ติวสบายคณิต (เพิ่มเติม) บทที่ 01 ตรรกศาสตร์ PDF

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1.1

7
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. (8 + 22)3 102 .
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1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
2.
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1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
1
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1.2

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1) () 2) ()
3) .............. ( ) 4) ( )
2
1.2.1 ( )

p q pq
T T T
T F F T T T
F T F
F F F F
2 6 3
T F T T
F T
1.2.2 ( )

p q p q
T T T
T F T F F F
F T T T
F F F
2 6 3 2
T F F F
T F
2
1.2.3 .......... .......... ( )
..............

p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T T T F F
F F T T

2 6 3 2
T F F F
T T
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p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

2 6 3 2
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1.2.5 ()

p p
T F
F T
3
.
p q pq pq pq pq pq
1 2 3 4 5
T T
T F
F T
F F
3.
. 2 > 3 5 x 3 = 18
.
. 5 + 3 8 8 3 = 5
. 23 1
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
.
p q pq pq pq pq pq
1 2 3 4 5
T T
T F
F T
F F
4
4.
. 2 > 3 3 > 2
. x 0
.
.
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
.
p q pq pq pq pq pq
1 2 3 4 5
T T
T F
F T
F F
5.
.
. 5 x 2 = 10 5 + 2 = 10
. 3 + 2 = 6 6 2 = 3
. 3 x 2 = 6 62 = 3
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
5
.
p q pq pq pq pq pq
1 2 3 4 5
T T
T F
F T
F F
6.
. 2 + 2 = 4 2 x 2 = 4
. 3 + 5 = 15 15 5 = 10
.
. 20 20 4
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
()

p p
T F
F T
.
p q p q pq pq pq p
T T
T F
F T
F F
6
1.3
7. p , q , r , s t

() (p q) r () (p r) (t s)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
8. p , q , r , s t

() (p s) (p r) () [(p q) t]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
7
9. p , q , r , s t

() [ (r s) p] () (p q) (r t)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
10. p , q , r , s t

() (r q) (s t) () (p q) (r s)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
8
11. p , q , r , s t

() (s p) (q r) () (q r) (p s)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
.
1. F = 2. F =
3. F = 4. F =
5. F = 6. F =
.
1. T = 2. T =
3. T = 4. T =
5. T = 6. T =
7. = 8. F =
.
1. F T = 2. F =
3. T = 4. F =
6. T = 7. ( F ) =
9
12.
. (q r) (s p) q . (q r) (s p) q
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
13.
. (q r) (s p) q s
. ( s r) (q p) p
. ( ~p r) (q p) p
1. . . . 2. . . .
3. . . . 4. . . .
10
14. ( p q ) r p , q , r
( )
1. T , T , F 2. T , F , F 3. T , F , T 4. F , F , F
15. ( p q) (r s) p , q , r , s
( )
1. T , T , F , F 2. T , F , F , F 3. T , F , T , T 4. F , F , F , T
11
16. ( p q) (r q) p , q , r
( )
1. T , T , F 2. T , F , F 3. T , F , T 4. F , F , F
17. p q (p q) (p q)
1. 2. 3. 4.
12
18( En) p , q r (p q) (q r)

1. p q 2. p r 3. p q 4. q r
19( ) r s p
q [ (p q ) r ] ( p s )
1. p q 2. p q
3. p q 4. p q
13
20. [ p(q r) ] (s r ) p , q , r
s ( )
1. T , T , F , F 2. T , T , F , T 3. T , F , T , T 4. F , F , F , T
21( ) [ p (q r) ] (q r)
p , q , r .......... ( )
1. T , T , F 2. T , F , F 3. T , F , T 4. F , F , F
14
1.4

(p q) (p q)
(p q) (p q)
p , q 4
p q pq p q p q (p q) (p q)
T T T F F F F
T F F F T F T
F T T T F F F
F F T T T T T
( p q ) r
( p q ) r
p , q r 8
p q r p q (p q ) r
T T T T T
T T F T F
T F T F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F T F F T
F F T F T
F F F F T
15
22. p (r p)

