a EAL: 200 Essential Reet erect perce yescrs D eres cog Reo Bea RMT - BRS AREF puSEMA CIEH WHORES s 2 ebaironcvevuil “challerae’ Inticates patterns at the 4th level Indicates pattems at the Sit level Fairly advanced elementary level patterns and examples or items that are not flementary but are rarely discussed in intermediate level texts i Ep olkiinit ini PREACBR LTE 5. rub | Explanat gis or Chinese translations cfpatners 5 of patterns Hh to take and points special Examples to which people who read tne English or Chinese. translations of @azB should refer WHR eAeriin Binion ibaa Fa0T% Rate Lao tae pence rn | fey ence an ale 5) 0 Colloquia usage that includes abbreviated forms Forms used to patterns. Polite forms of verbs, adjectives and noun Plain forms of verbs, adjectives and nouns Examples ceptions Daills Rules for “ib + 4°" and "Zee +d", whieh are treated in ‘Important Gratnmatical Poin Jon He Patio EAT Jor P eee AEA ef BUR AIT PAR aE A B LAR AL OUR ty RL IE NUE POM CRITE LOD Hike BH MOT Se Sk see DN EK Bhi TREAL + SMALE eel Alt NE ut S201 peep 2 AeA ree ds ARMkUwic PT AE DLL ORM TED SHE VAIO OOTEO SET LAS DY It, DR ORM ARNT OOS CRS MMS CBY, bMS AOL FIDAE Le LL, BRE GAD LAD CASE, BRITS COE IE HAGEL L BERET DN CWS LO, FRROD MS SRCOMRMBE TT ES ABUKRDSEIKRAET. BIL, MOB: EAOS. ROS TEE LT HoCh SPR Rib, bh’ PE COMEMMAE LUE BRMEEON THOM GENCE. £LC, MP BRIHOL IG LOAT EVAL CECRDELE OU. RAS, LOMB AEL GC TEA RHEE 5 1B FRE RR MOON Ps Le D SGARAEC, ORSUE - OR LMOWME OME LTE TS ABOU to THE LACIE MAND LI LACH 1 RNG, SRA L TOME OMAN ORME TA LMOBTECET SS Hebe. TORRE (Flo) ORACHIS. 2, MMOMPC KE PBOMRE CUS. EL, GOR BRMEO, DAN OT VEO TS, MALALE HAWS EOE EWTRHCES, 3. WO PFREMR RRO URGE) Row THR ALE ADACHI TT Al METS. A WRLMTH OCH, MM TO PATE EMISNTLED LEDS, BRNERY He [*| VO 2 EO CHD IRE LOTR EMAOBAD LOLI E LALO S, PCL MRL - 180K CSL ECE PR LATA DO MMRERT LTP AD 9 LO SHAE Clo TOLRENZ PE Bost. Pll 6. NMAC E REE He RIE ORBET PN ETE G9, HOBEFOSVECK, HAM MR DURE ORWELL. EL, WRAO TH SEARED MAT CFSE Li. LIBS AO RRL HED E Ahab < LUE COADBMILEM REM THN EF. EAE DCA UME TO BVELE BOW LOWTSEL EBS EOE, HVC URS SSPEBOET, BROCE ORBAP BATA OR, CHAS EE BEET MLE CT 200081 REM - RAE REFO62 AGON |S ae ou EPNCRWIER 8 Jfaijtey Ob EVITA Hy BLOBS - nega o [fs - Dah, /sovong ns G3 OER S VO VIRB RIC TTT DC PORE BYE + B HOH Y= WALA ¥ F2MRA+2A € ae s/s " z Bene h 2 ama x H [aj 2 fe mB EoD Ah ag ts map eda gp 2 Coen UET/ISH OWLS Sow BH eso a Bie Aamo See BB Qh NEMA BOR /GEERIM LTS BBL mo aeing aaneeg wu. AEBS ENB “6 ss BH /sasresreg 9 /stonna vaeat B Be Br PTR BE EG 699% BH WU Hh, prmr9 309 ' > wTaex yO Bene PERE SH Krew BBL Gorn BOER meen 02471 og ig. Ao BS EIVENTVD IH oe soueay . > wy ee Tn Fe AD RUNES O ROH STEM emp smnig Bd at Pe 22TH suo eu — > gucme 1 “c er woe Gove Ee PR EIOHAY Ye LO? Reese RM Poe SLNAINOD % Hveeane a. 1 RRMA AMOHUEAS (PUCK 8 OCT. CULL E BRR OD fe SH nn 1308 TBH Tie ea 4, BE eR MATS HE APH. RTPBS EOI v (a) est wider shaa sagt Vv (5) net fom ied ay ea ent ay wae fice tt | x clk ' #) ie fier | i wD wal ‘uid Bo 13H fase, 3 TSEION Ha ee 7 isiv #SELR Tike REA ® aah Back we EA LEKBO BRE ODA CHS, ARE TORMAO TENSE, AYE VE HBL- ‘ {Structure an 1. The text ODE RBK Points. ‘Th meaning ar included gr 2, Atthe b Han. & check how line. You find out v L. Hot Mark the 3. There i lesson. | explained need to short exa For everyone who uses this text: ‘yt sm [s tesigned for students of the language ranging from those who have completed hal ve f the elementary level of Japanese (about 150 hours) to those wl completed the vew lementary stage and are ready to advance to the intermediate level [ve ven Objectives] Wits ved This text has the following three main objective [a2 ve We have organized elementary level grammatical items and forms of expression tia (pattems) by fanetion to enable students to master those basie fortns of expression ae 2. Inorder to prover Students from stumbling over the latter half of their study of grammar We have put special emy fasis on grammatical items and patterns that would be encountered midway to the latter half of the ¢ nentary level of Japanese language study. We have omitted the simples Please review these areas on your own | su 3. We have intentionally included fairly advanced us me basic items and elementary to intermediate level grammatical items (these usage are marked with an asterisk) {Hat are not normally treated in general intermediate textbooks. This is to ensur our smooth tran;vho have completed half forms of expre — heir study of grammar would be encountered wage study. We have tems and element rked with an asterisk his is to ensure your [Structure and Use of this Text id of lwenty tain chapters and five chay 4. The text is comp Points, The main chapters are divided into twenty chapters categorized by anctions ¢ meaning and grammatical items. In the chapters on Important Grammatical Point included grammatical iterys and pattems that have many meanings or usages. 