Contents

Phn II: XI MNG......................................................................................................................................1

I, Qu trnh sn xut xi mng...................................................................................................................1
1. Nguyn liu dng sn xut xi mng................................................................................................1
2. Cc phng php sn xut xi mng.....................................................................................................1
II, Thnh phn ca xi mng......................................................................................................................2
1, Thnh phn ha hc ca xi mng........................................................................................................2
2, Thnh phn khong vt ca xi mng...................................................................................................3
3, Thnh phn ht ca xi mng...........................................................................................................3
III, Cc tnh cht c bn ca xi mng......................................................................................................3
1,Trng lng ring (x , G/cm3).............................................................................................................3
2, Khi lng ring xi mng ( x ; g/cm3)................................................................................................4
3, nh v n v b mt.......................................................................................................................4
4,Gc dc t nhin..................................................................................................................................4
IV, Cc loi xi mng:...................................................................................................................................4
Phn III: Va xi mng.................................................................................................................................4
I, S hydrat ha ca va mng....................................................................................................................4
1. Phn ng v sn phm ca s hydrat ha xi mng.............................................................................4
II, Cc tnh cht c bn ca va xi mng....................................................................................................5
1,Trng lng ring: .............................................................................................................................5
2, linh ng........................................................................................................................................5
3,Kh nng gi nc ca xi mng...........................................................................................................5
4,Thi gian bm trm va xi mng..........................................................................................................7
III. iu chnh cc tnh cht ca va xi mng.............................................................................................7
1,iu chnh thi gian ngng kt.............................................................................................................7
2,iu chnh trng lng ring ca va..................................................................................................9
3,Gim thi nc va va xi mng...................................................................................................10
4,iu chnh tnh cht lu bin.............................................................................................................11
 Phn II: XI MNG
I, Qu trnh sn xut xi mng
1. Nguyn liu dng sn xut xi mng
- Pha cacbonat
+ bao gm: vi, cc cacbonat hoc phn
+ thnh phn c hi trong la MgCO3 khng vt qu 2 2,5%
+ Cc phi chn sao cho cc oxit cha trong chng: CaO = 60 67% ; SiO2 =
17 25% ; Al2O3 = 3 10% ; Fe2O3 = 0,3 6%
- Pha st:
+ Thng dung st Caolinit. St phi cha t 40 50% SIO2, 10 20% Al2O3 ; 2
15% CaO ; 5 7% Fe2O3
+ Thnh phn c hi trong st l cc oxit kim loi kim khng vt qu 5%
+ Khng dung st c th thay th bng hong th, dip thch, st pha hoc x l
cao c phn ht.
- Ph gia:
+ L cc cht lm tng cht lng ca xi mng, trong cha 1 trong cc loi oxit
SiO2 ; Al2O3 ; Fe2O3. Chng lm tng thnh phn ca 1 loi oxit m khng lm thay
i thnh phn khc.
+ Thng dng qung oxit st lm gim nhit bay hi, gim nh qu trnh
nung nhin liu v lm tng tnh chng n mn ca xi mng.
2. Cc phng php sn xut xi mng
a, Phng php kh
Nguyn liu c sy khi m cn 1,5 2%, nghin nh thnh cc ht c kch
thc nh hn 100m ri trn bng kh nn c trn mt hn hp ng th.
Nguyn liu c nung nng trong l quay ( hay l m), trong l c thit b trao
i nhit. Trc khi vo l, cc ht c thm t bng nc ti 10 20% phn
ht. Ti b phn trao i nhit, nhit ti 900 10000C , ri c cho vo l
quay.
Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O Al2O3 + 2SiO2 + 2H2O ( 500 6000C)

900oC: CaCO3 CO2 + CaO v c th MgO 1300oC to thnh C3A sau

C4AF v C2S ri sn phm ny nng chy to C3S. Khi ngui th tn ti C2S
( 14500C)
b, Phng php t
Sau khi nguyn liu c nghin nh, ngi ta trn thm nc vi t l 35
40% thnh hn hp va c, c th bm v trn bng kh nn d to thnh mt
hn hp ng th.
Tip hn hp li c a vo l lung v qu trnh cng din ra tng t nh
trong phng php kh.
u im ca phng php ny l: hn hp c trn u nhng nhc im l tn
thm nhin liu lm bc hi nc thm ban u.

