Em13 PDF

Electromagnetic Fields
Oblique incidence: Interface between dielectric media

Consider a planar interface between two dielectric media. A plane
wave is incident at an angle from medium 1.
The interface plane defines the boundary between the media.

The plane of incidence contains the propagation vector and is
both perpendicular to the interface plane and to the phase planes
of the wave.
Medium 1
1 = r1 o
Plane of incidence 1 = r1 o
G
Phase
plane i r
Medium 2
Interface plane
2 = r2 o
2 = r2 o
t
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 165

There are two elementary orientations (polarizations) for the

electromagnetic fields:
Perpendicular Polarization
The electric field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence and
the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of incidence.
The fields are configured as in the Transverse Electric (TE)
modes.
Parallel Polarization
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence
and the electric field is parallel to the plane of incidence.
The fields are configured as in the Transverse Magnetic (TM)
modes.
Any plane wave with general field orientation can be obtained by

superposition of two waves with perpendicular and parallel
polarization.

Perpendicular (TE) polarization

G
Hi
Reflected
G z wave
G
Incident Ei
wave G r
G Hr
x i
G
i r
Medium 1 1 = r1 o
Er
1 = r1 o

y z
Medium 2 2 = r2 o
2 = r2 o G G
Et Ht
t
G Transmitted
t wave

The electric field phasors for the perpendicular polarization, with

reference to the system of coordinates in the figure, are given by
G j ix x j iz z
Ei = E yi e iy
G j rx x j rz z
E r = E yr e iy
G j t x x j t z z
E t = E yt e iy
The propagation vector components in medium 1 are expressed as

G
i = ix2 + iz2 = 1= 11
ix = 1cos i iz = 1sin i
G 2 2
r = rx + rz = 1
rx = 1cos r rz = 1sin r
The propagation vector components in medium 2 are expressed as

G
t = tx2 + tz2 = 2= 2 2
tx = 2 cos t tz = 2 sin t
The magnetic field components can be obtained as

G G
G i E i E yi j ix x j iz z
Hi =
1
=
1
( sin i ix + cosi iz ) e

G G
G r Er E yr j rx x j rz z
Hr =
1
=
1
( sin r ix + cosr iz ) e

G G
G t E t E yt j t x x j t z z
Ht =
2
=
2
( sin t ix + cost iz ) e


Assuming that the amplitude of the incident electric field is given,

to completely specify the problem we need to find the amplitude of
reflected and transmitted electric field.
The boundary condition at the interface (x = 0) states that the

tangential electric field must be continuous. Because of the
perpendicular polarization, the tangential field is also the total field
j i z z j rz z j t z z
x = 0) E yi e + E yr e = E yt e
The relation above must be valid for any choice of z and we must
have (phase conservation law)
iz = rz = tz
The first equality indicates that the reflected angle is the same as
the incident angle.
iz = rz 1 sin i = 1 sin r i = r
The second equality provides the transmitted angle
iz = tz 1 sin i = 2 sin t
1
1 1
t = sin sin i Snell's Law
2 2

Since we have also
j i z z j rz z j t z z
e =e =e
the boundary condition for the electric field becomes
E yi + E yr = E yt

The tangential magnetic field must also be continuous at the

interface. This applies in our case to the zcomponents
Hzi + = Hzt
Hzr
Ey i Ey r Ey t
cos i cos i = cos t
1 1 2
1 cos t
Ey i Ey r = Ey t
2 cos i
Solution of the system of boundary equations gives
E yr 2 cos i 1 cos t
( E ) = = Reflection coefficient
E yi 2 cos i + 1 cos t
E yt
22 cos i
(E) = = Transmission coefficient
E yi 2 cos i + 1 cos t
For the magnetic field, we can define the reflection coefficient as

H zr
Hr
( H ) = =
H zi Hi
In terms of electric field, the magnetic field components are
E yr
H zr = cos i = H r cos i
1
E yi
H zi = cos i = H i cos i
1
The reflection coefficient for the magnetic field is then
Ey r 1 cos t 2 cos i
( H ) = = ( E ) =
Ey i 2 cos i + 1 cos t

The transmission coefficient is defined as
Ht
(H ) =
Hi
The magnetic field components are
Ey t
Ht =
2
Ey i
Hi =
1
The transmission coefficient for the magnetic field is then
H t 1 21 cos i
(H ) = = (E) =
H i 2 2 cos i + 1 cos t

Parallel (TM) polarization
Incident G
wave Hi z G
G
Reflected
wave r
Ei G G
i Hr
x

i r G
Medium 1 1 = r1 o Er
1 = r1 o

y z
Medium 2 2 = r2 o
2 = r2 o
t G Transmitted
G HG t wave
Et t
x

The magnetic field phasors for the parallel polarization are given by
G j ix x j iz z
Hi = H yi e iy
G j rx x j rz z
H r = H yr e iy
G j t x x j t z z
H t = H yt e iy
and the electric field components can be obtained as

G G
G i Hi j ix x j iz z
Ei = = 1H yi ( sin i ix cos i iz ) e

1
G G
G r Hr j rx x j rz z
Er = = 1H yr ( sin r ix + cos r iz ) e
1
G G
G t H t j t x x j t z z
Et = = 2 H yt ( sin t ix cos t iz ) e

2

Also for parallel polarization one can verify that the same
relationships between angles apply, as found earlier for the
perpendicular polarization, including Snells law
i = r
1
1 1
t = sin sin i
2 2

We have again two boundary conditions at the interface. One

condition is for continuity of the tangential magnetic field
H yi + H yr = H yt

A second condition is for continuity of the tangential electric field

E zi + E zr = E zt
1 cos i H yi + 1 cos i H yr = 2 cos t H yt
2 cos t
H yi H yr = H yt
1 cos i
From the equations provided by the boundary conditions we obtain
the reflection and transmission coefficients for the magnetic field of
a wave with parallel polarization as
H yr
1 cos i 2 cos t
& ( H ) = =
H yi 1 cos i + 2 cos t
H yt
21 cos i
& (H ) = =
H yi 1 cos i + 2 cos t
The reflection coefficient for the electric field is defined as
E zr Er
& ( E ) = =
E zi Ei
The tangential components of the electric field can be expressed in

terms of magnetic field as
E zr = Er cos i = 1 cos i H yr
E zi = Ei cos i = 1 cos i H yi
The reflection coefficient for the electric field is
E zr H yr 2 cos t 1 cos i
& ( E ) = = = & ( H ) =
E zi H yi 1 cos i + 2 cos t

The transmission coefficient for the electric field is defined as

Et
& (E) =
Ei
The electric field components are given by
E t = 2 H yt
Ei = 1H yi
The transmission coefficient for the electric field becomes
Et 2 H yt 2
& (E) = = = & (H )
Ei 1H yi 1
2 21 cos i 22 cos i
= =
1 1 cos i + 2 cos t 1 cosi + 2 cost

Considerable simplifications are possible for the common case of

nonmagnetic dielectric media with
1 = 2 = o
First of all, Snells law becomes
1
1 1 1 1
t = sin sin i = sin sin i
2 2 2

or, equivalently
sin i 2 n2
= = (n = index of refraction )
sin t 1 n1
Snells law provides then a useful recipe to express the reflection
and transmission coefficients only with angles, thus eliminating the
explicit dependence on medium impedance.

After some trigonometric manipulations, we obtain the following

table of simplified coefficients for electric and magnetic field
sin (i t )
( E ) = ( H ) =
sin (i + t )
tan (i t )
& ( E ) = & ( H ) =
tan (i + t )
1 2sin t cos i
(E) = (H ) =
2 sin (i + t )
1 2sin t cos i
& (E) = & (H ) =
2 sin (i + t ) cos (i t )

Power flow
The time-average power flow normal to the interface must be

continuous. We can express this as
1 Ei2 1 Er2 1 Et2

cos i cos i = cos t
2 1 2 1 2 2
incident power reflected power = transmitted power
We define the reflection and transmission coefficients for the time-

average power as
reflected power Er2
R= =
incident power Ei2
transmitted power Et2 1 cos t
T= = 2
incident power Ei 2 cos i

The following conversion formulas relate power and electric field

coefficients
R = 2 ( E )
1 cos t
2
T = (E)
2 cos i
Note that reflection and transmission coefficients for the time-

average power are always real positive quantities. The following
power conservation condition is always verified
R +T =1
Since the power flow normal to the interface is considered, the
results obtained above apply equally to perpendicular and parallel
polarization.

Nonmagnetic perfect dielectric media
Case 2 > 1
G G
i r
i i
Medium 1 1 = r1 o
1 = o

Medium 2 2 = r2 o
y G z
2 = o t
t
x
From Snells law
1 sin i = 2 sin t 2 > 1 t < i

Since t < i there is always a transmitted (refracted) beam.
The transmission coefficients are always positive
1 2sin t cos i
(E) = (H ) = >0
2 sin (i + t )
1 2sin t cos i
& (E) = & (H ) = >0
2 sin (i + t ) cos (i t )
transmitted and incident wave are in phase at the boundary.
E yt E yi H zi
(E) =
E yi
E yt H zt

Perpendicular polarization
sin (i t ) sin (i t )
( E ) = ( H ) =
sin (i + t ) sin (i + t )
The reflection coefficient for the electric field is always negative
E yi and E yr have always phase difference of 180
The reflection coefficient for the magnetic field is always positive
H zi and H zr are always in phase
E yr H zr E yi E yr H zr
( E ) = ( H ) = H zi
E yi H zi

Parallel polarization
tan (i t ) tan (i t )
& ( E ) = & ( H ) =
tan (i + t ) tan (i + t )
When i + t < 90 tan (i + t ) > 0

E zi and E zr have phase difference of 180
H yi and H yr are in phase
Ezi H yi H yr Ezr

When i + t > 90 tan (i + t ) < 0

E zi and E zr are in phase
H yi and H yr have phase difference of 180
Ezi H yi Ezr H yr


When i + t = 90 tan (i + t )
the reflection coefficients vanish (TOTAL TRANSMISSION)

tan (i t ) tan (i t )
& ( E ) = 0 ; & ( H ) = 0
For i + t = 90 i = B (Brewster angle)

and cos B = sin t
From Snells law
sin B sin B 2 1 2
= = tan B = B = tan
sin t cos B 1 1

Case 2 < 1
G G
i r
i i
Medium 1 1 = r1 o
1 = o
G
Medium 2 2 = r2 o
y
t z
2 = o
t
x
From Snells law
1 sin i = 2 sin t 2 < 1 t > i

For angles of incidence such that
sin t < 1
we have for perpendicular polarization
sin (i t ) sin (t i )
( E ) = = >0
E yi and E yr are always in phase
sin (i t ) sin (t i )
( H ) = = <0
H zi and H zr have always phase difference of 180
E yi H zi H zr E yr


For parallel polarization

tan ( i t ) tan ( t i )
& ( E ) = =
tan ( i + t ) tan ( i + t )
tan ( i t ) tan ( t i )
& ( H ) = =
tan ( i + t ) tan ( i + t )
When i + t < 90 tan (i + t ) > 0

E H yi Ezr H yr
E zi and E zr are in phase zi

H yi and H yr have phase difference of 180
When i + t > 90 tan (i + t ) < 0
E zi and E zr have phase difference of 180
H yi and H yr are in phase E zi H yi H yr Ezr


When i + t = 90 tan (i + t )
Also in this case the reflection coefficients vanish and we have

TOTAL TRANSMISSION
tan (t i ) tan (t i )
& ( E ) = 0 ; & ( H ) = 0
Total transmission occurs again, for parallel polarization only, at

the Brewster angle
1 2
i = B = tan
1

When
2 2
sin i = sin t = sin t = 1 t = 90
1 1
we have a limit condition for TOTAL REFLECTION, valid for both
polarizations. This particular angle of incidence is called
1 2
critical angle i = c = sin
1
t = 90

For angles of incidence beyond the critical angle
1
i > c sin t = sin i >1
2
cos t = imaginary
, choose " "

1 2
cos t = 1 sin 2 t = j 2
sin i
2 1
The negative sign is selected, in order to obtain the proper wave

vector in medium 2, as shown later.

The reflection and transmission coefficients become complex
cos i + j sin 2 i 2 1
( E ) = ( H ) =
cos i j sin 2 i 2 1
2
cos i j sin 2 i 2 1
1
& ( E ) = & ( H ) =
2
cos i j sin 2 i 2 1
1
1 2cos i
(E) = (H ) =
2 cos j sin 2
i i 2 1
1 2 2 / 1 cos i
& (E) = & (H ) =
2 2 cos j sin 2
i i 2 1
1
If we consider the coefficients for time-average power flow, we

have, for both polarizations
R = ( E ) * ( E ) = 1
T = 1 R = 0
This means that incident and reflected waves carry the same time-
average power, and no power is transmitted to medium 2. But this
does not mean that the field disappears in medium 2. The
instantaneous power that enters medium 2 is eventually reflected
back to medium 1.
The electric field phasor of the transmitted wave has the form
j t x x j t z z
E t = Et e e = Et e j 2 cost x e j 2 sin t z

The wave vector components are

1 2 2
2 cos t = o 2 j sin i
2 1
2 22 2
= j o1 sin i = j 1 sin i = j t
1 1
1
2 sin t = o 2 sin i = 1 sin i = i z
2
The field in medium 2 corresponds to a surface wave, moving along
the zdirection and exponentially decaying (evanescent) along the
xdirection
j ( jt x ) j i z z t x j i z z
E t = Et e e = Et e e

The surface wave moves parallel to the surface, with a phase

velocity equal to the apparent phase velocity along z of the incident
wave in medium 1
v p1
v p2 = = v pz > v p1
sin i
For the surface wave, planes of constant amplitude are parallel and
planes of constant phase are normal to the interface. These planes
do not coincide, therefore the surface wave is a nontransverse
wave.
i > c
Constant amplitude planes
Et
Constant phase planes

x

If you consider a beam incident on the interface, it is found that the

power is totally reflected but after penetrating for some distance
into medium 2. The reflected beam emerges displaced by a
distance D (called Goos-Hnchen shift, discovered in 1947)
D
i > c
From experiments, the displacement is found to be