2, At the beginning of cach lesson there is a "challenge page.” ‘The parts check how well you know the various patterns, Choose the best word ar line, You can only use a word once. Next move on to the fi}. This section allows you to or if you are using patterns incorrect find out whether or not you Mark the appropriate sentence with a clr 3. There is a list a the beginning of each text that lesson. Items that have asterisks above the item number are at an advanced level, a who do not have much time or think they do not explained in "Objectives 3." above need to study the items now should leave these points for later. Further, we lave provide short examples for iterns that-have the s rm arioly of meanings. lems an Hom 0 Oscar Gra eatze Esanplesm altention are explained. Examples and G42) number 6 xample orata ARB) inake sure t 9. There are drills at the end of and understood, Th 40. In the Inny 11, W examples for Examples ms When a is included within the Br nen you want to Know i you have grasped fairly well th aning indicated in brackets. In the ion below the examples, the f the items, sections difficult to understand or that ne marked with asterisks have th asterisk explained in 3 . abow slish or Chinese translations, please refer to the @ with ame nurnber in the tnark, we have indicated what form of the word prece This is true only for form: studied at the ¢ s within the text. Th columns are filled rmation common to var WS Sentence patterns, The inforn standing nmar and sentenc in priate usage. When you see a refer fer toil each chapter, P heck off the points you have studied riant Grammatical on, we hay organized and explained important grammatical items and sentence pattern which chapter to find the item you wish, please check the fe included short and ones that are diffiewlt to understand only by fe grammatical items, rious symbols and marks are listed at the back of the cover, Please articular BES AAT ET Hem. CAH) ahi HE 1.5 ERIE 28 T RM aime TAL 3 AID urn Teh CeO 4. Fith20 Spee 2 AEULIT A iB TiBtE. 3 RUE neve kt wishave grasped fairly well the below t Xamples, the tand or that arked with mis are included or that the please refer to th receding the pattern should elementary level, ext. The columns are filles terns. The information of grammar and sentence ference to column at an | and explained! in p a Wish, p We have included fave included short t to understand only by Please 1 rod usc BEA KE, HEAD BEG Fen AMF FE Hit HER Hat Ti wk. (Ais) HRABHA NERA EA A ARDEA UL Ae H ASIA) ASP BW T ARR REL ee Ue A RAT, RATT AAMT AL IAI TAULL Mehta, EAE 8 ACS BNE MY RSE YAR ad Mb A THIER YEH BVEIAE A He eRe FD cH, EAD oe Pe EAS Fey TL ct A WIRE CM AT ah, LAT LAW aie A AYO LARD), IW, (tO FUE) 4. Eh 20URIE AISI AMHR S14 HHL Mak fia A PDA ge Hen ee A LY CPA, ERE if Tif cho 3.88 Ree STOYSTPT, wT A = OUST add CHL > RE meee kA a MB ro CSU ee AD. HE ADT Aa Ve & 7 SP wearian His AANA Amd, samt ( Tits: RELA Bay Kime TZE ELEN «Boyan oe AHH Oy AT BEA SH ae FETS. RY a] SATO MON ae tng a 1) AT des a 6 REE FUL TR POM, ithe FHA el ae As 7 C0 dea AIAN OTR IES. cup ay eae NEA, STORE MIMI SOR PISRTR, 00, REDD 4s 1 He apse SEEMS. AEH 8 aM A rae 4 Ak Mite HNROR WrMteT le 10. FAs Hf, ap Rei iy tH AUT RUE TAH Anes 11, tesa TL SORENESS), Mbp ge BOTA S Bb eA ay, iek & 1 ET HH ft, 12 5. brTime Relationships af Te! BAETY 1), OT Fy OR : Fi * 9 0) #425 jot 1 ; : lb Fhe hee Lact . beam, as ba woe (2 2” PO ence a RW, inal lo ; fi : phase Le 5. be Leewaiiil, {; ado RE RDO ele MERE SH Bag Fe auetEe twee. o—— 1. ~£8 6. 2. Vers VBECATT VTEC STH VRECSTH | 3. ~ie 7. VED TS 4. ~tC-~® 8. fil» ~fihic 5. VTS 2, +82 rr 1. Whet ROB wu 1. [xte ba (V) MH IVSl eS omit, STOR) (v =e wher: KRNEGU. [~E 8] OMOMNE HER (v.) 158 THE ROME. fe CV) BE bh bitte ORSU. TVACE) ERI, RTMRAUMMCE LON, HA (Vv) xi Dhawan VE PREOLCH (VEER) Be actior simul Hi. Aire a HELO SWEP) Lewes st, { y 7 the n ° even BES ECHO ELE ash v v and # ao § 4 = © Co)1. PSIORA GR mm TVTUBSELZTH. wet + | ot } leave % 4 2, em. [iit] & TH) bo 1. Whether the verb that comes before £1 1 jsUityabialevObL 1 VS 5 OIE i V-fe is unrelated to | ater VE a MISHA, Sy E- 5 wt, EXOWE (Vv we main clause, Incases EK, (- LS) Zeya. HMOs tion (V)) tha FEW ANP. HANOI HE PR (VS) arn eee is already complete ary vre® 2) 208 esa A V) HR DnSwS i nore is a second action (V.), use the form | SERRA EAN) abe. PERIL lB ETI In eases where the motion or | -EAJRNLALRLAMLS WAKA ¢ ~ 1 (V.) is either incomplete or | simultaneous with a second action (VY) in| 2/1 AeA Bor) the main claus we form VBE x the elause stself is in the past 2. + Important. Grammatical Points 2: (18 nd 2%), 8 9, p25 xoRA Yb 1. 