CNG NGH X L KH & HYDRAT

PHN 2

TNH CHT VT L

CA KH THIN NHIN

CBGD : PGS.TS. L Phc Ho

Email : lphao@hcmut.edu.vn
Tel : 08-8654086
 NI DUNG

GII THIU

KH L TNG V KH THC

T TRNG V KHI LNG RING

TNH CHT GI TI HN

H S LCH KH

H S TH TCH THNH H

H S NN NG NHIT

NHT

ENTROPY

ENTANPI

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 2

 Gii thiu

Tnh cht ca kh thin nhin bao gm: t trng,

khi lng ring, p sut v nhit gi ti hn,
nht, h s lch kh, h s nn ng nhit.

S am hiu nhng thng s ny l cc k quan

trng thit k v phn tch h thng khai thc
v x l.

Khi thnh phn ca kh c bit th nhng tnh

cht ca kh c th c xc nh thng qua cc
tng quan.

y trnh by cc tng quan c pht trin

t nhng th nghim khc nhau.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 3

 Kh l tng kh thc

nh lut kh l tng: P.V = n.R.T

nh lut kh thc: p.Va = z.n.R.T
vi: P - p sut tuyt i (psia);
V - th tch (ft3);
n - s mole (lb-mole);
R - hng s = 10,73 psia.ft3/lb.mole.R;
T - nhit tuyt i (R)
z - H s lch kh
Mole: Lng vt cht (s nguyn t hoc phn t) c khi lng
bng trng lng nguyn t hoc phn t ca vt cht .
Khng kh: M = 28,97 lbm/lb-mol = 28,97 kg/kmol
Ethane: M = 30,07 lbm/lb-mol = 30,07 kg/kmol
Oxygen: M = 32 lbm/lb-mol = 32 kg/kmol

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 4

 Kh l tng kh thc

Th tch kh tiu chun: Th tch m 1 lb-mol chon ch

nhng iu kin chun v p sut (14,7 psia = 1 atm = 760
mmHg) v nhit (60F = 15,5 C = 520 R)

n.R'.T 1.10,73.520
Vtc = = = 379,4 SCF
P 14,7
(SCF- Standard Cubic Feet, ft3)

Mt lng kh rng c th c biu din theo:

ft3 ( mt nhit v p sut nht nh)
S mole,
S pound hay s phn t.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 5

 Kh l tng - kh thc

V d 1.1: Tnh lng kh ethane trong bn cha theo s

mole, pound, s phn t v SCF. Cho bit V = 1000 ft3 p
sut p = 100 psia v nhit T = 100 F.
Gii:
Gi s nh lut kh l tng c tha mn: PV = nRT
PV 100.1000
) S mole: n= = = 16,64 lb - moles
R' T 10,73.560
) Khi lng: m = n.M = 16,64 30,07 = 500,4 lbm

) S pound: G = n.M = 16,64 30,07 = 500,4 lb

26 26
) S phn t = n.(2,733 .10 ) = 45,5.10
Ch : H thng BES, trng lng (lb) = khi lng (lbm =
lb.s2/32,2 ft) g (= 32,2 ft/s2).
Th tch kh ethane iu kin chun: Vtc = n.379,6 SCF
= 6316 SCF
PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 6
 Khi lng ring v t trng

1. Khi lng ring

PV
M
Khoi lng n.M R ' T
= = =
The tch V V
pM
= ph thuc vo p sut v nhit
R'T
2. T trng: g
g =
air ( cng p sut v nhit )
pM
M
g = R' T =
p.28,97 28,97
R' T
(khng ph thuc vo p sut v nhit )
V d 1.2: T trng ca mt cht kh l g = 0,75 th khi
lng mole ca n l:
M = 28,97g=28,970.75=21,7 lbm/lb-mole.
PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 7
 Tnh khi lng ring ca kh trong va
pV p
)S mole kh cha trong V = 1 ft3 ca va: n = =
zR' T zR' T

)Khi lng mol ca 1 mol kh: M = 28,97g

)Khi lng ring ca kh trong va:

28,97. g .p
g = nM =
zR' T

V d 1.7: Hy tnh khi lng ca kh trong va bit g =

0,665, z = 0,91 p = 3250 psia v T = 213 F.

