FLOWERS pio FRUITS * Fis Z. Floral structure. F a ero yee ‘connactve 1 Tpetan ee (Cortana vaouor {2nin lod fr Seni ‘Seeiong poten Nesta guides {ey Be th lomo sobre ine or owrmaray ‘Srcles hai These hae ‘Srctthe nect he ee Rata ot ‘helnwecte body Pate [cotecive nave cota) {ry oye Nectar ‘rt nate ea variety {pout the stuctve ‘tae, shape and coo ‘leauaing ager stuion| Marte parte SSremara ome) {pohpemous 9p ernce) s0¢(nicromporanglve) {used tmtalus) a {conti ston arora ‘Rover sore speces Bente (9cton 0) topomins) a oe Stace ioaitaa ae or ‘ecg poe nay or restate tape) Fant sumo ona (ound ak ere ater ‘whieh holds anthers Riba duane herent oh = seat ray wa ites onde snd we amvecy ate pebel Pacer rovtnes ces capac {Grges ern crton Sineoreunc Sosy Ral) —S Pearce (ao sate nower Eeniars fem and poem te prove nurarert for tone) Inigumons (er prtestion ot emtye sc: i ter caus parenchyma font ete Sepa ealectne name eae! a Sonchote towpene © ‘wero (pity whch Bu hen groan hay Doin tube raquo pbs see crowned br ee ictroneie tale Sao each oni frcoss ene)Wind-pollinated flowers Insect-pollinated flowers (anemophilous) (entomophilous) 8, Rye grass (Loliom pereme) 8, Buttercup (Ramunculs repre) oops " * + Flowers occur in groups (inflorescences) | Flowers may accur on the plantas co the plant (eg. Graminae) Inflorescences (eg, apple) but may also be solitary eg. tip) Flowers ave often unisexual with an | Mostly bisexual (hermaphrodite) excess of male flowers Bowers Petals are dull and much reduced in size | Petals ace large and brightly coloured to make them conspicuous to insets [No scent or nectar ie produced Flowers produce scent and/or nectar to ateac insects tigmas often protrude outside the | Stigmas lle deep within the corolla ower on lng styles ‘Stigmas are often feathery, giving them | Stigma are relatively small a the pollen ‘large surface area to filter pollen from | ie deposited accurately by the the pollinating insecte fathers dangle outside the lower on | Anthers lie inside the coralla 50 the “ong filaments so the pollen is easly | pollinating insect brushes against them released into the sie when collecting the nectar Enormous amounts of pollen are Less pollens produced a pollen tranafer produced to offset the high degree of | is more precise and so entails ess wastage during dispersal wastage Pollen is smooth, light and small and | Pollen is larger and often bears sometimes has ‘Wwing-lke’ extensions to | projections which help it adhere to the aid wind transport insect Paw —SS — thighay corres, Eanepleuoue for Tor potinaion) (comprising Sigma where olen grams Sevonies ay tec) ~(Conting ota Sinisa Famer is Nectry (sttetes sugary souton Srl wich atvacte and is ovata ino Sepa! tenant sn Fig. 2. Half-flower of buttercup (Ranunculus), a regular aa (actinontorphic) flower aa saat Fae ame ft snr onescence See SPRELET SNGLEFLOWER suase lowers (eaalenae wi om Stecotan one sana Sed sone e inp a Fis. 31 Rye grass Lolium perenne) VONE# WITH Leama ReMoveDback of bee. D: Bee visits older flower. obes open, and the beo brushes against the style, and ovary are shown in green.) Fro. « 9. Hoterostyly in the bluet (Houstonia caerulea) Lejt: Long-styled flower. Right: Short-styled flower. Fig. $7) Half-flower of antirrhinum, an irregular faygomorphic) flowerFRUITS While seed are developing other changes take place resulting in the development of the fruit © True fruits © Accessory or false fruits ‘© Simple fruits © Compound fruits ~ Aggregate -Multiple/collective ‘True fruits contain only ovarian tissue ‘Accessory or false fruits contain additional non-ovarian tissue (receptacle etc.) ‘A simple fruit is derived from a single ovary in a single flower Compound fruits