II, Thnh phn ca xi mng

1, Thnh phn ha hc ca xi mng
Trong clinke thng c cc thnh phn ha hc sau:
+ CaO : quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca xi mng, thng CaO khng trng thi
t do m kt hp vi nhng oxit khc to khong vt xi mng)
+ SiO2: SiO2 tng ln s lm chm thi gian ngng kt ca xi mng nhng s lm
tng bn sunphat ca xi mng
+ Al2O3: lm rt ngn thi gian ngng kt ca xi mng nhng khi t l tng ; tuy
nhin lm gim bn c hc ca xi mng.
+ Fe2O3: lm tng bn sunphat ca xi mng
H s trm: (Fe2O3/ Al2O3 ) = 0,9 2,0. Cng ln th bn nhit xi mng cng
tng.
* Thnh phn c hi
- MgO , CaO: hydrat ha chm so vi cc thnh phn khc trong clinke, dn ti
lm tng th tch pha rn khng u dn ti ph hy cu trc ca xi mng. Yu cu
CaO < 1%
- TiO2 c nh hng tt n qu trnh kt tinh cc khong vt trong clinke nhng
li lm gim bn xi mng.
- t l oxit kim loi kim < 1%
2, Thnh phn khong vt ca xi mng
+ alit: 3CaO.SiO2 k hit C3S ; chim 40 60% quyt nh bn ca xi mng,
t l C3S cng tng th bn ca xi mng cng tng theo, c bit lm tng
bn trong 28 ngy u.
- Belit: 2CaO.SiO2 k hiu: C2S chim 12 35%. Khi t l C2S tng ln lm xi
mng cng chm, bn tng theo thi gian, chng li c s n mn ca nc
bin v nc ngm. Quyt nh bn ca giai on sau.
- Tselit: Khong vt trung gian ca 2 loi khong vt trn
+ 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 (C4AF)
+ 3CaO.Al2O3 ( C3A)
+ lm cho xi mng hydrat ha nhanh; rt ngn thi gian ng cng, lm gim
bn ca xi mng.
+ Tuy nhin, C3A lm cho xi mng khng chu n s an mn ca nc bin cng
nh nc ngm mang mui sunpat.
- thy tinh: gm cc aluminat, ferit khng kt tinh,
* Cc c trng cho thnh phn khong vt
Chp nh 101
3, Thnh phn ht ca xi mng
- Ty theo iu kin sn xut m ht ca xi mng cng thay i khc nhau.
- Kch thc cc ht xi mng cng nh th bn ca xi xng cng cao
- a s cc ht xi mng c kch thc < 7m. Chnh cc ht ny to cho xi mng
c cc tnh cht c bn.

III, Cc tnh cht c bn ca xi mng

1,Trng lng ring (x , G/cm3)

+ ph thuc vo trng lng ring ca cc thnh phn cu to chng.
+ x = 2,5 3,5 G/cm3
2, Khi lng ring xi mng ( x ; g/cm3)
+ khi lng ring ca xi mng l khi lng ca mt n v th tch ca xi mng
trng thi t nhin hay ln cht
3, nh v n v b mt
+ xi mng ca cc nc khc nhau, thm chi trong cc nh my cng khc nhau xi
mng c sn xut khng phi u nh mn nh nhau.
+ kch thc ht xi mng cng nh th s lng ht trong mt n v khi cng
nhiu. Khi b mt n v cng ln th tng b mt tham gia phn ng cng tng
dn n qu trnh hydrat ha cng mnh.
+ a s cc ht xi mng c kch thc < 7m.
4,Gc dc t nhin
+ gc dc t nhin ca xi mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: thnh phn
khong vt, ht, m ca xi mng,
+ gc dc t nhin ca xi mng thay i 40 420
+ cn c vo gc dc t nhin ngi ta phn bit cc loi xi mng

IV, Cc loi xi mng:

Chp nh trang 109 + 110

Phn III: Va xi mng

I, S hydrat ha ca va mng
1. Phn ng v sn phm ca s hydrat ha xi mng
Khi trn xi mng vi nc th cc khong vt trong clinke s tc dng vi nc,
to thnh cc vt cht cha nc khc nhau. chnh l sn phm ca qu trnh
hydrat ha.Tnh cht ca cc cht, c im to thnh chng s nh hng ti kh
nng ng cng ca va xi mng thnh mt loi nhn to.
Chp nh 112, 113,114