Gii:
28,97.0,665 .3250
g = = 9.53 lbm / cuft
0,91.10.73(213 + 460 )

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 8

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

Nhit ti hn Tc l nhit m trn n, trng thi kh

khng th chuyn thnh trng thi lng d c tng p sut.
V d: nc 374 C, CO2 31,1 C

p sut ti hn pc l p sut cn phi t c cht kh

ngng t thnh lng nhit ti hn.

Tng t nh khi lng mole biu kin, nhng tnh cht

ti hn ca kh c th c xc nh da trn tnh cht ti
hn ca tng thnh phn trong kh. Nhng tnh cht nh
th gi l tnh cht gi ti hn.
p sut gi ti hn (ppc):

Nhit gi ti hn (ppc)

pci v Tci l p sut v nhit ti hn ca thnh phn

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 9

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

V d: Xc nh khi lng mol biu kin; p sut v nhit

gi ti hn; t trng ca hn hp kh thin nhin sau:

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 10

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

Gii: lp bng tnh

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 11

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

Nu ch bit t trng ca kh m khng bit cc thnh phn

th p sut v nhit gi ti hn c th xc nh t th
hoc cc tng quan da trn th.

Mt tng quan n gin:

c s dng vi iu kin: H2S < 3%, N2 < 5% v tng

thnh phn ngoi lai nh hn 7%

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 12

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

i vi kh chua th thng kt hp phng php th v

tng quan.

Phng php Wichert-Aziz (1972)

Nhit hiu chnh

p sut hiu chnh

Phng php Ahmed (1989)

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 13

 Tnh cht gi ti hn

ng dng p sut v nhit gi ti hn tnh

p sut gi gim (pseudoreduced pressure): ppr

Nhit gi gim (pseudoreduced temperature): Tpr

Da trn hai thng s:

Tra th Standing & Katz nhng i lng cn tm

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 14

 H s lch kh

H s lch kh:

Vactual
z=
Videal gas

) z = 0,7 1,2 (= 1 i vi kh l tng)

C 04 phng php tnh h s lch kh z

Phng php o

c tnh t t trng

Phn tch cc thnh phn ca kh

Tnh t cc tng quan

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 15

 Phng php 1: o th tch mu kh

o th tch mu kh nhit v p sut cn tnh h s

lch kh ri o th tch mu kh nhit v p sut sao
cho c h s lch kh 1.

p1.Va1 = z1.n.R.T1 z1 p1Va1 T2

=
p1.Va2 = z 2 .n.R.T2 z 2 T1 p 2 Va 2

V d 1.3: Mt mu kh c Va1 = 364,6 ft3 213 F v 3250

psia, Va2 = 70860 ft3 82 F v 14,8 psia (z2 1). Tnh h
s lch kh?

Gii:
z1 3250 .364,6 460 + 82
= = 0,91 z1 = 0,91
1 460 + 213 14,8.70860

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 16

 Phng php 2: c tnh z t t trng g ca cht kh

Phng php ca Sutton:

1. Tnh p sut v nhit gi ti hn theo (1) v (2)

2. Tnh p sut v nhit gi gim theo (3) v (4)

3. Tra z nh th ca Standing & Beggs (H.1.2).

p sut gi ti hn:

ppc = 756,8 - 131,0g - 3,6g2 (0,57 < g < 1,68) (1)

Nhit gi ti hn:

Tpc = 169,2 + 349,5g - 74g2 (0,57 < g < 1,68) (2)

p sut gi gim: ppr = p/ppc (3)

Nhit gi gim: Tpr = T/Tpc (4)

Dng th ca Standing & Katz (ppr, Tpr, z) z.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 17

 Phng php 2: c tnh z t t trng g ca cht kh

h Ch :
ng cong h s lch kh l
ng quan h (p, z)
Nhit ti hn l nhit m
trn n, trng thi kh khng th
chuyn thnh trng thi lng d c
tng p sut. V d : nc 374
C, CO2 31,1 C
p sut ti hn l p sut cn phi
t c cht kh ngng t
thnh lng nhit ti hn.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 18

 Phng php 2: c tnh z t t trng g ca cht kh

V d 1.4: Cht kh trong va c g = 0,665, p = 3250 psia, T =

213 F. Tnh z?

Gii:

1. Da theo cng thc (1.14) v (1.15)

ppc = 668 psia, Tpc = 369 R

2. Cng thc (1.16) v (1.17)

3250 160 + 213

ppr = = 4,87; ppr = = 1,82
668 369

ppr = 4,87 v Tpr = 1,82, tra th H.1.2 z = 0,918.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 19

 Phng php 3: Phn tch cc thnh phn ca kh

z c tnh theo gi thit rng cc p sut v nhit gi ti

hn i vi mi thnh phn kh th t l thun vi th tch ca
thnh phn kh v vi p sut v nhit ti hn ca n.
V d 1.5: Tnh z ca mt cht kh t cc thnh phn ca n 3250 psia v 213 F
Thnh phn T l Mo p sut Nhit Mg ppc Tpc
kh mole ti hn pc ti hn Tc (2) x (3) (2) x (4) (2) x (5)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Methane CH4 0,8612 16,04 673 343 13,81 579,59 295,39
Ethane C2H6 0,0591 30,07 708 550 1,78 41,84 32,51
Propane C3H8 0,0358 44,09 617 666 1,58 22,09 23,84
Butane iC4H10 0,0172 58,12 550 766 1,00 9,46 13,18
Pentane nC5H12 0,0050 72,15 490 846 0,36 2,45 4,23
CO2 0,0010 44,01 1070 548 0,44 1,07 1,07
N2 0,0207 28,02 492 227 0,58 10,18 4,70
Tng 1,0000 19,55 666,68 374,92
19,55 3250 460+ 213
g = = 0,675; ppr = = 4,875; Tpr = = 1,80
28,97 666,68 374,92

T th Standing & Katz (ppr, Tpr, z) z = 0,91.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 20

 Phng php 4: Xc nh t cc tng quan

Vander Wals:

Z3 (1 + B)Z2 + AZ AB = 0

A = a*p/(R2*T2) , B = b*p/R/T

a = 27*R2*Tc2/64/Pc, b = R*Tc/8/Pc

Peng Robi..:

Z3 (1 - B)*Z2 + (A - 2B - 3B2)*Z (AB B2 - B3) = 0

A = a*p/(R2*T2) , B = b*p/R/T

a = 0,45724*R2*T2c/(pc*d), b = 0,00778R*Tc/pc

d0,5 = 1+m(1-Tr0,5), m = 0,37464 + 1,54226W2, Tt = T/Tc

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 21

 Phng php 4: Xc nh t cc tng quan

Brill and Beggs (1974):

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 22

 Phng php 4: Xc nh t cc tng quan

V d: Xc nh nht h s lch kh ca hn hp kh c
t trng 0.65, 10% N2, 8%CO2 p sut 10.000 psia v
nhit 180oF.

Kt qu:

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 23

 Phng php 4: Xc nh t cc tng quan

Hall v Yarborough (1973):

Y thng c gii bng phng

php lp.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 24

 Phng php 4: Xc nh t cc tng quan

V d: Xc nh h s lch
kh ca kh thin nhin c
t trng 0.71 5000 psi
v 180 oF.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 25

 H s th tch thnh h kh

znR ' T
The tch kh trong va ( p va T) Va p
=
The tch kh tren be mat ( Psc vaTsc ) Va,sc z sc nR ' Tsc
p sc

Va p z T
= sc (1.18)
Va,sc Tsc z sc p

vi Va,sc = 1 SCF v zsc = 1 Bg = psc zT (1.19)

Tsc p

Khi psc = 14,7 psia v Tsc = 60 F

zT 3
Bg = 0,02829 ft / SCF (1.20)
P

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 26

 H s th tch thnh h kh

V d 1.6: Cht kh trong va p = 3250 psia v T = 213 F,

c z = 0,91. Tnh h s th tch thnh h kh Bg?

Gii:
0,91(213 + 460)
B g = 0,02829 = 0,00533 cuft / SCF
3250

Suy ra 1 SCF th tch kh iu kin chun trn b mt s

chim th tch Va = 0,00533 ft3 trong va 3250 psia v 213
F.

1000 ft3 th tch kh trong va 3250psia v 213F s

tng ng vi th tch:
1000
=188000SCF= 188MSCF iu kin chun.
0,00533

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 27

 H s nn ng nhit

znR' T z
) V= = nR' T (T khng i)
p p

dV nR' T dz znR' T znR' T 1 dz znR' T 1

= =
dp p dp p2 p z dp p p
i dV 1 dz 1
=
V dp z dp p

1 1 dz
Cg = (1.22)
p z dp

dz 1
) i vi kh l tng th z = 1 nn = 0 C g,lt =
dp p

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 28

 H s nn ng nhit

Mt cch khc xc nh Cg ca kh thc:

p
) ppr = p = ppr .ppc
ppc

1 1 dz 1 i dz
) Cg = =
p z dp t ppr .ppc z d(ppr ppc )
tpr

1 1 dz dz
Tpr
) Cpr = C gppc = (1.23)
ppr z dppc dppr

Tpr

Cpr- h s nn ng nhit gi gim (khng th nguyn).

1 1
Cg = = = 500.10 6 psi -1 x c nh t th (ppr, Tpr, z)
p 2000

ca Standing & Katz.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 29

 H s nn ng nhit

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 30

 H s nn ng nhit

V d 1.9: Kh c g = 0,72, tnh Cg 2000 psia v 140 F trong trng hp: Kh l

tng v kh thc
Gii:
1- Kh l tng: ppc = 756,8 131(0,72) 3,6(0,72) 2 = 756,8 94,3 1,87 = 660,6 psia

2- Kh thc: Tpc = 169,2 + 349,5(0,72) 74(0,72) 2 = 169,2 + 251,6 38,4 = 382,4 R

2000 600 dz
ppr = = 3,03 , Tpr = = 1,57 ; = 0,025
660,6 382,4 dp
pr Tpr =1,57

) T th Standing & Katz (H.1.2) z = 0,82

) T th ny, tm c: Cpr = 1 1 (0,025) = 0,33 + 0,0305 0,361

3,03 0,82

C pr T 212 + 460 p 2680

Cg = = 546.10 6 psi 1 ; Tpr = = = 1,58; p pr = = = 4,21
p pc Tpc 424 p pc 636

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 31

 H s nht

H s nht ng lc g: ph thuc vo nhit , p sut

v cu to ca kh.

n v: centipoise (cp) = 0.001 Pa.s = 0.01 g/ cm.s = 0.01

poise = 6.72 10-4 lbm/ft-sec

H s nht ng hc g :

nht ng hc t s dng trong cng ngh kh

Nu nht ca cc thnh phn kh c bit th nht

ca hn hp kh thin nhin c th xc nh:

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 32

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

1. Phng php th

) th ca Carr, Kobayashi v Burrows c

tnh g t p sut gi gim ppr v nhit gi
gim Tpr (H.1.4c)

) H s nht ng lc 1 p sut 1 atm v nhit

va ph thuc nhit va T v t trng kh g
(H.1.4a)

) Cc gin H.1.4b gip hiu chnh h s nht

1 p sut 1 atm khi cht kh c cha N2, CO2
v/hay H2S

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 33

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 34

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

Hnh 1.4. Cc th Carr, Kobayashi & Burrows dng tnh h

s nht ng lc ca cht khi

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 35

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc
V d 1.10: Dng cc th trn H.1.4 c tnh g. Bit p sut
va = 2680 psia, nhit va = 212 F, g = 0,9, Tpc = 424 R, ppc =
636 psia, hm lng CO2 = 5%mol.
Gii:
T H.1.4a, vi g = 0,9 v T = 212 F 1 = 0,0117 cp
Hiu chnh i vi CO2: t H.1.4b i vi CO2 c hm lng 5%
1 = 0,0003 cp
g
1 = 1 + 1 = 0,012 cp; = 1,6
1

T H.1.4c, vi Tpr = 1,58 v ppr = 4,21

dR so 567 337
= = 0,177 SCF/STB/psi
dp 2500 1200

g = 1,6 1 = 0,0192 cp T = 212 F v p = 2680 psia

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 36

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

2. Phng php tng quan (Carr, Kobayashi v Burrows)

) Tnh nht iu kin kh quyn 1:

trong :

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 37

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

) Dempsey (1965) thit lp quan h sau:

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 38

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

trong :

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 39

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

) Gi tr nht ng lc hc cui cng c xc nh:

V d: Xc nh nht ng lc hc ca hn
hp kh c t trng 0.65, 10% N2, 8%CO2 p
sut 10.000 psia v nhit 180oF.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 40

 Xc nh H s nht ng lc

Kt qu:

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 41

 Entropy

Entropy nhit ng lc (hay gi n gin l entropy)

dS l mt n v o lng khi lng nng lng dQ
pht tn/hp th khi mt h vt l chuyn trng thi ti
mt nhit tuyt i xc nh T (dS = dQ / T).

nh lut th hai: c nhiu cch pht biu nh lut

th hai ca nhit ng hc nh:

Nhit ch c th t truyn t vt nng hn sang

vt lnh hn hoc

Trong bt k mt qu trnh t din bin no,

ntropi tng ca h v mi trng xung quanh
phi tng

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 42

 Entropy

xc nh entropy, cn s dng phng trnh trng thi

ca Redlich-Kwong-Barxuk.

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 43

 Entropy-Bng tra cc h s

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 44

 Entropy

Qu trnh tit lu qua van: H1 = H2

Hn hp theo dng: m*H = mi * hi

Qu trnh gia nhit: H tng

Qua my nn, bm, Expander: S1 = S2

Qua bnh tch: H = 0

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 45

 Enthalpy

Enthalpy: hm trng thi nhit ng ca h, thng c k

hiu l H, c nh ngha nh sau

i vi mt h nhit ng c th trao i nhit v cng

vi mi trng xung quanh H = U + pV; trong U l
ni nng, p - p sut v V - th tch. H c th nguyn
ca nng lng. Nhit lng m h trao i trong qu
trnh ng p bng bin thin ca H.

Tng nng lng ca mt h tr ng nng v th

nng.

Enthalpy i khi cn c gi l hm nhit lng

Ngi ta lp sn cc th tra enthapy ca hn hp

hydrocarbon da vo khi lng phn t, p sut v nhit

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 46

 Enthalpy

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 47

 th Enthapy ca HC theo MW, T, P = 1400 ~ 2100 kPa

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 48

 th Enthapy ca HC theo MW, T, P = 2800 ~ 3500 kPa

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 49

 th Enthapy ca HC theo MW, T, P = 5500 ~ 6200 kPa

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 50

 ng dng ca nhiit ng hc

Gin n qua van hoc van iu tit

Bm, my nn, qut

Truyn nhit

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 51

 BI TP

Bi 1: Tnh t trng ca hn hp kh t nhin sau (cc kh

thnh phn xc nh theo t l phn trm s mol).

p s: 0.705

Bi 2: Xc nh khi lng ring ca hn hp kh trn

1,525 psia v 750F
p s: 7.62 lbm/cuft (0.122/cm3)

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 52

 BI TP

Bi 3: Xc nh h s lch kh z cho lu cht va nhit

307oF v p sut 6,098 psia. Cho t l C7+ c:

= 0.825 (40 o API) M g = 119

v gi tr thc nghim z = 0.998 p s: 0.962

PGS. TS. L Phc Ho 53