40 t v cm t thng c ngi vit lun u tin s dng.

1. In order to

Cch dng: In order to c s dng ni v mt mc ch no cn phi

t c

V d: In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.

2. In other words

Cch dng: s dng in other wordskhi bn mun din t iu no theo mt

cch khc n gin hn, lm ngi c d hiu hn.

V d: Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the
water.

3. To put it another way

Cch dng: cm t ny l cch ni khc ca in other words

V d: Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without
the sun.

4. That is to say

Cch dng: That is v that is to say c s dng cung cp thm thng tin
chi tit, lm r mun ni.

V d: Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.

5. To that end

Cch dng: to that end hoc to this end c dng tng t nh in order to
hoc so.

V d: Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with

each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant
sounds and their possible meanings.

6. Moreover
Cch dng: s dng moreover u cu bo hiu rng bn ang mun thm
thng tin cho quan im ca mnh.

V d: Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling

evidence in support of

7. Furthermore

Cch dng: ging nh moreover.

V d: Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that

8. Whats more

Cch dng: ging nh moreover v furthermore.

V d: Whats more, this isnt the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.

9. Likewise

Cch dng: dng likewise khi bn mun ni v iu g tng t nh iu

bn va cp.

V d: Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour

of this point of view.

10. Similarly

Cch dng: dng similarly ging nh likewise.

V d: Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethovens new work,

because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a
tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.

11. Another key thing to remember

Cch dng: dng cm another key point to remember hoc another key fact to
remember thay cho t also.

V d: As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between

humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing
during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around
him.

12. As well as

Cch dng: dng as well as thay v also hoc and.

V d: Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.

13. Not only but also

Cch dng: cu trc cu ny c dng thm mt phn thng tin, thng thng
l nhng iu s gy ngc nhin, bt ng hn phn thng tin phn trc.

V d: Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach
the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order
of the British Empire.

14. Coupled with

Cch dng: s dng khi cn nhc gia 2 hoc nhiu hn kin ti cng mt thi
im.

V d: Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view
of

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly

Cch dng: Dng cp n cc cn ni theo th t.

V d: There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y.

And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Cch dng: Not to mention v to say nothing of c dng thm thng tin
vi nhn mnh.

V d: The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to

mention its impact on the countrys economy.

17. However
Cch dng: dng however ni v iu tri ngc li vi pha trc.

V d: Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.

18. On the other hand

Cch dng: Cch dng tng t however

V d: The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the

other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward
picture of what happened that day.

19. Having said that

Cch dng: ging on the other hand or but or however.

V d: The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests

that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the
archaeology tells a different story.

20. By contrast/in comparison

Cch dng: dng by contrast hoc in comparison khi bn ang so snh 2 th

i ngc nhau.

V d: Scholar As opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast,

Scholar Bs opinion seems more plausible.

21. Then again

Cch dng: c dng nhn mnh, khng nh li chc chn mt ln na iu

khng nh trc .

V d: Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again,
its possible that he was being paid to say this.

22. That said

Cch dng: dng ging nh then again.

V d: The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said,

much of the evidence is unreliable at best.
23. Yet

Cch dng: dng khi bn mun ni v kin tri ngc nhau.

V d: Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone

agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.

24. Despite this

Cch dng: despite this hoc in spite of this c ngha l mc d, cho d, du

rng.

V d: The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.

25. With this in mind

Cch dng: dng khi bn mun ngi c t vn dng kin thc ca c nhn
hiu vn .

V d: Weve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always
live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes
it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, lets look at a more
recent study to see how the results compare.

26. Provided that

Cch dng: n c ngha tng t on condition that (vi iu kin l). Bn c th

s dng providing vi ngha tng t

V d: We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we

bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.

27. In view of/in light of

Cch dng: c dng khi ni v iu g c chng minh r rng, c

soi sng

V d: In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better

understanding of

28. Nonetheless
Cch dng: tuwogn t despite this.

V d: The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its
day.

29. Nevertheless

Cch dng: tng t nonetheless.

V d: The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.

30. Notwithstanding

Cch dng: cch ni khc ca nonetheless.

V d: Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an

important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human
mind.

31. For instance

Cch dng: ging for example

V d: Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for

instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south

32. To give an illustration

Cch dng: ging for instance

V d: To give an illustration of what I mean, lets look at the case of

33. Significantly

Cch dng: dng ni v mt iu g c ngha c bit, nhn mnh.

V d: Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in

Suetonius accounts of the same period.

34. Notably

Cch dng: tng t especially, markedly

V d: Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar As analysis.

35. Importantly

Cch dng: importantly c th c thay th cho significantly m khng lm

thay i ca cu.

V d: Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this

work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more
favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.

36. In conclusion

Cch dng: tng kt li ton bi, ng u cu.

V d: In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.

37. Above all

Cch dng: c dng bo hiu rng nhng g m bn ni sau y s l chnh

ca ton bi.

V d: Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that

38. Persuasive

Cch dng: dng tng kt li nhng tranh lun m bn tin l c sc thuyt phc
nht.

V d: Scholar As point that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial

gain seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following
Mozarts death.

39. Compelling

Cch dng: tuowgn t persuasive

V d: The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.

40. All things considered

Cch dng: c ngha l taking everything into account: mi th c r rng,
nh mt l ng nhin.

V d: All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that