1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
23. (p q) r
1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 7
16
1.5
2 2
(p q) p q
p q p q (p q) p q p q
T T T F F F F
T F T F F T F
F T T F T F F
F F F T T T T
(p q) p q
(p q) p q

1) pq qp
2) p q q p
3) p ( q r) ( p q ) r
4) p ( q r) ( p q ) r
5) p ( q r ) ( p q ) ( p r )
6) p ( q r) ( p q ) ( p r)
7) (p q) p q
8) (p q) p q
9) p q p q
A B A B
K L K L
10) ( p q ) ( p q ) p q
11) p q q p
12) p q ( p q ) ( q p)
17
13) p(qr) (pq)(pr)
14) p(qr) (pq)(pr)
15) (qr)p (qp)(rp)
16) (qr)p (qp)(rp)
17) p p p
18) p p p
19) p ~p F
20) p~p T
21) pF F
22) pT T
23) pT p
24) pF p
.
1) p q ....................................
2) p q ....................................
3) p ( q r) ....................................
4) p ( q r) ....................................
5) p ( q r ) ....................................
6) p ( q r) ....................................
7) ( p q ) ....................................
8) ( p q ) ....................................
24. p ( q r)
1. ( p q ) r 2. ( q p ) r
3. ( p r ) q 4.
18
25. p ( q r)
1. ( p q ) ( p r ) 2. ( p q ) r
3. ( q p ) ( r p ) 4. 1
26. ( p q r)
1. p q r 2. p q r
3. p q r 4. 1
.
1) p q ....................................
2) ( p q ) ....................................
3) p q ....................................
4) p q ....................................
19
27.
. P Q Q P
. (P Q) P Q
. (~X Y ) Y X
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
28.
. (P Q ) R (~P ~Q ) R
. (P Q) (X Y) (~P ~Q) (X Y)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
20
29.
. ( P Q ) ( R S ) ( R S ) ( P Q )
. p q ( q p ) ( q p)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
30.
. p ( q p) p ( p q )
. p ( q r ) ( p q ) r
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
21
31.
. p ( q ( r p ) ) p ( q ) r
. p q ( p q ) p
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
32.
. p ( q q ) q
. p ( p q ) q p
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
22
33.
. (p q) (r r) q p
. p q [p (q q)] [q (p p)]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
1.6

( )
1
2
3

( )
1
2

23
34.
. ( p q) p . ( ~ p ) ( p q )
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
35.
. ( p q ) ( p q ) . ( p q ) ( p q )
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
24
36.
. [ (p q) p] p . ( p q ) ( p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
37.
. [ ( q p ) q ] p . ( p q ) ( p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
25
38.
. ( p q ) ( p q ) . ( p q ) ( p q )
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
1.7

1
2
3

26
39( En)
. 1. p (q r ) . 1. ( p q ) r
2. q 2. ( r s )
3. r 3. p
p q

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
40.
1. p q 2. p r
3. s r 4. q
s
1. 2. 3. 4.
27
41.
1.
2.

1. 2. 3. 4.
1.8

x + 5 > 0
.
1. 4
2. {3} {0 , 1} 3 {0 , 1}
3. x2 + x 6 = (x + 3)(x 2)
4.
5.
6. x + x = 2x x x = 0
7. 12 x x2 6
8. x 3
28
1.9
( )

