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    brief note on compressor types

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    brief note on compressor types

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    2 views15 pages

    Compressor

    Uploaded by

    Akki_Vaghela
    brief note on compressor types

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 15
    Chapter 12 Compressor pressure of the refrigerant vapour leaving the evaporator must be elevated (or the vapour has to ‘compressed to the level of the condensing pressure, so that it can be condensed into a liquid in condenser and fed to the evaporator for continuous refrigeration. This is accomplished by the ition method or by mechanical means. The absorption system is a heat-operated machine with in a subsequent chapter). For mechanical compression ‘positive displacement machine’ ‘non-positive displacement machine’ is used. In the positive displacement compressor (reciprocat- rotary, screw or scroll compressor), a certain volume of the refrigerant vapour is confined within a space and its pressure is raised (or itis compressed) by reducing its volume, while in the non- ive displacement type, the elevation of the pressure of the refrigerant vapour is by centrifugal (centrifugal compressor). This chapter is on the positive displacement compressors. The displacement of (quantity of gas pumped by) the compressor, determines the capacity ofthe rating system as a whole. Further it continuously circulates the refrigerant through the -m. Thus itis the heart ofthe system, ‘The reftigeration compressor is different from those used in other application, such as air or gas spressors. The function of the air or gas compressors is totally unrelated to the use to which the pressed air or gasis put to, So their capacity, susceptibility of breakdown, etc., are not governed what happens to the compressed fluid once itis discharged into the receiver. On the other hand, function of the refrigeration compressor, being an integral part of the system, is related to the ‘components. Hence its capacity life, breakdown, etc. are very much influenced by the perfor- ce ofthe other components like, evaporator, condenser throttling device, etc. ‘Types of refrigeration compressors used are: reciprocating, rotary, screw, centrifugal and scroll, The reciprocating and screw compressors are best suited for use with refrigerants which require sciatively small displacement and condense at relatively high pressure, such as K-12, R-22, Ammonia, R et The centrifugal compressor is generally suitable for handling refrigerants that require large acement and operate at low-condensing pressure, such as R-11, R-113, R-123 etc. However, '&12is also employed for large-capacity application and low-temperature jobs. The rotary compressors most suited for pumping refrigerants having moderate or low-condens- Se pressures, such as R-21 and R-114, Thisis mainly used in domestic refrigerators. 136 | Basie Refrigeration and Atr Conditioning R-134a is the alternative reftigerant of R-11 and R-12 which are being phased out as per Mot Protocol. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR Reciprocating compressors are available in sizes as small as 1/12 hp, which are used in small d tic refrigerators, up to about 150 hp for large capacity installations. Reciprocating compressors are of two types: (1) open and (2) hermetics-totally sealed (welded), semihermetics. The open-type compressor is flexible in the sense that, by varying the speed of the comp! different capacities can be obtained. It can be operated by any type of prime mover, such as electric motor (of different voltage and frequency), petroVdiesel/steam engines, etc. In the field, motor can easily be changed in case of a motor burnout. The refrigeration system is not affected! the burnout. A disadvantage of the open-type compressors that the shaft seal is the most vuh point for the leakage of refrigerant. Inthe hermetic type, however, there is no need for the shaft seal. The compressor and motor common shafi and are assembled in a single body. The whole assembly is fixed in a steel shell, joints of which are welded. The semi-hermeticis of bolted construction, facilitating service a all the parts and so is known as ‘accessible hermetic’ also, The losses due to a drive package and seal friction are also eliminated i.e, the power required per ton of refrigeration is less than that the open type. But it can be operated only by a.c. electric supply, and that too of the voltage frequency the particular assembly is designed for. In the event ofa motor burnout, highly cor! acids are formed. This is due to the disintegration of the refrigerants at the high temperat associated with a motor burnout. The system therefore gets contaminated, and before a repaired new ‘motor-compressor’ assembly is fixed, the system has to be thoroughly flushed and cleaned. Electric motors get heated up during operation due to the friction in the bearings and electri losses. As the temperature of the motor goes up, the insulation of the motor winding gets affe ‘The winding can even burn out due to the gradual deterioration of the insulation. Ther cooling arrangements with outside air are provided in motors. In some motors generally of al horsepower, extended lugs are provided on the rotor. These provide a forced air circulation the windings. In small motors fins are cast on the outer surface of the motor body itself for dissipi ing the heat. In bigger motors, a separate fan is fitted on one end of the motor shaft, providing positive and abundant circulation of air over the windings. In hermetic compressors, as the compressor-motor assembly is suspended inside a steel shell, winding and rotor cannot get natural cooling. In semihermetics, however, as the stator is pi into the compressor body casting, some amount of motor heat gets dissipated to the atmosphere ‘conduction through the body. So, the totally sealed type gives more heat to the suction gas than semihermetic. The cooling of the windings and rotor is accomplished by the cold refrigerant vay ‘coming from the evaporator. The suction vapour is made to pass through passages around the stator and the rotor before entering the compressor suction manifold thereby cooling the The lower the temperature of the suction vapour, the easier itis for the heat to flow from the windii and rotor to the vapour. Therefore superheating of the refrigerant in the evaporator and sucti line should be minimum to obtain maximum cooling of the motor, If there is even a very minut refrigerant leak in the system, motor cooling will be affected. A restricted liquid-line strainer/drie can also give the same effect as a refrigerant leak. The motor in such cases will burnout due to overheating, even if it is not fully loaded (not drawing more than the rated current.) Therefor Compressor | 197 ‘hermetic systems should often be checked for leaks and the system kept tight. The refrigerant charge should also be proper. In the context of the environmental problems of ozone depletion and green house effect of gases, shese compressors assume greater importance, as: — Noshatft seal, thus less chances of refrigerant leaks and emission, an important point in reduc- ing ozone depletion (satisfying Montreal protocol). Thisis apart from the bad effects of refrigerant leak on the refrigeration system and heavy cost of refrigerant replenishment in maintenance. ~ They keep down the indirect green house effect (satisfying the Kyoto agreement), being more energy efficient than the open type. Further, ~ Noneed for compressor drive package, so no cost ofits replacement due to wear and tear and the laborious / time consuming work of compressor to motor alignment during installation / service thatis necessary with the open type compressor. ~ Being more compact than the open type, occupy less space. Principle of Operation of the Reciprocating Compressor dictionary meaning of the word ‘reciprocate’ is: “go with alternate back and forth motion”. Ina -==

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