1ADAS DUNE NGI RUPRMOT EI BAS. 2. [vEms) nwa, ° £ A? [Enptaosr ty losin WIZE, Hksomne BA [Enphosst 9. [vaea 5) ov abt is. ak Se fen -a tte BA HD) a2 ( Xwichu ene aes + \ NOK HAE Lt 1. This expression ig used to indicate that 1. feak—“PAIBEEATIN FAN. eH Ne person is performing two actions |S AaRKHI TN A I 8 mG simultaneously, It can also be used for | 2 + VAREN5 1 AIR AEN EIR Jong periods of time, as in numbers @ | +e : Br vinats, mete FN 2. Emphasis s placed on what is said after | hl ees 1 Tee the V-720i5 patter, 4 Beha (p22) ~if) 3. Verbs inthe constriction V-224 can before psually use “reomentary verbs." + sa Colum 1, Verbs of Continuation Mi Verbs of Momentariness? state f “+ oD Vee +e1. PBS ] g : B38. ~aTIS [pete zit |] DAPI eH SEL: fami: . BdkLin‘ ks ii Ail 9 805 ici mabe tit oo vz i eeedies BA WET NB [ater ooh ot 7 1 CARRE Be 2. OBOE II. RIT. Be Byg i 0 iD, — HEE A w HE Aska) 4. The constmetions 3. (~ffik2) and od. ai 4.0 th fei k #®) indicate which wo actions occur | ARMS aiTE HIE before or after ther 2 QW DOR IF ARRAN Hs 2 In cases such as mumnbers @ and @, when | ARAARASA RUT ARI ASHRAF HC state follows afterwards, 18°C is no ” mo VE/NDK 1. [AHO] ERE SSCS H [VHS] OMOZERRC. EKUWTTS, ev € tik BSS 2. [VTRS] OMBCBE ERT BhiaD < 6. f *Vonas bo, 29UELES 3. Him aa & ye Kr eRe, HCIH { co be 4 12OKOHT I VeHS) 2M E MICE MCA OL 1. This is used the same way as ~# Y WeHIIA FV ¥ aan expression that emphasizes th NTT We Aaa a will do the action that prec MS | RVG Gee aaMh Mahi, +6 first, or will definitely do the action 2 ANNE KAM MMM ALE, 2. Verbs that express action come after the | 4. (eM FH ATES HV VCS sion 9@ 3. This pattern is nol used when tim ontexts are clearly defined. —@ 4. The V-C#5 form cannot be used over © 5. VTPS(2) verb) 2)“ @) 1 pe IRIKTDS. SIU BHERB ELS WAAC ORICA balls ¢ a : ma bth Ae “ bh Ct Rov b SSoRer This const of a certai = 6 [ abou D ALB Bie @ Biba D #4 Dare Bia, g o>o> RIN 1. of Dud i Bi 2. [vee neste1108 ®ayF HST. MMM GC ENMAERT ‘This construction indicates the starting p ofa certain change « « 6. VOECATHT VTUBECSTHE VEETATH aves done (verb) TEBE = EAE] inning state srulbrrs, couse [aout Ib 1. SOO. (FHORNOP HAP BLO LOR Th OP CBI BORE BBD SONG ROBATHESZLERT RAI EFT SBA COEDOD, BB Dish MOKA, OI AT h 2. [vaecseet] by 2544H Bick DESTAPIED ENE IESE DM 2 CHSMLERTS bo4.The pattern the point in action, as in exact TT is used say that the has been st wants to dedtuced tr time in suc ore, 1. These expressions are used when one | 1. ARB AUPaNfE, APHID Fi, fata 0 9A ss BH ID Rea TE Ceih 12 Neh Mea a ‘fe Fat A ft AB Hea LM OF LL luring the process, and @ anc @ are used F ik 7 0 TF Ao ak a HE mitext of an action or matin and licate acti tly before | 2 VB er the point in time een oy . 2. Here time than in V-7 2. The constr SELATH isnotused | 3. CHBELA CT KAP RAK in hen one sup something 8, Be Ae ARs Ha FH someone will do something, It is used for nitentional acts er when one kn lefinitely that a chan “oe 3.The form VCS ET for conditionality or unintentional a + 3 me one~ @ brisk DOO & 1B ROR THEEWIZEL FERTH IVER CT it. BEM RD 2 CP SOR NBT & EMCSU RUS & KES, DOOKIE [VKWHN GOT JIvesen eo, cuoKe EOE EM Lo CHBHENSH RERWAUE RICE CD EW. BERNIE ds BSf m Libis vanes: sation ore, sider daze ose ae Arie say that the period of time since thy 1 white: ar, time in such constructions as "V-fc}t2) LOT Ye Ff iy 08H roy *, as in numbers D and 2 Here time is de than in Vt ECAC = S 8. WH TPIS [ destne wnt ty tt @ be Lit i ® Wi Bias cui * O hirer — Ae LCvaith, Put wees 5a, HH AOb Lite ce aa RIVE [mii] it. fam cttny os este Menvaer > Seis + (= 1. 0N (EN. I 2. Ny EY Na 3. N ENE 4. N, (ENE 5. N, OREN 6. ~t#et 7 N, ldo, ® Kilinvodi TAM HS £N), KRLT 2. iki ez XA m x biel 3. DOOEIK. Biesei: it a] onitrasts — NIN. O 2. N SUN: D531 8. NEN, EEBS NAAN, BE~REA wteas 4 5. Ni OPN, BUBIEA 6 Te Nim #8 Noid DERI LT (N Nut £0), debi 2. RRERT TOW. DEOMI T HS.1. This construction is used when the | 1. ii AMER THE EOURD BEER A DUIE speaker takes up a certain topic (Ni Fd) 00) UN Hy MEE AT HO and wants 10 compare the state of that subject based on something else (Ne ED). | 2. Aes LOAR AS) 7, — AASB A 2 2. Normally, this construction, which | = ndicates comparisons, is not used in the 3. (JH BEVIalea: O 1 (Feat Ae ea negative. + (un 1956) 3. When the construct “interrogative + £0 ised, aS in numbers S and ©, expresses the superlative degree 