II, Cc tnh cht c bn ca va xi mng

1,Trng lng ring:
- L mt c trng quan trng ca va xi mng khi trm, n c la chn ph
thuc v trong lng ring ca ct dung dch nm trong l khoan, iu kin y
nc ra ra v p lc ca my bm.
- S chnh lch trng lng ring gia va xi mng v dung dch cng nh th
cng c iu kin y dung dch hon ton ra khi l khoan. Tt nht = 0,1
0,2 G/cm3. Mi s chnh lch ln u khng c li, nht l i vi cc l khoan
su s to nn s chnh p ln c th ph v trng thi cn bng ca va, ph hy
qu trnh khoan bnh thng
2, linh ng
- l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng nht ca va xi mng.
- linh ng l kh nng d bm ca va xi mng theo cc ng bng my bm
khi trm xi mng.
- ty theo linh ng ca va xi mng m n s gy ra sc cn thy lc khi bm
trong h thng tun hon.
- mun xc nh linh ng chnh xc phi xc nh sc cn thy lc khi bm.
- trong sn xut c trng cho linh ng ca va xi mng ngi ta thng
dng 2 thng s: chy ta v st
+ chy ta (cm): l khong cch trung bnh gia hai mp ca khi va xi mng
ta ra sau khi nng dng c xc nh tiu chun ln.
( thiu vai tr ca chy ta)
+ st: c biu th bng poazo qui c, dng c o st c tn gi l
conxistomet
( thiu vai tr ca st)
3,Kh nng gi nc ca xi mng
- Va xi mng khi trm phi c kh nng gi nc nht nh ngha l khng
c tch ring pha rn v nc trong khi bm trm. V s tch nc ra khi khi
va s lm cho ct xi mng khng ng nht, d to ra nhng ti nc dn
n lm tng thm nc ca xi mng. Mt khc, nu va xi mng khng c
kh nng gi nc th linh ng km v rt kh bm trm.
- c trng cho kh nng gi nc ca va xi mng: ( thot nc; bn lng)
+ thot nc
Tr s thot nc gii hn c biu th bng cng thc :
B = K [ N/X (N/X)t ] X
Trong : B lng nc thot ra
(N/X)t t l nc xi mng thot ra hon ton.
K hng s
X Lng xi mng kh ban u
* lm gim thi nc ca xi mng ta c th:
- Gim ca va xi mng gim chnh p lc
- Gim t l N/X ban u
- Gim kch thc ht xi mng
- Thm cht n c ln hay phn tn cao khi ha tan
- Thm cht hot tnh c tc dng phn tn mnh
+ bn lng:
Nu va xi mng khng c cu trc tt, s lin kt gia cc ht xi mng vi nc
km, di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn c ht xi mng s lng ng, tch pha
lng ra, khi va xi mng s b coi l khng c kh nng gi nc.
* Thi gian ngng kt:
- trong qu trnh ngng kt ri ng cng ngi ta quy c:
+ Thi gian ngng kt ban u (tb) : trong qu trnh tc dng gia nc v xi
mng bt u c li v mt kh nng linh ng.
+ Thi gian ngng kt cui cng ( tkt): Mc Hydrat ha v cc phn ng ha
hc ngy cng mnh lm cho va ngy cng c, hon ton mt tnh do nhng
vn cha c bn c hc.
Xc inh thi gian ngng kt ( sch giao khoa)
* Cc yu t nh hng ti tnk
- T l N/X: nu t l N/X ln th tnk bt u v kt thc s tng. m bo
bn t l N/X nn nh nht trong phm vi c th
- T l nh: nu gi nguyn cc iu kin khc nhau v tng nh ca xi
mng th tnk gim nhng thc t khi nh gim thi d bm cn tng t l N/X
- Thnh phn khoang vt ca xi mng : nu C3A nh nhau th trong xi mng c
C3S ln th thi gian nhng kt gim. CaO c trong clinke s tng thi gian ngng
kt. Cc cht chm ng (CaSO4.2H2O) v ng nhanh (CaCl2) cng thay i thi
gian kt ta ca va.
- Nhit v p sut: khi nhit tng thi gian hydrat ha s gim i, ha tan
cc thnh phn rn cng thay i nn nh hng ca nhit n tnk rt phc tp
nhng nhn chung nhit tng th tnk gim.
- Khi tng p sut th thi gian ngng kt ( nht l tnk ban u) gim
- Khi nhit v p sut cng tng th tnk ca va gim r rt.
- Tc chuyn ng ca va trong ng : khi va xi mng chuyn ng th thi
gian ngng kt ca va tng.
4,Thi gian bm trm va xi mng
- c tnh t khi trn va n khi st t gi tr m khng th bm va bng
my bm
- Thi gian bm trm ca va xi mng cng thay i do qu trnh hydrat ha thay
i nn cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh hydrat ha: thnh phn khong vt, t
l N/X , u nh hng ti thi gian bm trm ca va. Thi gian bm trm
gim nu Vhydrat tng