2
1) x x 2) x x
x ( x + 5 = 9)
x x + 5 = 9
x ( x + 5 = 9)
x x + 5 = 9
1.10
3
1.
2.
3.
x [ P (x) ]
1) x U P(x)
2) x U 1 P(x)
. x ( x + 1 x2 ) U = { 2 , 3 , 4 , }
x { 2 , 3 , 4 , . } x + 1 x2
U x x + 1 x2
2. x ( x + 1 x2 ) U = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , }
x { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , } x + 1 x2
x 1 x + 1 x2
29
x [ P (x) ]
1) x U 1 P (x)
2) x U P(x)
1. x (x2 > 2x) U = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
x {1 , 2 , 3 } x2 > 2x
x 3 x2 > 2x
2. x (x2 > 2x) U = { 0 , 1 , 2 }
x {0 , 1 , 2 } x2 > 2x
U x2 > 2x
42.
. x ( x 5 = 10) . x ( x2 > 0) . x ( x + 6 = 18 )
. x ( x2 > 0) . x ( | x | < 0)
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5
43. . x [ x2 2x = 3 ] U = { 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 }
. x [ x + 2 > 2 x ] U = I
. .
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
30
1.11

x x
P(x) ~ P(x)

=
44. xy [ (xy < 0) ( x < 0 y < 0) ]

1. x y [ (xy < 0) ( x < 0 y < 0) ]
2. x y [ (xy > 0) ( x > 0 y > 0) ]
3. x y [ (xy > 0) ( x > 0 y > 0) ]
4. x y [ (xy > 0) ( x > 0 y > 0) ]
45. x y [ ( xy < 0 ) ( x < 0 ) ]

1. xy [ ( xy < 0 ) ( x 0 ) ]
2. xy [ ( xy < 0 ) ( x 0 ) ]
3. xy [ ( xy 0 ) ( x 0 ) ]
4. xy [ ( xy 0 ) ( x 0 ) ]
31
1.12
8
xy [P(x, y)] xy[P(x , y)] xy[P(x, y)] xy[P(x , y)]
yx [P(x, y)] yx[P(x , y)] yx[P(x, y)] yx[P(x , y)]

xy [P(x, y)] x y
a b P(a , b)
xy [P(x, y)] x y
a b P(a , b)
xy [P(x, y)] x y
a b P(a , b)
xy [P(x, y)] x y
a b P(a , b)
xy [P(x , y)] x
a y [P(a , y)]
xy [P(x , y)] x
a y [P(a , y)]
xy [P(x , y)] x
a y [P(a , y)]
xy [P(x , y)] x
a y [P(a , y)]
46. U = {1 , 0 , 1}
(a) xy [ x y 2 ] (b) xy [ x + y 2 ]
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) (b)
3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b)
32
47. U =
(a) xy [ x y = y x ] (b) xy [ x + y = 0 ]
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) (b)
3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b)
48. U = {1 , 0 , 1}
(a) xy [ 2x + y = 2 ] (b) xy [ x + y 2 ]
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) (b)
3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b)
49. U = {1 , 0 , 1}
(a) xy [ x y ] (b) xy [ x + y = 0 ]
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) (b)
3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b)
50. U = {1 , 0 , 1}
(a) xy [ x + y = 0 ] (b) xy [ x y ]
1. (a) (b) 2. (a) (b)
3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b)
33
1
1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 1. 4. 3.
5. 3. 6. 2. 7. 1. 8. 1.
9. 1. 10. 1. 11. 3. 12. 2.
13. 2. 14. 1. 15. 1. 16. 3.
17. 1. 18. 2. 19. 2. 20. 2.
21. 1. 22. 3. 23. 2. 24. 4.
25. 4. 26. 2. 27. 4. 28. 1.
29. 1. 30. 1. 31. 1. 32. 3.
33. 1. 34. 2. 35. 1. 36. 1.
37. 2. 38. 1. 39. 3. 40. 1.
41. 1. 42. 1. 43. 2. 44. 3.
45. 1. 46. 2. 47. 2. 48. 2.
49. 1. 50. 2.
34
1
1.1
1.
. .
. 2 . 2 3 x2 x = 6
. . 16 5
1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
1.2
2.
. 2 > 2 4 < 2 . 2 > 2 2 < 2
. 2 7 7 . 2 < 1 2 < 0
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
3.
. 2 < 1 1 > 0 . 2 < 8 3 < 1
. 2 . 8 < 1 9 < 2
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
4.
1. 2 + 4 = 4 + 2 5 x 2 = 2 x 3
2. 2 x 3 = 3 x 2 { 2 + 3 = 3 + 2 2 3 = 3 2 }
3. { 2 = 2 2 = 2 } 1 + 2 = 2 1
4. 3
35
1.3
5. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