2 2
D 0.52 2 = 0.52 2
2 2 t
1 sin i
1
Examples:
Medium 1
B = ? air = o
= o
Medium 2
water = o
B = tan 1 2
1
= {
80 o microwaves
1.8 o optical
B = tan 1 80 83.6 microwaves

B = tan 1 1.8 53.3 optical

At the Brewster angle
i + t = B + t = 90
6.38 microwaves
t
36.7 optical
Verification with Snells law
1 sin B = 2 sin t
1 sin B 6.38 microwaves
t = sin
2 36.7 optical

Medium 1
water = o
B = ?
= {80 o microwaves
1.8 o optical
Medium 2
air = o
1 2
B = tan = o
1
1 1
B = tan 6.38 microwaves
80
1 1
B = tan 36.7 optical
1.8
At the Brewster angle
i + t = B + t = 90
83.6 microwaves
t
53.3 optical
Verification with Snells law
1 sin B = 2 sin t
1 sin B 2 83.6 microwaves
t = sin
o 53.3 optical

Medium 1
c = ? air = o
= o
Medium 2
1 2 water = o
c = sin
{
1 80 o microwaves
=
1.8 o optical
The total reflection angle does not exist since
2 > 1

Medium 1
water = o
c = ?
= {80 o microwaves
1.8 o optical
Medium 2
1 2
c = sin air = o
1
= o
1 1
c = sin 6.4193 microwaves
80
1 1
c = sin 48.19 optical
1.8

Medium 1
i = 60 = o
= 4 o
Medium 2
air = o
= o
Consider a perpendicularly polarized wave.
Find the Brewster angle and the critical angle:
1 1 1 1
B = tan = tan 26.565
4 2
1 1 1 1
c = sin = sin = 30
4 2
Find the components of the incident propagation vector and of

the x-component of the transmitted propagation vector in terms
of
o = o o
2o
ix = 1 cos i = o 4 o cos 60 = = o
2
3
iz = 1 sin i = o 4 o sin 60 = 2 o = 3 o
2
tx = t2 tz2 t = o tz = iz = 3 o
tx =
N o2 3 o2 = j 2 o = j t
choose
""

In the second medium, find the distance at which the field

strength is 1/e of that at the interface
1 1
d= =
t 2 o
What is the value of the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at
the interface?
The reflection coefficient is a complex quantity when the incident

angle exceeds the critical angle. Because of total reflection we
know that it must be
( E ) = 1
since the time-average power reflection coefficient is
R = ( E ) 2 = 1

Em13 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Em13 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electromagnetic Fields

Oblique incidence: Interface between dielectric media

The interface plane defines the boundary between the media.

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 165

There are two elementary orientations (polarizations) for the

Any plane wave with general field orientation can be obtained by

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 166

Perpendicular (TE) polarization

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 167

The electric field phasors for the perpendicular polarization, with

The propagation vector components in medium 1 are expressed as

The propagation vector components in medium 2 are expressed as

The magnetic field components can be obtained as

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 169

Assuming that the amplitude of the incident electric field is given,

The boundary condition at the interface (x = 0) states that the

The second equality provides the transmitted angle

the boundary condition for the electric field becomes

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 171

The tangential magnetic field must also be continuous at the

For the magnetic field, we can define the reflection coefficient as

In terms of electric field, the magnetic field components are

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 173

The transmission coefficient is defined as

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 174

Parallel (TM) polarization

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 175

and the electric field components can be obtained as

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 176

We have again two boundary conditions at the interface. One

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 177

A second condition is for continuity of the tangential electric field

The reflection coefficient for the electric field is defined as

The tangential components of the electric field can be expressed in

The reflection coefficient for the electric field is

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 179

The transmission coefficient for the electric field is defined as

The transmission coefficient for the electric field becomes

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 180

Considerable simplifications are possible for the common case of

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 181

After some trigonometric manipulations, we obtain the following

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 182

The time-average power flow normal to the interface must be

1 Ei2 1 Er2 1 Et2

We define the reflection and transmission coefficients for the time-

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 183

The following conversion formulas relate power and electric field

Note that reflection and transmission coefficients for the time-

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 184

Nonmagnetic perfect dielectric media

From Snells law

1 sin i = 2 sin t 2 > 1 t < i

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 185

Since t < i there is always a transmitted (refracted) beam.

The transmission coefficients are always positive

transmitted and incident wave are in phase at the boundary.

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 186

The reflection coefficient for the electric field is always negative

E yi and E yr have always phase difference of 180

The reflection coefficient for the magnetic field is always positive

H zi and H zr are always in phase

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 187