III. iu chnh cc tnh cht ca va xi mng

1,iu chnh thi gian ngng kt
- Ty theo iu kin thc t v mc ch ca cng tc bm trm m ta phi chnh
thi gian ngng kt ca va xi mng c th bm v to iu kin xi mng ng
cng khi cn thit.
- ko dai hoc rt ngn thi gian ngng kt ca va thng s dng cc cht
chm ng hoc cc cht ng nhanh.
+ Cc cht lm chm ng
Cc cht lm chm ng c tc dng ko di thi gian ngng kt ca va xi mng
Cc cht chm ng thng c tc dng trong nhng nng nht nh, nu vt
qu t l hiu qu lm chm ng gim v bn ca xi mng cng thay
i.
* Cc cht lm chm ng tiu biu:
- Thch cao CaSO4.2H2O: dng cho cc loi xi mng poortland cha nhiu C3A,
khng hit qu chm ng cho loi t C3A.
C th thay th thch cao bng H2SO4 v lng Ca(OH)2 d tha kt hp vi
H2SO4 CaSO4.2H2O

- Cacbmetylxenlul ( KM ): dng lm chm ng cc loi va vi nng mui

bt k. T l dng thng l t 0,5 1,5% theo trng lng xi mng. Trng lng
phn t cng ln th lm chm ng cng tt, c th s dng ti nhit 1000C
(nhng tt nht l < 1000C)
- B ru sunfit (CC) l mt cht lm chm ng c hiu qu nhng v gy si bt
nn cn s dng cc cht kh bt. Liu lng dng nn t 1 1,5% v nhiu khi n
co tc dng n nh v li lm va ng nhanh.
C th dng cng vi tinh bt hoc than nu c th dng nhit 1500C.
- Bicrmat Kali( K2Cr2O7) l loi ha phm c hi dng cng vi
Cacbmetylxenlul hoc B ru sunfit lm chm ng va xi mng trong iu
kin nhit cao, t l khong 0,5%
- Bicrmat natri( Na2Cr2O7.2H2O) l loi ha phm c hi dng cng vi hypan,
Cacbmetylxenlul hoc B ru sunfit lm chm ng va xi mng trong iu
kin nhit cao, t l khong 0,5%
- Bt nho k thut (TBK): l sn phm ca cng nghip thc phm dng chm
ng va xi mng c nng mui bt k. Nhit c th ti 2000C v p sut ti
1000at, t l thng dng t 2,5 3%.
- Cc cht hot tnh b mt gm c:
+ Sunfanol, polifenol, ( l sn phm ca cng nghip g)
+ b ru sunfit + tinh bt
+ hypan + crmic
*Cc cht ng nhanh
Cc cht ph gia c tc dng rt ngn thi gian ngng kt v tng nhanh bn
ca xi mng
Cc cht ng nhanh tiu biu
- Sa (Na2CO3) dng cho cc loi va xi mng km linh ng, c th s dng ti
nhit 1300C vi t l < 10% n c th gy chm ng vi t l 1 - 5%
- Thy tinh lng Na2OnSiO2 : c kh nng rt ngn thi gian nhng kt rt mnh.
Vi t l 15% dng iu ch va xi mng khi trm chng ng mt nc, vi t
l 5% dung cho va xi mng x kim loi
- CaCl2: c th lm ng lnh rt nhanh va xi mng khi t l l 18% v t hiu
qu cao nht khi nhit thp. Dng cho cc loi va xi mng iu ch t nc
bo ha NaCl. C kh nng thc y phn ng ha hc gia xi mng v nc, t l
dng khong 5%
- NaCl: c dng vi cc loi va xi mng trm tng nhim mui, t l 2 8%
- Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc cht nh AlCl3 ; NaOH ;
2,iu chnh trng lng ring ca va
- Ty theo iu kin thc t ca cng tc bm trm m ta cn iu chnh cho ph
hp ( = 0,1 0,2 G/cm3+)
* Lm nh va xi mng
- them vo bt xi mng cc cht c trng lng ring nh.
- thm vo bt xi mng cc cht cn nhiu nc.
- thm vo bt xi mng cc cht cha khng kh.
Cc cht lm nh thng dng:
St v bt st: khi thm st v bt st vo trong va to thnh gel xi mng,
nhng khng s dng c khi t > 800C v khong cao. tng kh nng chu
nhit c th tng them x v ct.
iatmit: cha SiO2 dng tinh th khi thm vo bn ca xi mng tng
ln trong mi trng axit v sunphat. Ngoi ra, c th thm vo mt s loi xi
mng khc iu chnh kh nng chu nhit ca va hoc cho them x - ct c th
chu c t = 120 2000C
 Cc cht ngun gc ni la: trong thnh phn thng cha nhiu Al2O3 nh
tro ni la.
Cc cacbonat: gm vi v phn nghin nh, c th thm vo khi
nghin clinke hay trn va, c th gim ti 1,55 1,75 v thng dng cho ging
khoan c t < 1200
Cc cht ngun gc hu c: tiu biu l than , grafit, V trng lng
nh nn lm nh tt nhng khi nhit cao th tng thm v gim bn ca
xi mng.
Cc cht thi cng nghip : gm tro nhin liu khi nung than , than bn,
bi nh my xi mng khi sy v nung nguyn liu clinke.
* Lm nng xi mng
- Dng xi mng qung
- tng oxit st cha trong xi mng
- thm cht lm nng khi nghin clinke
- thm cht lm nng khi iu ch va.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh lm nng va xi mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : thnh
phn v tnh cht ca xi mng, trng lng ring ca cht lng lm nng v t l
cc cht c trong thnh phn va.
Thng dng cc cht lm nng dung dch lm nng va xi mng: barit , qung
st, nhng barit l cht lm nng tt nht
3,Gim thi nc va va xi mng
- thi nc cng nh cng tt.
- gim thi nc s dng cc cht ph gia sau
+ St Bentnit: dng gim B ca va c cha cc cht phn tn th nh cc loi
ct khi trm ging khoan c nhit thp v dng cho cc loi va x v x - ct
nhit c th ti 2000C
+ Hipan: dng gim B cc va xi mng bnh thng cho ging khoan c nhit
thp, cc loi gel xi mng v va xi mng x l cao vi nhit 1300C, c th
ha tan vi nc trc hoc trc tip vo gel xi mng, t l dng t 0,5 1,5% , c
th kt hp vi st.
+ Cacbmetylxenlul (CMC) gim thi nc ca va xi mng nguyn cht
hoc t cc loi c lm nh nh st, diatmit, cc loi va x v t l dng t 1
1,5%
+ KCCb: gim thi nc ca va bnh thng v va x nhit 75 1300 C
c th kt hp cng st hoc IIAA
+Pliakrilamit: l loi Polime tan trong nc rt tt, dng gim thi nc ca
va xi mng cho cc ging c nhit thp v cao n 1000C , thng ha tan vo
nc t l dng l 0,3%
4,iu chnh tnh cht lu bin
- Cc thng s lu bin quan trng ca va xi mng l nht do v ng sut
trt ng. Hai thng s ny lun thay i trong qu trnh t khi trn va n khi
va ng cng thnh xi mng, cc thng s ny quyt nh linh ng v sc
cn thy lc khi bm trm va.
- qu trnh bm va c thun li ( v cn tng , tng bn ca tc l t
l N/X thp) th thng c xu hng gim cc thng s lu bin v cc cht ph
gia ny c gi l cc cht ha do.
- Cc cht ha do thng dng:
+ CCb : dng gim tt khi gim t l N/X v tng , tng bn cho loi
dng bnh thng khi trm cc ging khoan c nhit thp v cao. T l dng l
0,3 1% trng lng xi mng kh
+KCCb: dng tng t nh CCb v cn tc dng to ch chy ri ca va. T
l dng 0,2 1%, gim mnh v tng va phi.
+ Hipan: gim khi nhit ti 1500C. T l dng t 0,5 1 %
+ Nitrolinlin: gim ng k v gim t