. (P Q) R . (P Q) R . (P Q) R
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
6. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

. (P Q) R . (P Q) S . (P S) Q
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
7. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

. (R S) Q . (Q P) R . (S R) P
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
8. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

. (P S) Q . (R S) Q . Q (S P)
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
9. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

() [(P S) (R Q)] P
() [S Q) (R P)] S (Q P)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
36
10. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

() [(S P) R] [(Q P) S]
() [(P Q) R] S [(S R) Q] P
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
11. P , Q , R , S T , F , T , F

() [(P Q) R] S (P R) S
() (S Q) (R P) [(P Q) R] S
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
12. p , q , r , s t

() [ (p q) (t r) ] s () [ (pq) (ts) ] [ (qr) s ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
13. p , q , r T , F , T
[ p (q r) ] [ (p q) (p r) ]
1. [(p q) p] 2. p (p q)
3. [(p q) (p q)] 4. q p
14.
() (p q) r r F
() p (p q) q T
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
37
15.
. q (p q) q
. p (q r) q
. p (q r) p
1. . . . 2. . . .
3. . . . 4. . . .
16. p (q r) p , q , r
1. p q r 2. p q r
3. p q r 4. p q r
17. (p q) (r s)
p , q , r , s
1. p q r s 2. p q r s
3. p q r s 4. p q r s
18. p (q r) [p (q r)] [(p q) (p r)]

1. 2. 3. 4.
19. p q q r
1. p (q r) 2. (p q) r
3. (q p) r 4. (p q) r
20. [(p r) (r s) q
p , q , r , s
1. p q r s 2. p q r s
3. p q r s 4. p q r s
38
21. [(p q) (p s)] (r s)
p , q , r , s
1. p q r s 2. p q r s
3. p q r s 4. p q r s
22. (p q) (r p)

1. (p q) (r q) 2. (p q) (r q)
3. [(p q) (r q)] p 4. [(p r) (q p)] q
23. (p q) , (q r) , (r s) p r
p , q , r , s
1. p q r s 2. p q r s
3. p q r s 4. p q r s
24. [p (q r)] (s r) (p s)

1. p q 2. q r
3. r s 4. s p
25. (p q) [ p(q)(pq) ] [ (pq) (pq) ]
p q
1. p q 2. p q
3. p q 4. p q
26. (p q) r r s

1. s p 2. (p q) r 3. (p q) r 4. r (s p)
39
27. (p q) (r s)

. (p r) (q s) . r (p q) . (p s) r
1. . 2. . 3. . 4. 3
28. p , q , r (p q) (r r)

1. q 2. p 3. p q 4. p q
29. [ (p q) r] (q r)
p , q , r
1. p q r 2. p q r
3. p q r 4. p q r
30. , ,

:
:
:
T
1.
2.
3.
4.
40
1.4
31. (q p) (p q)

1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
32. (p q) (p r)

1. 4 2. 5 3. 6 4. 7
1.5
33.
. (p q) r (p q) r
. (p q) r r (p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
34.
. p q (p q) (q p)
. (p q) r r (p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
35.
. ( p q ) ( r s ) ( r s ) ( p q )
. p ( q r ) ( p q ) r
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
41
36. r (p q)
1. r (p q) 2. (p q) r
3. r (p q) 4. (p q) r
37. m (n k)
1. m (k n) 2. n (m k)
3. (n k) m 4. k (n m)
38.
. p (q r) (p q) r
. p (q r) (p q) (p r)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
39.
. p q ( p q ) p
. ( p q ) ( p r ) p(qr)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
40.
. (p q) r [(q r) (p r)]
. p (q r) (r p) (q p)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
41.
. p q [p (q q)] [q (p p)]
. (p q) (r r) p q
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
42
42.
. p q [(p q) r] [(p q) r]
. (p q) (r r) (q p)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
43.
. [(q r) (p s) (q r)] q p s
. (r s) [(p p) q] r s q
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
44.
. (p q) (q q) (q p)
. q [q (r r)] [p (q q)]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
45.
. [q (r r)] [p (q q)] q
. [p (q q)] w w
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
46. ab < 0 a < 0 b < 0

1. ab 0 a 0 b 0
2. ab 0 a 0 b 0
3. ab 0 a 0 b 0
4. a 0 b 0 ab 0
43
1.6
47.
. ( p q ) ( p q ) . [ p (q) ] [ q (p) ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
48.
. (p q) (q r) (p r) . (p q) (p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
49.
. p (p q) . [ ( p q ) q ] q
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
50.
. (p q) (q p) . [p (p q)] q
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
51.
. [ (p ) ( p q ) ] q . ( p q ) (p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
52.
. (p q) q . (p q) (p q)
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
44
53.
1. [p (p q)] p 2. [ p (p q) ] q
3. p (p q) p 4. [(p q) (q r)] (p r)
54.
. ( p q ) ( p q ) . [p (q r)] [ (p q) r ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
55. ( p q ) r p (q r)
1. 2. 3. 4.
1.7
56.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. p 2. q
q p

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
57.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. p 2. q
q p

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
45
58.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. r (p q) 2. p (q r)
p r r

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
59.
. 1. (p q) (r s) . 1. p q
2. (r s) 2. p (q r)
p q r

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
60.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. q r 2. q r
p 3. p
r

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
46
61.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. p 2. q r
3. q r 3. r s
p s

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
62.
. 1. p q . 1. p q
2. r p 2. p r
3. q 3. p s
4. r t r s
t

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
63.
. 1.
2.

. 1.
2.

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
47
64.
. 1.
2.

. 1.
2.

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
65.
. 1.
2.
3.

. 1. a2 = 4 a = 2
2. a2 4 a2 > 4
3. a 2
a2 > 4

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
48
1.8
1.9
1.10
66. U = {2 , 3}
1. x [x > 1] 2. x [x > 2] 3. x [x > 2] 4. x [x > 0]
67. U = { 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 }

. x [x2 < 20] . x [x3 > 100]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
68.
. x [ (x > 4 ) (x < 7) ] U = { x x 10 }
. x [ x2 0 ] U = I
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
69. U =
1. x [x2 < 0] x [x 0] 2. x [x > 0] x [x > 4]
3. x [x > 2] x [2 < x < 3] 4. x [x < 3] x [3 < x < 7]
49
1.11
70.
. x [x + 2 = 3] x [x + 2 3]
. x [ x + 5 4] x [x + 5 = 4]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
71.
. x [x + 2 3] x [x + 2 3]
. x [ x + 5 20] x [x + 5 20]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
72. xy [ x2 y ]
1. x y [x2 y] 2. x y [x2 > y]
3. xy [x2 y] 4. xy [x2 > y]
73.
. x [ (x + 2 = 3) (x 2 = 3) ] x [ (x + 2 3) (x 2 3) ]
. x [ (x + 1 2) (x + 2 7) ] x [ (x + 1 = 2) (x + 2 = 7 ) ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
74. xy [ P(x,y) Q(x,y)]
1. xy [P(x,y) Q(x,y)] 2. xy [P(x,y) Q(x,y)]
3. xy [P(x,y) Q(x,y)] 4. xy [P(x,y) Q(x,y)]
50
75. x [ P(x) Q(x) ]
1. x [ P(x) Q(x) ] 2. x [ P(x) Q(x) ]
3. x [ P(x) Q(x) ] 4. x [ P(x) Q(x) ]
76. x y [ (x 3) (y 5) ]
1. x y [(x 3) (y 5)] 2. x y [(x 3) (y 5)]
3. x y [(x 3) (y 5)] 4. x y [(x 3) (y 5)]
77. xy [ (x + y = 5) (xy = 6) ]
1. xy [ ( xy = 6) (x + y = 5) ] 2. xy [ (x + y = 5) ( xy 6)]
3. xy [ ( xy = 6) (x + y = 5) ] 4. xy [ (x + y = 5) ( xy 6)]
78. xy [ (x + y = 8) ( x y = 1) ]
1. xy [ (x + y = 8) (x y = 1) ] 2. xy [ (x + y = 8) (x y 1) ]
3. xy [ (x + y = 8) (x y = 1) ] 4. xy [ (x + y = 8) (x y 1) ]
79. x y [ (xy = 0 x 0) (y = 0) ]
1. x y [(xy = 0 x = 0) (y 0)]
2. x y [(xy 0 x = 0) (y = 0) ]
3. x y [(xy = 0 x 0) (y 0)]
4. x y [(xy = 0 x = 0) (y = 0)]
80.
. x (x < 6) x [x 8] x [x 6] x [x 8]
. { x (x < 6) (x 8) } x x < 6 x < 8

1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
51
81. x x + 5 4
1. x x + 5 4 2. x x + 5 4
3. x x + 5 4 4. x x + 5 4
82. x x + 2 4
1. x x + 2 4 2. x x + 2 4
3. x x + 2 4 4. x x + 2 4
1.12
83. U = {1 , 0 , 1}

. xy [x + y > 3] . xy [x + y > 2]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
84. U = {1 , 0 , 1}

. xy [x + y = 1] . xy [x + y = 5]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
85.
. xy [ x + y = y + x ] U = { 0 , 1 }
. xy [ x + 3 = 2y ] U = { 0 , 5 , 6 }
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
52
86. U = {1 , 0 , 1}

. xy [ x y = 0 ] . x y [ x + y = 1]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
87. U = {1 , 0 , 1}

. xy [ x + y > 1 ] . xy [ x + y = 1 ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
88. U

. x y [ x + y = 0 ] . yx [ x + y = 0 ]
1. . . 2. . .
3. . . 4. . .
53
1
1. 1. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4.
5. 3. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 3.
9. 3. 10. 4. 11. 2. 12. 1.
13. 2. 14. 3. 15. 2. 16. 3.
17. 4. 18. 1. 19. 3. 20. 4.
21. 1. 22. 4. 23. 4. 24. 1.
25. 4. 26. 4. 27. 4. 28. 2.
29. 4. 30. 3. 31. 2. 32. 4.
33. 1. 34. 2. 35. 1. 36. 4.
37. 2. 38. 1. 39. 1. 40. 1.
41. 2. 42. 1. 43. 1. 44. 1.
45. 1. 46. 2. 47. 2. 48. 1.
49. 1. 50. 3. 51. 2. 52. 1.
53. 4. 54. 1. 55. 1. 56. 2.
57. 1. 58. 1. 59. 1. 60. 1.
61. 3. 62. 2. 63. 2. 64. 1.
65. 1. 66. 2. 67. 3. 68. 1.
69. 4. 70. 1. 71. 1. 72. 2.
73. 4. 74. 4. 75. 4. 76. 2.
77. 2. 78. 4. 79. 3. 80. 3.
81. 4. 82. 2. 83. 2. 84. 2.
85. 2. 86. 2. 87. 2. 88. 2.
54

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44. xy [ (xy < 0) ( x < 0 y < 0) ]

45. x y [ ( xy < 0 ) ( x < 0 ) ]

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