2 DALLA VIDE AER TH a HiT LD) HRM PKU OIE 3 ABE SAAB UYot ®@ LATHAS EV, AABE FEB IED AM 5 wR tr CE AIR, SCT MCHA ACF 89. Se OK DATED AMADIED A a 2. OPSOEII, BBWC HOES 1. This patie is used when one com ywo things and wants to say that one iter (N: 249 45) is a greater or lesser degre I some attribute than the other. It is } sally not used in the negative. + | 2 There are constructs, Dike in} vumbers @ and G), where this pattern is | appended to parts of speech other than | $3. N,EN2g 0 Nea B MRIS MES Ae me & @A: iié BIesoTOMMT @ A: de AR- tb bat @ab 22ND 2 TN EY NOI DH, @a: BL dob IIH This pattern isu comparison betwee taken up in conve response to this pat the phrase "Nik D 578) and uses only 28 instead. Di kar b Ave cA vot § RR. Ths ulistlo<ston ou). J MH tem jon Ie HR 4 0 “+ BREE alo pi BN, EN, CESS [wretis (rou, or Croan. 2/Nrvmer te ] Araerisivé Bik tf DA: tie Twas Ys BrrbS Oa: Bi Eb Sbiac EOE EE SMES COD bowed Behl A ah 22DbntBHe LUMNEWVT, THES SMaA, COVOLROBME, 2 x ZINY NOE DH) OTN EY] EE MLT. [NOES] CHAS GA:cor-y-ban we? Bidbosoej Hand This pattern is used to ask about a {fr AW asbe eA 49. Somparison between two items that an (i Bl ik PEL AT IE taken up in conversation, Usually, the response to this pattern of question omits the phrase ‘Nid: 0" rom 2. (Nik ON. OLE 5 20" instead. = ‘and uses only the pattern "No 1&9 £4. NAN EE~RHA — [orm snot aras comm 8s 3 olladiecs FST ERK BUCS @ orLite 4% if O Soblise bAMBOTHAL UP LIL FP TLS D FA eS ott, Ft Brida. Ch, HOthsE © coHHi cur © cobiitizae wrae acy 2. Bet imRAY 4.When something concret particular topic, as in sabIe/ ~OHe pened WA BMC L A BOUL (NUE). & construct 227 2. The phrase something, has the ros attribute among a variet ‘When the items are in tach other, ~°C is used — PED SODIUM DAL et MD co7-*ieb rok This pattern is used when the degree of tw ‘ wi eay nt H ~ fly Ee ee items is not very different from each « ne a ee 1 bb. 202-7107 Ww pot quite as..2a8 th © ActecEsriy Ie is not used when the degree mis is completely different, =@ @ HOARELDE [(oun)sis the most (noun) AEENSAL NEE ] 5 5. NOPTN, BUBIEA Aly eon : ier ‘This expression is us | j , exceeded wants to indicate 4a certain P negative evaluation. "A Cu bith COT : coo Ve / 1AM 27. Ni l~ DIE 3 EI aHices & THUS HEY z83-5 HEALER OUR HE ig ag ssp Oe) ane BUN Ay 2 Bey Hee 0 aM) AEN J PS Ao beta = #8 When something concrete is asked about a 1. eth] A DASPE AEH FU seit Fe al Particular topic, as in number @), th NN ENA BTA — 1 LRH, eonstmct 22'S A. ~ is used. 2. AGM Ce Ae AW FOI The phrase ~OPC i hen Dil debs 08 UK FPO Something has the most or least of som EE a SEIN HS Bribute among a variety of item: iF When the items are indistinguishable fron each other, Loo — [0s EOy-Fb oxEd BH. LOA WHICH, MHTFEVE Ort viok + MD GOAMIE CHEE, 2-ET HES +2 ZB BRS FT EWUREBA THOSE VEWE SIRI. VITAE fh Mhis expression is used when Un fe LO IR HY I wants to indicate Uial something tas exceeded a certain perfoct balance. Ih is a negative evaluation. = oo vet (A= exes BT NlE~B Ne IS [oom isda (rou: ts- Siem J COKE’ FRAT LID, HOA j @ br LeSOEWTI @ flo License (SA OP BAIT LEY b @ bre Lisi tteh. Gomme coe AL HAR HC BI belie ee Pb Ci be Ln etme Bee (eA ATVoOb HARES cieck© 9 een ss. HEC Arb: LbeKxsct | a — ' | ose =! 2. (ERI % .nilovyys gA:@ oe KaveF CHa. b HE ct cyRE balesOhy SERS CEE RAT Boro e Be HRow* A: BA IC wie RS BibeLinwtt dois 5 vpacs. HAE ) Po ; ALVobrae C:Boke alin zy. ALdrLos ORI HEH WhEA air aE t, CONDOS ysic} ee Ed 8. bt LMM tke TAR Leb mu gs 2. NFL HOI, AARTCRE a ED ELA frie { b fron Lé le: EVNADDYS e{ Ik, HO HIS { b FSokcE 8. bRLEGETI { a FRASIER a Aberece b AbeLAce 1. Enumerations Il. Experiences 1 spa) 1 MBAS T9YRR TTY Lk A DED PEI SECO CHAS, HITS ELC PALEY EF, eLEt ZIELA ,hersonh, a WELS b Hck eh DET } HVETHS, RL ae BN EA, DY EASLaem) eet VEU EW LES WiRERALN. FLERRLN LED, (WAV Lo tOL TUE, MENUS 1-1. VikY VEY LES) [ De uty ant (eyes tier taigs (DRV.LV J AKU, FL i PMD LES FEGOLA, HELLY, Bee ot) ECWOHEOELE . HOA) LRH OSS EF BOF EG tb pe re Lay. ag KHEOS LEY LTWET, @4z2h) VBUSSTEETSER, ELUVAVARZEMEZEE A, tD9502, semuk PMNS CRELEOBOA. DOKI. TAPUSUS SHEET SBSE, O45. BOMBA EET BBE H S. ‘This expression is used when Usting up two | MUP RRSITE, Firble or three of a variety of things that one does, | UKM, ATLL APES SRR FE ARIUS or that occur, ‘There are such cases, asin AIH fe Abah fit a LL G04 Ata Bhatt numbers @ and @, when one person is | doing various activities, and there are cases, as in number here several people are! doing a variety of actions. 4a 5.b 33YS I-t Vi EUV, EV LEF2) [be qwerty. and (verbye and (2) KV, LVE ] BT Mar HM) Rok LTUVED 2 ii] 6 vote AMY Le Le 2 SOALMOME oO LVRLVLTOET, LILAMELEG, SG ® KADBEE Naoto oho horn Laucdétaen, Eawcdns RL h) RHObE- Hake oc CERTEUR. 