, 0), B (b, 0) B (h + b, k), B (h b, k)
Equations of Directrices Equations of Directrices
a a a a
y= , y= yk= , yk=
e e e e
x2 y2 ( x h) 2 ( y k )2
Equation of Ellipse 2
+ 2
=1 Equation of Ellipse 2
+ =1
b a b a2
COMMON POINTS FOR ELLIPSE STANDARD HYPERBOLA
Length of Major Axis = 2a Case I TRANSVERSE AXIS ALONG X AXIS
Length of Minor Axis = 2b
(1) Center, C (0, 0)
2b 2 (2) Vertices, A (a, 0), A (a, 0)
Length of Latus Rectum =
a (3) Foci, (c, 0), S (c, 0)
Distance between Foci = 2C (4) End-points of Conjugate Axis
2a B (0, b) B (0, b)
Distance Between directrices =
e (5) Equations of Directrices
2 2 2
Relation Between a, b and c c = a b a a a
x= , x=
GENERAL ELLIPSE e e
Case I MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO X AXIS x2 y2
(6) Equation of Hyperbola =1
Centre, C (h, k) a2 b2
Vertices, A (h + a, k), A (h a, k)
Case II TRANSVERSE AXIS ALONG Y AXIS
Foci, S (h + c, k), S (h c, k)
End-Point of Minor Axis (7) Center, C (0, 0)
B (h, k + b), B (h, k b) (8) Vertices, A (0, a), A (0, a)
Equations of Directrices (9) Foci, (0, c), S (0, c)
a a (10) End-points of Conjugate Axis
xh= , xh= B (b, 0) B (b, 0)
e e
(11) Equations of Directrices
( x h) 2 ( y k )2
Equation of Ellipse + =1 a a
a2 b2 y= , y=
e e
Case II MAJOR AXIS PARALLEL TO Y AXIS
y2 x2
Centre, C (h, k) (12) Equation of Hyperbola 2
=1
a b2
Vertices, A (h, k + a), A (h, k a)
Foci, S (h, k + c), S (h, k c) (13) Parametric Equations of Hyperbola
End-Point of Minor Axis

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 x = a sec , y = b tan a c
(29) Eccentricity = e =
GENERAL HYPERBOLA a
(30) Distance between Foci = 2c
Case I TRANSVERSE AXIS PARALLEL TO X AXIS 2a
(31) Distance Between directrices =
(14) Centre, C (h, k) e
(15) Vertices, A (h + a, k), A (h a, k) (32) Relation Between a, b and c c2 = a2 + b2 a
(16) Foci, S (h + c, k), S (h c, k)
(17) End-Points of Conjugate Axis,
B (h, k + b), B (h, k b)
(18) Equations of Directrices

xh=
a
, xh=
a
CHAPTER 09
e e
( x h) 2 (y k)2
(19) Equation of Hyperbola =1
a 2
b2 VECTORS
Case II TRANSVERSE AXIS PARALLEL TO Y AXIS
(20) Centre, C (h, k)
(21) Vertices, A (h, k + a), A (h, k a) BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FORMULAS
(22) Foci, S (h, k + c), S (h, k c) (1) Vector: A vector is a physical quantity which has magnitude
(23) End-Points of Conjugate Axis, as well as direction
B (h + b, k), B (h b, k)

(24) Equations of Directrices (2) Position vector: OP = (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k
a a
yk= , yk= (3) Magnitude: OP = ( x 2 x1 )2 + ( y 2 y1 )2 + ( z 2 z1 )2
e e
( y k )2 ( x h) 2 x y z
(25) Equation of Hyperbola =1 (4) Direction Cosines: cos = , cos = , cos =
a 2
b 2 r r r
2 2 2
and cos + cos + cos = 1 a

(5) Triangle law: If two vectors are represented by the sides A
COMMON POINTS FOR HYPERBOLA
(26) Length of Transverse Axis = 2a and B of a triangle, taken in the same order, then their resultant

(27) Length of Conjugate Axis = 2b is represented by the third side C . taken in the reverse order.
2b 2 (6) Law of Parallelogram:
(28) Length of Latus Rectum =
a (i) | a + b | = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos

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(ii) | a b | = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos ab
(14) Sin (a, b) =
b sin a b
(iii) Tan =
a + b cos (15) Scalar product of Three vectors
ma + lb
(7) Ratio Theorem: r = a . b c =[a , b c ]
l+m
(8) The Scalar (or Dot) Produt of Two vectors a . b c = [a1i + a2j + a3k, b1i + b2j + b3k, c1i + c2j + c3k,]
a1 a2 a3
a.b
(i) a . b = ab cos or cos = a . b c = b1 b2 b3
a b
c1 c2 c3
(ii) a . b = (a1i + a2j + a3k). (b1i + b2j + b3k)
(16) Volume of a parallelopiped:
a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
V= a . b c =[a , b , c ]
(9) The vector (or Cross) product of Two vectors


(i) a b = ab sin n where n is perpendicular a and b (17) If a , b and c are Coplanar or collinear

(ii) a b = (a1i + a2j + a3k) (b1i + b2j + b3k) then a . b c = 0 or [ a , b c ] = 0
(18) Work = Force. Displacement
i j k

a b = a1 a2 a3 OR Work = F . r
b1 b2 b3 (19): [x1a + x2b + x3c, y1a + y2b + y3c, z1a + z2b + z3c]
x1 x2 x3

a = y1 y2 y 3 [a, b, c]
(10) Unit vector in the direction of a : a =
a z1 z2 z3

ab
(11) Unit vector perpendicular to a and b : c =
ab
(12) Area of a Parallelogram:

Area = | a b |
(13) Area of a triangle:
1
Area = |a b |
2

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