result from the development of several ovaries; two types. ‘© Aggregate is formed from one flower having many ovaries which mature together to form fruit ( sometime fusing with receptacle)- soursop 1s Multiple develop from the ovaries of several flowers of an inflorescence that mature together. (pineapple) Classification of fruits ‘Two main methods ‘© Fruit dry or fleshy at maturity -whether the mesocarp is soft or dry at maturity ‘© Fruit is Dehiscent- breaks open releasing seeds at maturity OR Indehiscent -do not open naturally at maturity. A dry fruit is not eaten by natural seed distributing animals (Frugivores) ‘Most fleshy fruits are generally indehiscent -exception Akee SIMPLE FRUITS FLESHY INDEHISCENT FRUITS- Have mesocarp that is soft at maturity © Berry- all three layers of pericarp- exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp soft at maturity fleshy and juicy. Skin is exocarp; other two layers may not be easily differentiated. Seed usually covered by hard, resistant Testa. c.g. tomato, grape, avocado, eggplant etc. © Pome - accessory or false fruit e.g. apple and pears ‘Some similarity to berry; the endocatp maybe papery ‘© Drupe Similar to berry, pericarp thickened and can be differentiated into three distinct layers. Exocarp is skin; mesocarp fleshy portion endocarp is hard (sclereids,and fibres) Mango typical example. Both coconut and almond are drupes not muts. Pepo- The exocarp becomes a tough rind (receptacle and exocarp); inner sof tissue mesocarp and endocarp, may not be differentiated into two layers eg. pumpkin, squash, watermelon, cucumber. ‘© Hesperidium- Thick leathery rind (peel) made up of exocarp and mesocarp contains numerous oil glands, Edible pulp segments the endocarp e.g. lemon, orange grapefruit(citrus) DRY INDEHISCENT FRUITS (mesocarp dry at maturity) © Achene~simplest type, pericarp and testa around single seed free from each other, Caryopsis (grain)- pericarp and testa fused together to form single skin around endosperm and ‘embryo. Seed and fruit merged into one. Referred to as one seeded fruits ‘eg. maize/corn, wheat, oats, rice (cereals) Samara- a winged fruit. Contains one seed. Pericarp extended into wing like extension Nut- At maturity the pericarp becomes very hard and woody, ‘The term nut applies fruits with one seed, having a hard /woody pericarp. eg, walnut, hickory, chest, beechnut, pistachio. Note ~ the peanut is a legume not a nut Brazil nuts are seeds not fruit (capsule) DEHISCENT FRUITS (FROM A SINGLE CARPEL) ‘© Legume ~ split along both sides e.g legumes ; peas, beans Follicle — longitudinal split along one side (boat shape)‘+ Capsule (2 or more carpels)- split open in a variety of ways ‘Akee fleshy dehiscent capsule + Schizocarp- explosive fruit —.e.g, sandbox fruit (potent laxative ALL FRUITS ABOVE GENERALLY FROM A SINGLE OVARY IN SINGLE FLOWER SO ARE SIMPLE FRUITS. COMPOUND FRUITS Results from the development of several ovaries * Aggregate fruits- formed from one flower with many ovaries maturing together. Exg. soursop; ‘+ Collective/multiple —formed from the ovaries of several flowers on one inflorescence which matures together. ©. pineapple (has fleshy inflorescence axis which grows beyond forming crown of leaves) Breadfruit and Breadnut; Jackfruit Genetic consequences/outcomes of self and cross fertilisation/pollination (advantages/disadvantages) Self-fertilisation cross-fertilisation * Decreased genetic variation, increase uniformity increase genetic variation, decreased uniformity * Increased homozygosity, decreased heterozygosity increased heterozygosity, decreased homozygosity harmful recessive characters more likely to less likely to be expressed be expressed © reduction