2 ONY oma (Hs Ka. ad BL EWS FHSeE) ES, This pattern expresses a ropetition of | dikes ‘opposite actions or effgets. Two contrasting | SELATRAVANLAHIM CAMHS, ABD: F<, verbs (such as HBAS, FS RB, | KA: bMS. FAAP, B+ FRMSUE dare used, : ENESCO, Te SEW SEW DEF [samines antsonees -pnhovaee ] D OSs CICALED, BL AY, haem Let. DIB CRY feowbns THY BBP OAD LSC, he ocTH ERA, @ ARC he ote CHE, ken vem oth cay $4, Peo h DEPTETH, Pot TT MS, b Rb HEL CHEOCEERT, HEOBAC HED, GWOEIE [~LU~RNET! O Beha cee su. This pattern shows that something is not | ae-K—seMO AY, tal LETHAIA ELON fixed, It is also used for parts of speech | HEM. RMIDOMEE WHA 1 = A other than verbs. IL is often used in the form | 0 ~ NCS 1 AMEE, £0 CT, asin numbers @ and ©,3. [a0 ER 1-3. Ny BOUL Ne BH [ours isan (noun): is also RN RN: |] flare 1 > wl, Beuweet Ue tokl, Mabe b> HOS Lt BOL. Broker, Whe ee eecd. UReb, RE - = @ dL ARR Bb LOTAH bit whoo. SL ACLE, ® SOF EHRIAS TOLL, BIBRA S fio c, HEA R4 Yb BOHBO Te tii TANS EWE. 2. [NON G5 (SMO MEOE TH] CUIBOBLY, INOL, Nb. (F .RMLVETH | EOIBOBOR IM, ARS EMNS Bae MOUSE 8. OOESI. ING] MESSE, +44 [LI coe) 4 MTU. a 1 OMAK Pb) MOCE. TL BL Te] PO [#) HAS 1 | pre 41. This pattern is used to list iterus of similar | 1. RAEWLbAODEENI(S UNE He HMA quality 2. HIE NBN 8 GAIL FLO 2 The expression Ni &B~L. Ne bs JERR Nob L, Nob GRR (This week I'm free and next week Im also | F/WAT%. 11 BAER, free) carries a stronger emphasis of | 3, ofLI@/NQIH AR NG 1. +ah4 repetition than Ni Nr Bee (Im free | BI-4. 1 ~ Ld (pa) Doth this week and next) ABR. OR tes REE BB, TR, 3. There are constructs, as in number @, ai, #1 HK, HET ahi) 2" where Nf isnot used. > Lessop4, 1-4, | #8" #4" BUHHSE 4 (p52) (~L), pat : 4, When % is appended after the particles (2, Aand %, bt, 08 and © are eliminated > Column 7, The Particles td, #8 and # | Disappear', p.152 —_— coo Nb +B Ls 35,CL ERHUEF 2. VECEPHUEF* VEUCERHUEE ZT-1. VEC EMHBW EF [toons meerverence otaoing (wy /at~ ] SAEED 1 NE HRSA: FESOES, leit th BD TARDIALAR TY CHALLE MH ETA Lath DET 4 - HVET BA? Bh DTD. be @ PE, D5 A ® kes . RITb 1. PREBOLS! [AE] [EMLITSE TK) SEDEI GRRE SL IRI EMS » 2. SEVER BLOHERTER Eo Lacihbtu, Fe, Too) feu cu) Pec) EDERE VoL EKMIZE BTN, XDELUBERU. BLAR SES bo a4 | ObELEBE LO, LO L&E RAE OST, BRIBE CEH LEN IRR HRD, 36[S05 18S m MO FEGOIA (AR) 1 a FESO Alin childhood), (bf) 1 real CAD a p), tL (long ago), and PETIT THD GES IL) 1B iahit — AH, now). 2. AMR a HAE ML Set a — BA, constriction is not used with | WARES CL Uk WS) RS (ERM) 1 Bindi ARAN, ether ist used with words such as || = P(always), 1C4 (usually), and b 3. CATES Oey ). 0 TSE, jexpression, as in numbers 6), @ and ited to show that something. spocial inthe past fs offen used with expressions | 1. ms that refer to the immediate ! RE Be Be BR 2 VGC EPSUET- VEUCERHUET aetines when the agent does (verb) and thee are times when e doesnt (verb). / HE HAH] ECHVOT, EER CH Cea ET pcvecH CTH, LELKESORTMMT SIE CHVET. Th ears Important Grammatical Points 3: (V - TC. Vets TV and VEST), p21? | Z1-8 SOT [snc J] n D OF RMS HEN EDO? wh Bs ohgeAcLe, KAIME LAL 2 BAAIMVOT, 421 ORR + Be mm CRE LAL BAB. WMH OROT, Bib Riana BLELKALOC, KEK Emme ITS ES. dune ELEMOT HEV ERAD FAIA, biok RBS UETOT, DUBE CEE BAOU THEE? ENE ERIC ENS, CRIBB re pHLBoORUcto, Ashe (XRCAEOE 208) XPBEVOTC PDD. {ooo8 fh. RDS 2. Ghibemund HAN SMBICH [~OT] ODM [~MS] SURE ARS POR Bess. 3. [~OCTH! OHCA MDE. ALES LCEMES BOTTI O) XBL Ar-H RSOCTH BAYA CRS MH TS LOOK dK. KNTMIBORWVE Si, THHIERT SCE OHS. 1, (Case or reason) OT. (J. There are Ba oc; El. mae many times when the succeeding clause SR, OAR TN AHL a contains the result or direction of the first. } a>, Meibfiik, +e + GP 8 tig clause. Imperatives and prohibition do not; ‘Ree | (p204) appear atthe end of the sentence, —+@ | 2 Ab AiRATHHAFR FIL © = °C EHH + Column & , Watch Out for, Sentence (=m 5 1 HES ME, Endings, p 204 3 KHEWM F-OCTT 1A oe 2. In cases where personal justifications are | 4, Ge) @AF SER AFL Sesh Ae TARY, MEL given, ~@C is a more formal and soRer RoR, expression than ~#) 5. 3.The form ~ DTT isnot used. 4. When the speaker wants to be more polite, asin number @ he or she can append the polite form. = coo FEB ye GF AR FAG NENG tOC 43S 1-4 ~L [ane riire ] D ADRS Aes LCR aba eA, ° B Bihat a LoS De (EHO HSL, Wbibo COOL. Ya¥y yew LA DALERLTHOMTATHA, Bi FOTN pitti o ML APA Le eecet © RLFROLEL, RAG OVS, AWS EL ES. RI b 1, BEBO CHO E SRS. 1-1. [~9 5). 1-3 [~OC) KU RBMRUB LO. Oe DITA LJ M1 OBS, EO OMA ES LURE HS. 2. +9 BRI-3 INS~L. Neb as) 41. This is used when sting reasons, The causal relationstups are weaker than in he construct ANT den BH, (WAL 1.1 Sa, 1-31 - OCs MERE. H@ 1-1 5) and. (~OT), When ther SUASUILE hr = Ls (Oe Hh ssonly one ~L,asin munber GD, the nuance is | ABU EEE hat thereare other reasons as well, 283M ~ 3. INB~L, Neb! Gas) 2. Lesson 8,1-3. (NIG we oo EB 21-5. ~&& (Ic) [ownagto /tr ] fon 20) Riot, Ruate heeds . 2 WES Act A Aner 9 aa REMATLE Loma. 14 EATS BO © Poised eo nt, wma) Amor, RITA 1. [iil] 2 0). [-), ik cu eU ieee mmc ones, BeBe ce @ 2. Clauses that express the speaker's will or requests do not follow ~#25, °@ 1 8 , Wateh Out for Sentence Endings, p.204 —_— coo RB ey i) keg #9 1m & + ¢ s1-1.~* © 9AKEVEL @ 20 @ ware te ERMA C$ WEWCH, @a7h heather ©) BLOL, [amuse | DPB EM. te wicras, SP 4. 1 RB 2. [~hd] OBS. BTAORHERT RPMS EOR MCU. +3948 BR: { 1IGRRE) 200 (12), =]. This construct is | 1. RB) tab), EE). deaths sed to explain that a result is not what | AAR UHI, 2 HAS mii MMA FRA ATM 20 Revs ERA A AOE BYE WAR AeA RY A, EYES PEROT IE | (p204) DA FAR FAL /NR ND +40 (12) [contrary Resuns “atte ] OBA T SHIRE HDL IOVE DES 2. ROLSC2W LEI CLUOBUHS, [BOMBS] LTH DNS, tobe AVG OL EET HS3, FOROEIC [BOWL] PHIBERTROHEL THA CONS, VAR ATL AID. NE b) OF [~GE) EEC D PRE 5 HRS 1. This conjunetinn joins two opposite or | 1. X.QRUHZse er A stuart ae contrasting clauses. 2 VLR FLA ESL Py 2. There are cases, such as the following Bete 8, Rea RR MSS | When #¢ is used simply to join two clauses “+ It is often used to proface what the | 3. ULOTDL® MIKI) AE AEE A Ra speaiker is goings to say. RAR LEAH NTRS» CT 8. IL is also often used as an expression with “+ which to broach a subject or as ay to) 4 ECR ER HEI Ce es se subily leave the sentence open-ended asin |r 1b 2a (UHC = aN the following examples, > 4, In colloquial speech, the abbreviated form of SONY (~HE) is often used in place of ~A8 +8 ET 2 SOIC [erento Zt, te J Db FORERUEOIL, ENEMA ERA 2 oA Lavon, treme ce BL CORT. USE OIZ, LI LTORBATH AN OM CO(L, BRIBED ADE 9 VUSARS IY ELAM, Soto homie. Ab) 1. |] ore, eR erSu, o BTADR ORES. ® . a Re RS 46HAGE PH A BM. Maio. (Gomeiningunespected) . Tn many cases, the speaker's feelings of surprise, dissatisfaction, criticism or regret are conveyed. 2, Clauses that express the speaker's will or requests do not come at the end of the sentence, —-@ — Column 8, Wateh Out for Sentence Endings, p:204 — FACET AREER TL OM GEOR BET OO, 1 ET] 27a TERMED ED | 1.8) oc, EERE. om FRA WIA AM EYL, ARI TEMES ER FAR. 2. HE RRA TARIAA MBIA DL, WILE IRM RIA TR, 8 TERME IE J (p204) eo MB yi CAR TAC / NENG $0MI [ eC Rec 1 Hesomewarau 1. SERAOE, HAIRS LA. ELIE RaAD DD wD ELA 2. kD, 3, ata & 4, WOAIEA oho & FEATS 5. Ms Aca PH (|) ObOZE EMM Kofi CHa HSU OC Oe 1. EO FIERO DF ABCLE DEAE, y KONEHATL ED (HS) VE SALEEOT CHS: ORE LA Chto iby Bh oOCRELAT Lite Bika) 2 PAR (€aB) BBR BOSH. Ch EPI aTHTeeeA # #2, HNeLw LET AIYERBUACH NS (58) SERVOS IBS OMS, HRI 48L Expectations Il. Objectives Lee 1 Aes LRN 3. EC HAS FE 4. bb, RU, {i do FTP KAAS CF 5. bb, Rus, dt howe ortAa ct Mm east a Lav 1. Peel kay Ltt antiitete { . b HELO CH a ELUTF. | 2. sho yavit b Lab sd DE BHLE w Adio THB LO { Tay eae a fae “4 Wo cant 5. LOKVAYIEE AME DS { b ijk PAWSON YCHUET. 498 its 14% 2 | spectations “| 1. NBIELOTH 3. UES 2. VETTE 4. KEWUITH HE EUUTH + ~EWUTT 5. VTELWTH VEOTELUTH 1. NBIELUYECH — [account | D DELILZ = hsv ty aEL eH, 2 Pose aailibe Conte: SAMA (thd DL Ga VBTAL Ob Otter > B: CF ta, FEAST Dy EARN KH BAMELOE A= 4B) 1. BOK (HEL) OR RPRDERT. WEOMK AB eM BSE EDARIEDEUMED IU, 1-2 [VRUCT) BFL. (abere) 0) Ame. 7 3. BEA thw EROZOLR COR SAL, -3FK3 [EMMSA HORE BOWED) yr5) OXY SARA DRIED AE LY a. [a0 Ed] 50 Mite 2c Sb 4d Sa5. 1S 1 Be A. RB APRN EER, OH, arb AP TAM A BOR, WE IR RET RAFMM LA, 1-2 rv er watt, # 2. A BELA 3. ASHE FEAR Ei AB = I 0 F 0 ES TERESINA = A Ret £1 (pS) 4. This pattern expresses desire or expectation on Uke part of the Hirst person (D. It is also used to ask the desires or expectations of others, but it is better not to use this construct directly toward superiors. ‘This also htolds true for the 12, (ETT) pattern, > 2 This pattern is conjugated in the same way asan 1 -adjective. 4. This construct cannot be used at the end of sentences where the subject is in the third person. —-@ — Column 3, Watch Out for Sentences in Which Subjects Are inthe Third Person, p.75 —— 1-2, VEWEHF — [Wate oem) 0] 0 Wikarcwiicoity ces, OTABIA, KALBD LA CTA, + > NAPIEES CT. © erdis ache Od. Ho, Bruve—wahanoss @ AOFRT = ABE RITA ELA, BLY Bk goho R47) 1. BL (EL) OF ROHR, HACKY. HEORRr ASEM BAL IRI HF, BHALOAC pos HU. 1-1 INDE LOTT] DHE 1. (Laaeirree ©) AMEE, fA terete, OME. il sO Edm. 2. AHRMERAU LE ICBATS. 3. fethOBA OO. 91o [E—VRMRG) — [Ewha EU OFF [A 1H) cepa cergu, RAVEROLOLHIC LOK EBAT. 1A INSELOTT] Owe 3, 55 VARA 1. This pattern is used to express desire or ‘expectation to do something on the part of the first person (1) the desires or expectations of others butt it I is also used to ask is best not to use this pattern directly toward superiors, —+@ WAKELY eH 2. This pattern is conjugated the same way eee) in bd as an f-adjective 3. In the case of transitive verbs, as in number @, = J) ther E11 ata 1 (drink beer... want to drink beer), the particle & is often changed to 4%. 4. This pattern cannot be used at the end of sentences in which the subject isin the tind person, 42283. in HL (NAUELU CH 5. This pattern, as in muniber is often used at the beginning of a conversation to ask or request something. VROA THB, V BOTLEIM Examples: Cb oop Vat thet 1-38 ~PUET t RSPAS EEL MOT, the QBMET-ARFIU TOKE b. RIEL ONE v RIYB POE GCA A UHRA LEW TS SRRDI AIC L <8. 2 V THOT [ Tena to want to CHst FRA CORT P5RLA STP OIPEEN $b) £4 oF Ved An # ¢ C@VELA EWLEDOFEL Dio CHS LOE FELON VACUs Ry SUEY BLU RARE © Ue Yn fern — A RRNET r ) ‘He OT LL ir A AE ALIEN FH) -+ AML 1 Hs@eB1 2. IMA 9-1 Te, 3. ITE esting one bo evant re Stee, A ASHE FLRR IP TSE = PS A, SEL. ENDTELU CT eens 5. RONDA, Lem LF MA A, ft A i FF . RE 1 fe 1-1 N sv Bies 1 SR RL CI TE ik VTbLL Yel 1 kom 78] UT BELBO 88-48 ShaiskeM ERT. 11 CN LOTT! 1-2 DvRUTH CR, FRYE LOMB GBH oO IMO. Be TTT INFELUTH! OMI. 3+3543 | ASO PEEL +{- SEO PAE LO kas 2 [oat] tai 1 MEER, De LIENDHELO CHT 4, Halt [~o TOS T] OF CHES H t) OF CBA 1. The “appended to such words as wo, INL, ELo, § and is used to indicate desires, expectations, POET i v bee sentence suffix physical sensations and emotions in the third person. As in FL, (NAUEL ETT) and 12. Wz UT), it is best not to use this pattern when the subject isasuperior. —>@ + @228),, 3. in LL, (NANELWTS) = Column 3, Watch Out for Sentences in Which Subjects Are in the Third Person, »:75 HORT is ‘conjugated in the same way as a Group verb (-u verb) 3, Watch out for particles, bf: LEENA. Lech, -RANEEL A THRt 4. This is normally used in the form ~ 259 bet tendencies are expressed a itis used in the form ~250 8S 2 The sentence sult but in cases where general in number coo Viet Am/rA +H ET DOES CAA HEE ABB [~ ae 5. 18% 08t% KAOLERED LI! (975 1 (5 Beb) CELE SRRTS RUNBL A OTORT 1. de RIN ELIA, VAL iit, SAL, BL, ROR, lee ER, OU RSA, 1 ONDE Leer 2. Vet OTs HIM BLE RAF EMEA bee =e SEL. NA #81 a, eS MB Fi (5) 1 = A802 iB MBSR Tabi hi, ES binl 9 NY DELIRNANELY ASANEIEL A OTHERS kot CRIES, B14 KEWUTH + SLEUTH + HLOUTF [le woutd be good ifs it would be nice uf; t would be best i RE RAE FY] YkRoWON ALOLAL MATES AVeY Bi Z4 Cha (2D Bee L Fue LU RRIES ECF Aa, HULE Om, HED Bite Mo TET 532 ROLE IDLE Ld oRBOUOI hd, DAKE A, WOPEROEE Ko Base? BS 5th, Fils eo pe te Rt b) 1. EOKFCH TELE HERR & SBA MS, BLE. KRICURIO RH BERT [~06) EMASZ COBY, RHOW LOBE THSBEEU, DOOKIE TAO. ~H HE) BEE DUST EMBO, 2. [~] Kk TADERE SOS IZ BO. KbLAL VI BAL { LI, TIRALRALOO ED 3. [HEMT] [WR EOU TH] [SHOU TT] SHUR BA MRR T HS, 1. These express ns are used when the | 1. JP AcE SIMO, Et speaker wishes something would turn outa | LM. AUJBREAGMILE dasa 1 = A605 certain way. Teiseolloquial. There are many | §&SUALFIEMM, LHR OL DOI cases when the interjection ~7d) is | 1 ~ OZ, =A ELF, appended to the end of the sentence for | 2. 6 ~ 1 HURHUMR ARIA Bas A aU, exclamation. Often, ~ 42, ~, and ~1 “+ & are appended, as in minbers Dand @, | & (~ Ew CH | -RSUCT when the reality seems difficult to achieve, (EEO CF AILLILA BO 2 No words to include the speaker's intentions are used before these expressions. = 3. It is possible to interchange the three patterns ~EWWTH, VBL or and “XU CH. L 1-5. VTELUTCH + VEUTELUTH [Want (seu or third person) to do (ent); Want (sound or third prscr) not todo (verb) / EE «RAE |] D 7IABO PERE OO, FOMGUTELOO TT Im, LAL BASEL Ev 2G tH, Ronsosucugt, Hii to cel LOLEREMOAL DEO CHLUOTT, CF tas5. 18% 1849) Rak BOA (DEL) MBE PE DOA, BOTECHL THES SBS MS APART IE ARES A, TE 8 CH ‘This expression is used when the speaker (0) wants the second or third person, or & thing todo something, s VES VRE SIE - NOH (I=) 81-1. Vil Gees) [ (G0) do (verb) ] Darr, Fb Muicis t4 @ Hikari, BAH’ eo Ed ODALALITe LIKED. Mb Lee chone. ok U Mb FI, U2 [Varo] FHS, UE + WIR RII BASLE ATER SF RQOEIK, TEMMDBWGOSHCLI¢, -aAFhs [FsmMOZMt) ooomovement] ic [verbs retum, goback ele)} 2. In cases where the objective is serious, the pattern Y-IZ is not usually used ; rather, 12. (V4. isused, @ 3. Ibis also appended to the nominal portions of %% verbs, as in number > Column 4 Nominalization of $4 Verbs, p.99 GOO Ves TORMMON +12 UFRaT = 1-2 VEE (Ic) DPF YAEL A BL GSD fe @ WPS Lay aod Ho tw 3) [sl ® AAO AER T { OSH Dad CH < fab 3. 4R1-5 [~ sem (IC) | (psa) 1.[Purpose of action] abit. [=]. it Is used when the speaker wants to express his or her objective more direetly than in the patie Hel. (V=I2). This also used in the form “nominal of the verb + + 729 (IE), asin number 2. This is appended to verbs of volition, + 3. Lesson 4, 1-5. (~#226 (12D), psd 36 2. AE AT ARE FAS. AI W216 VeRO, +0 3. $B) DASH ART aN Hil BBA, SERS PZ shin ite 4 (p93) [montero = r= J FAY RE R o CORT . MINOF TES ks RIT MOR. FIL YAR EF o I TV) SU BME SHB AUE BIS, Ott (1) | OM TEES DIL, HOWE bY EF WORT) EF mOEAT] Rei, [=]. ear FIA, ATLL ROLE HERA 1-72 ie Gi ABA + + ead as DUDS (p44)5. 1% 180m 21-3. VOOIE —_ [monertodo worm te] D corte Ae @ PARAS S ik eh rictic £4 @ WWE ET SONAR bE CT 6 DIC EEING doa EF wat Det y DS AALS 1. Beebe) oc [UBT Boe T. MCT. Pest) wel 2. OOLIE [TSMBORAC) OF COMED, OED [0] HEH EHS. 3. OME FE 1 [Uses or objectives] OIx [(nece 1. (fs) oie A convenient, take time oF mo Se. tem ete] « 12 MM OMAE BPEL | FS shiney % 2 As in number @, in cases of $B idlabay +121 BRIE, this pattern is also in the | 3, tLaTbL Gel, ‘nominal ofthe $2 verb + 42." nominal construc 3, There are ocr the @ following, the verb is omitted om ns when, as in number @, £1-4 VOADE+ VOWED [Todo em): nor todo (erry ZH HA] OFEKELDHSLG @ Hemera k < BX 2 @ Preomewd ici B ® Hikony ECHL T CHE. RELIC BL, MORE THD ELL etekRE) [Big] coc, | Race, Tee PRESHE HOSE < ac crBu, +2545 [Rbe, BED) Gow xBoteme rg, gredieees. +{ LOR MM CASEI. ELEM TL EG « [43K] OMCEETAOmeE ee [Objective & 5) =] 6 The speaker's | fi) £55 FRSC mi volition is not included in what precedes Jk | A) oiRifi A Ra om. ie Hl EAs, SIS. Im many cases, potential verbs, non. | PRs, AMR, —@ Volition and verbal negatives are used SHES RE HEE! (99 + Column 5, Volition? Non-Volition?, poe : ~ 1-5. NOE (ic) [ For noun) 57] ULFEROLODAKCH. 2 bt LUcoRthorwicaore wis # Lt, @ Bt VOWS OE KS E THT CES RAB) AvHiRE ED ECE SIC) CNSR RT. amt -8 TAD OD) gw ‘This expresses 1 © idea of something being, “for the benefit" of an individual or group. (~ROUED, pad BROW TWA. AAR ARES MB, SARL = 5.6 FeCI) (pad)5. 1#2 Uetm 2 MEI ( ) OO ERMC UTHER EY. 1, Rowiorsy Ricay Ft FEC wads 2. Recetas AC, Ge weet (RS) 3. ce Lowitd billie five (mize) 4, REDAOA AGED 2 UELY) §, cau hOMEe Hd. (ho) 6, EPDALE EADS OM CHL ELA. (HAS) 1 bRLGIYE 8, hisLeay MEO ( )ORDLEM ABM EBICBA T. DEHZ EES Lathe TRE REL, 1D EEE BEGET, | rare we 1 ALSIP CRRA CT. BIKAR IID E Fa. BIA, DELIGEG BINdo CT, Me < CG Bd A LOAREA DDE Blake wi EF | HRMOKEFIE OE Khentio ct (eu. (ll 2. ALS Ley, LPO ea (ca) Bild, Led, SRI oo FiBL (3424) Aco o MADD LUBY CO a EES FO) Bike, onposeeiRecaD SIF D HEMET. CRS) 5960 6 a Pues Dees of Doty SRS Mo TOES D bHOLEEA ¢ BAttA d PT @ 1. DAMAGE EVA Ly Bows MALIEED CTA, 3. FORM MORI, HetDE CH 4. HOBO AM DA LOM o TORO, HAL S > oi: 1000 Taleerr | a WT ReA, 1. HOKOMDES < C, { b MARA, a AN BRA, rece { . } BoE KRWACAECH bANEYA a AVERA, ‘ aie Ps } hatte b AdttA. la. we f° he one wel AL. tc b a Wnts b WAScENCS ET 5. LOFT TI af BAWION—TIBU ERT.ATE . HS [ rotenias Degrees of Diticuly “fe - #855 ] 1. VOLCENTRET NO CSET AL VRTUTHE VECUTH 2. TEA + aR ADS. RASNS Bons, Beans ane, He 3. AREORRO HS AMA was he S1. VECEPTERT -NPTERT [can ao (verb (round can be done “fie, oh ] CHIL HAC AR TUL HAR cM abe eS @ e@ RAH 1. AR Bowie 22H, DOD, RHA, Hei ERT. ORO REY 2H Ree cHAORMNTH CHSC LERT, COTE PARA) OTL 2. INDCEET) ON, TOHMORMBS (RE YREDR, -1IL4 [FSH Wee) vam, Re . ARS te (093 3. +2, (REBEL) @ ez 9, TWte 2d 3a tc 5b [glib 20 3b 4a Sa 6 ave: 252 S r @ 1. There are two meanings for expressions of | 1, WPABIITAIAH: AM FREEL. sw) Potential. One is a technical or physical | aA. SHALLASTED. DR ability, as shown in nurnbers (D,@ and. aRfEMAPALIE, LAER ty kA ENANATAGE The second is the potential of actualizing | 2. 1 ape Zia) s Sue Ala action through rules and conditions, as 2 (NAG ED HS Gia A WZ hia) seen in numbers @, &) and. This is tme | Ei S ULNA, PE RIALS for 2, CiTfEBGA (1)) as woth KA. TRG EE 4 tee 2 The N of N AVCELF Can (noum)), is | HAAG 1 93) the nominal portion of aT verb (sd 32.6 WAR ANILYS Aen Gield trip), #4 (practice), ete.) or of | foreign languages Sports, ele. > Coluewn 4, Nominalization | ADS Verbs, p93 : 3. 753. of 2 (HTH RACL)) Imuusical instruments, 2 TEMS) [ Potentiat Veros (13/mpizahiatay J AL DAO SIH Ae tA, Bivod, Hea buo cit tea. 1 code Sik 1 Reborn POY CHa, LATIHC EA. 1b tlt RP tae MCRAE SCH Sheth. D> o> ta LOK Hoa SA, BLHOAVITPOBAD< HAW, ALVAERA, bLECOF= RIM PEMA ETH B: evs A: LTE MERE EWA CHD 8 C, PDEVACT L b, Rabbis pe Lic bec Ces6. Fie: 5m OH TRO MAMAT | