Example 8-38: Sieve Tray Design (Perforated) with Downcomer

Tray Design for Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Finishing Tower

Conditions:
1 Clean service, no fouling nor suspended materials.
Parameters Units Top Bottom
Vapor Rate ft^3/sec 5.23 5.58
Liquid Rate gpm 9.57 22.1
2
Vapor Density lb/ft^3 0.582 0.674
Liquid Density lb ft^3 83 85
Surface Tension dynes/cm 20 20
3 Tray spacing is to be as close as possible, because vertical installation space is a premium.
hing Tower

ce is a premium.
Estimation of Tower Diameter
Using Souders-Brown method
From equation 8-219
= [_ (__ )]"
" ^(1/2)
Where: W = maximum allowable mass velocity through column using bubble cap trays
C = factor from Figure 8-82 related to entrainment
v = vapor density, lbs/ft^3
L = liquid density, lbs/ft^3
From figure 8-82:
C = 100 untuk tray spacing sebesar 9 inch.

Dalam kasus ini, laju alir saling mendekati satu sama lain serta v tidak berubah banyak dari atas ke bawah k

C v L W Unit
100 0.674 85 753.8947 lbs/hr (ft^2)

Conversion 0.35982 ft^3/sec (ft^2)

Tower Cross-Section Area

V A Unit
=/
5.23 0.35982 14.53505 ft^2

Diameter
From equation 8-252
= [4/ (/_ )]^(1/2), feet

V c D Unit
5.23 0.35982 4.301064 ft

Using Hunt equation:

Assume:
_+ _ = 1.5 inch

From equation 8 - 251

^=_ 2.5_
Where: S' = effective tray spacing, distance between top of foam and next plate above, inch.
hc = height of clear liquid in bubbling zone, inch.

St hc S' Unit
9 1.5 5.25 inch

At surface tension: 20 dynes/cm

For ew: 5% (assume with pixie dust)
 Determining Allowable Tower Velocity
Allowable Tower Velocity (c) 2.2 ft/sec From figure 8-121

Required Tower Area

Vapor Rate
=( )/ Tower Velocity
( )
Tower Area

Diameter
1.796691 ft
1.8 ft

However so, the minimum tower diameter is at least 2.5 ft.

This is due to reasons such as internal inspection and
maintenance, although a tower with a 2-ft diameter would be
found satisfactory nonetheless. Thus, the selected tower
diameter is 2.5 ft. Tower Diameter

Tray Layout Based on 2.5-ft Diameter Tower

Type of Downcomer:
Segmental one on a cross-flow tray

Assume:
Allowable liquid velocity: 0.1 ft/sec

Downcomer Area
Bottom Liquid Rate
= ( )/( )
Allowable Liquid Velocity
Conversion
Downcomer Area

Total Tower Area

Tower Diameter 2.5 ft

Tower Area 4.910714 ft^2

Percent of Tower Area for Downcomer

Downcomer Area 0.492424 ft^2

Tower Area 4.910714 ft^2
Percentage 10.02755 %
 Determining Weir Length from figure 8-100
Percentage of Weir Length 72.8 %
Weir Length 21.84 inch (magical, where else could someone suddenly get a number of

Downcomer Area
Percentage 6.80%
Tower Area 4.910714 ft^2
Downcomer Area 0.333929 ft^2 0.334

Hole Size
Assume magically: Diameter 3/ 16 inch
Pitch 1/ 2 inch
Spacing 2.66 do
Tray Thickness 1/ 8 inch
Ratio do/c 3/ 8 0.375

Percent Hole Area From figure 8-143

12.80% (perforation area only)

Minimum Hole Velocity: Weeping

Assume magically: 13
v_o (_)" " ^0.5=13
Submergence=1.5 inch= h_s1=h_d1 (neglecting /2)

Dry Tray Pressure Drop, hdt

0.003(
_ ^2 _)(_/_ )(1^2)/ _ ^2

Hole Diameter/Tray Thickness Ratio Although according to Equation (8-206) and (8-261)
Diameter of Hole 3/ 16 inch
Tray Thickness 1/ 8 inch
_=0.003 [
_ ^2 _ ](_/_ )(1^2
Ratio 1.5

Orifice Coefficient, Co 0.78

beta _=_
0.128 (magically) () ^0.5, ^2=
_ ^2 (_)
hdt = pressure drop through dry perf
vo (pv)^0.5 13 vo = vapor velocity through perforat
water 62.3 = fraction perforated hole area in
L 85 Co = orifice coefficient from Figure 8
hdt 0.600777 0.601 inch liquid

Note that is not the fraction of hole ar

region, but is limited to the perforat
 Note that is not the fraction of hole ar
region, but is limited to the perforat
Effective Head
For hs1 = 1.5, Fs < 14

Effective Head 1.58 inch liquid (From figure 8-130)

Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop

Effective Head 1.58 inch
Dry Tray Pressure Drop 0.601 inch
Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop 2.181 inch

Weep Point
Weep Point Velocity 12.5 (From figure 8-131) Weep Point Velocity = _
ht 2.19 inch
(_)" " ^0.5
The curve used is curve A as it gives higher minimum vom, which is on the safer side when designing.

Since vom (pv)^0.5 is less than the assumed value of 13, the value of 13 will be used instead.
h column using bubble cap trays, lb/ft^2 cross-section hour

bah banyak dari atas ke bawah kolom distilasi.

plate above, inch.

 5.58 ft^3/sec
2.2 ft/sec
2.536364 ft^2
(bottom, largest)

2.5 feet

ttom Liquid Rate 22.1 gpm

able Liquid Velocity 0.1 ft/sec
Conversion 448.8
owncomer Area 0.492424 ft^2
meone suddenly get a number of 30)

ting /2)

to Equation (8-206) and (8-261)

](_/_ )(1^2 )/
_ ^2

^2=
_ ^2 (_)
pressure drop through dry perforated tray, inches liquid on tray
vapor velocity through perforated holes, ft/sec
fraction perforated hole area in perforated tray area only
orifice coefficient from Figure 8-128

at is not the fraction of hole area in the active tray

on, but is limited to the perforated section only.
Velocity = _
^0.5
afer side when designing.
 Maximum Hole Velocity at Flood Conditions

Assume magically: _=_ 20

() ^0.5=20 .
Dry Tray Pressure Drop
Orifice Coefficient, Co
0.003(
_ ^2 _)(_/_ )(1^2)/ _ ^2 beta

vo (pv)^0.5 20
water 62.3
L 85
hdt 1.421957926 1.43 inch liquid

Effective Head, he
he = 1.4 inch liquid, for Fs > 14 and hsl = 1.5 (from figure 8-130)

Total Wet Tray Pressure Drop

he 1.4
hdt 1.43
ht 2.83 inches liquid

Liquid Back-up or Height in Downcomer

Hd 2.83
_=_+(_+_ )++_
hw + how 1.5
0
hd 0
Hd 4.33
Limit on H_d for flooding:
S_t2
4.5 inch

Therefore, Fs = 20 appears to be close to

minimum

Design Hole Velocity

Select a velocity represented by Fs factor between minimum and maximum limits

 20 > Design > 13

Select the median value of Fs: 16.5 17 (rounded)

This is so that there could be freedom to operate above and below the design value.

Design Basis

Fs = 17

1 Selected weir height, hw 1 inch

(Again, assumption)
2 Height of liquid over weir, how 0.52 inch

From figure 8-104 at 22.1 gpm and lw = 1.62 ft (from the figure)

3 Submergence
From equation (8-263)
_=()(_ )+_
Where: hsl = static liquid seal on sieve tray, inch. Liquid
f= aeration factor, 1.0

4 Downcomer pressure loss

Underflow Area
Apparently somehow without reasoning, the book thus (9.5 inch)(1 inch)/144=0.065
spewed forth that "clearance between bottom of ft^2
downcomer and plate = 1-inch maximum.
(Yeah the 144 is most likely conversion, but

Downflow Area
0.334 ft^2

Somehow, since underflow area is less than the downflow

area, this must be used for pressure drop determination.
Alakazam, no inlet weir used on this design.

_=0.56[_/(449(_))]^2=0.56[22.1/(449(0.065))]^2=0.312

Lg =
Ad =
Since this book didn't even bother to explain why this formula was used
(thank God no penny was spent upon this book), let me take the
privilege to enlighten myself in this journey of emotional roller coaster.
 Since this book didn't even bother to explain why this formula was used
(thank God no penny was spent upon this book), let me take the
privilege to enlighten myself in this journey of emotional roller coaster.
hdu =

Although, according to equation (8-303):

Head loss through downcomer underflow:

_=(0.03)[_/
(100_ )]^2
Aaaah, the consistencty reminded me of what politicians usually s

5 Dry tray pressure drop

(vo^2 pv)
0.003(
_ ^2 _)(_/_ )(1^2)/ _ ^2 p water
pL
beta
Co
hdt

6 Effective head
hsl = 1.52 inch
he = 1.4 inch for Fs > 14, Figure 8-130

7 Total wet tray pressure drop

hdt 1.03
_=_+_ 1.4
he
ht 2.43 inch. Liquid
2.44

8 Total tower pressure drop for 45 trays

()=( ( _) ( ) )/((1728 . .)(. .)) ((

ht = 2.43
n= 45
Top liquid density = 83
Bottom liquid density = 85
P = 5.315625 psi By book = 5.33

An excerpt from the book thus dictated forth: "An actual operating tower measured 5 psi.
It is satisfactory to average the conditions for top and bottom of tower when flows do not
vary significantly. Otherwise, parallel determinations must be carried throught for top and
bottom (and even feed in some cases) conditions.
 An excerpt from the book thus dictated forth: "An actual operating tower measured 5 psi.
It is satisfactory to average the conditions for top and bottom of tower when flows do not
vary significantly. Otherwise, parallel determinations must be carried throught for top and
bottom (and even feed in some cases) conditions.

9 Number of holes required

Hole size selected 3/ 16 inch
Hole spacing/pitch 1/ 12 inch

Holes/inch^2 plate area 4.62 (From figure 8-144) (ENIGMATIC, NEED FURTHER CO

Area of a 3/16 inch holes = 0.027623 inch^2

Calculation Summary
Maximum Velocity Design Velocity Weep Point

Fs 20 17 13 _= _ ^2 _
pv =
vo top 26.3 22.3 17.1
(top vapor density)
pv =
vo bot 24.4 20.8 15.9
(bot vapor density)

No. of Holes Required:

= (( , )(

Top 1037 1223 1595 CFS at top =

Bottom 1193 1399 1830 CFS at top =

The selected design Fs = 17 gives the number of holes as above.

Considering the value of 1223 and 1399 for the top and bottom respectively indicated the
operations are somewhat closer to the tower maximum than to the weep point. This usually
insureas as good an effeiciency as is obtainable for a given system. It may limit the flexibility
of the tower, since there will not be enough holes to operate down to the weep point at the
given design flow rates.

Okay now my hands are rather tired, here is a pretty screenshot of what the book has to
offer, its reasonings and logic are as on the page titled "SCREENSHOTS BECAUSE I'M LAZY"
 0.78
0.128

(ENIGMATIC, SHOULDA BEEN AROUND 1.3-ISH)

inch
inch
inch (assumed, to be confirmed)
inch (assumed, to be confirmed)
inch
design value.

(Again, assumption)

(from the figure)

f 1
hw 1
how 0.52
hsl 1.52 inch. Liquid

h)(1 inch)/144=0.065 0.065 ft^2

144 is most likely conversion, but where doth the numbers 9.5 and 1 popped out from?)

Liquid flow rate, gpm = Q 22.1 gpm

Downcomer area, cross sectional area for total liquid downflow, ft^2, or;
minimum flow area at bottom (under) of downcomer per tray, ft^2
 Downcomer area, cross sectional area for total liquid downflow, ft^2, or;
minimum flow area at bottom (under) of downcomer per tray, ft^2
0.065 ft^2 (It's magic)
Downcomer head loss due to friction and underflow, inch liquid

ed me of what politicians usually say during election and after election

17
62.3
85
0.128
0.78
1.027365 inch liquid
1.03 inch liquid

inch. Liquid

. .)) (( + )/2)

psi
 (ENIGMATIC, NEED FURTHER CONFIRMATION)

= _ ^2 _
0.582
(top vapor density)
0.674
ft/sec
(bot vapor density)

)( ))/(( 1 )( ))

CFS at top = 5.23

1399
CFS at top = 5.58
(It's magic)
10 Mechanical Tray Laout Details

Allow a total of 3.5-inch on diameter for extension of tray ring-type

support into the tower. This reduces available tray area. Other support
details might make more area available. Each must be examined.

Allow 5-inch clearance (no holes) between inlet downcomer and first row
of holes. The 5 inch could be reduced to 3 inch minimum if an inlet weir
were used.

Allow 3 inch clearance (no holes) between outlet weir and adjacent row
of holes.

Downcomer width = 3.6 inch (From figure 8-100 and 8-145 at 65% weir length)
12
Conversion

Area determinations: Figure 8-145

Area of segment of circle (2) with chord AD:

Diameter circle (2) = 30 - 1.75 -1.75 = 26.5 inch. (the 1.75 is the radii difference of the bigg
Height of chord = 13.25 - (15 - 3.6 - 5) = 6.85 inch. (radius of the inner circle (15 - 1.75) minu
Chord height/Circle diameter = 0.258491

Referring to Perry's Handbook, (page 32, 3rd Edition) (Just more proof that thy

=0.161 ( ) ^2

Area = 113.0623 inch^2

Area of segment of circle (2) width chord BC:

Height of chord = 13.25 - (15 - 3.6 - 3) = 4.85 inch (the radius of the inner circle minus the d
h/D = 4.85/26.5 = 0.183019
Area = 0.0984 (26.5^2) = 69.1014 inch^2

Area of the second circle 551.7679 inch^2

Area available for holes

Available Hole Areas = Area of 2nd circle - area of circle segment with chord AD -
 Available Hole Areas = Area of 2nd circle - area of circle segment with chord AD -
Area = 369.6042 inch^2

Area required for holes

= ( " " )/(

302.8138528139 inch^2

Available Area = 369.6042 inch^2

Number of Holes = 1707 holes
and 8-145 at 65% weir length)
% of tower diameter
Conversion 12

is the radii difference of the bigger and smaller circle)

the inner circle (15 - 1.75) minus the distance to the hole blanking strips; distance to chord AD)

(Just more proof that thy book is alas, incomplete, Mr. Ludwig)

us of the inner circle minus the distance to the starboard side hole blanking strips; left and right distance is different)

segment with chord AD - area of circle segment with chord BC

segment with chord AD - area of circle segment with chord BC

8144)
Page 148