in gene pool maintenance of gene pool * inbreeding depression, reduces “fitness* sives ‘hybrid vigour, fitness Plants get smaller less sturdy, smaller fruits ‘maintained, Jess resistant to disease:TABbEN Diprnaetypes : y 1, lesb fruits Berry: a Dechy fut im which all three layers—endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp—are sot (Grape, tomate), Pome: silat toa bery excep thatthe endocarp is papery or leathery (apple). Drupe: similar to a berry except that the endocarp is hard, sclerenchymatous (stone frults: peach, cherry, plum, apriced) Pepo: a feshy frit in which the exocerp is ough, hard ind the inner soft issues ay not be diferentiated into two distinct ayers (purple esperidium: exacarp is leathery (Cr) 2. Dey fruits Indehiscent fruits Developing fom a single carpel CCaryopsis: simple and smal, containing only one seed, and the testa (sed coat) be- ‘comes fused tothe fruit wall during maturtion (grases: wheat, com, oat). ‘Achene: like a caryopss, but the seed and frlt remain distinc. Fruit wall hin and papery (sunflowers). Samar ooesetdd it wih wing cugrowths ofthe ovary wal (males, alder, Developing from a compound gymoecium («compound pis) ‘Nut although the gynoecium originally consists of several carpels and ovules ll but ‘one ovule degenerate during development. Ptiarp i had at maturity (walt) Debiseen site Developing om a sng cae Tague beaks open slong bth sles (beans pes) Folie: Fi bei open on ony oneal lube reed) Lensopigec rend sec Epi! oper many ay Spliting ong ines son Cert) Spling beeen nes fon Spltng io tp and boom al rnwse) Spent eal pore pep) Sehr Cmpoud oy breaks no nv cares ced ever 9. Coaponnd fats Agree utes of flower ot fed, bt grow togie dring ft matron (raspberry). e " i Mahila: the ts fan infec gow opser ding se matron : ‘pen squash, cantelope), Figure. “Z Schematic diagram summarising the contribition made to fruit formation and dispersal by floral structures other than the ovary. In some cases the ovary is sitttated above the receptacle as shown here; in other cases the ovary is sunk down into the receptacle. There may, of course, be more than one carpel present, and in some cases the whole inflorescence may enter into the formation of the fruit. style —+ hooks in, e.g. wood aven ——— ovule— seed (hairy in, e.g. willowherb) ovary— true fruit (edible in, e.g. plum; hairy in, eg. cleaver; dehiscing in, e.g. peas ‘winged in, e.g. sycamore) ip sepals —= hairs in,e.g. dandelion receptacle—> enlarged and edible false fruit in, e.g. apple bract—+ hooks in, eg. burdock (inflorescence)A Achene: e.g. buttercup, wood aven Femains of style which may be hooked B Drupe: eg, plum . —— remains of syle «plcarp (skin’) -mesocarp (flesh’) b pericarp (wall of fruit) endocarp (‘stone’) seed coat gooseberry D Fale fleshy fruit: strawberry gif E False fleshy feuit: apple Or A sic (valy part of ‘cre) —— trode (pips fschenes (pipe!) true fruits ‘swollen fleshy recepracle sepal wwe ey eae || ericarp Wee gee PAE tae set Be ‘2D wen iin ving oe nal ie a eed fe ne , hyd eel nf :- SEED 5 (238 Micropyte == f— enya ot poten seve ‘a sme econ = 4 Radiol - 5 as +f youn reo! ‘Shoot wth Pherae ae young shoot Lengidinal section endosperm seed coat _ E 3 & 5 embryo hypocoty| radicle radicle c : D Fic. “. Seeds. A: Longitudinal section of seed of castor bean. The plumule is minute and cannot be seen without magnification, B: Longitudinal section of grain of corn. C: Bean seed, one of the cotyledons removed. D: Bean seed, showing micro- pyle and hilum.Zs COVER MS. Dar LERVEeSLeSingle Jeaf of a sun- lew, ‘The tentacles are bend {ng around a ouptured insect. deme ennaner ima PICHER PLANT Mechanism of trapping closing trap. Venus FLY TRAP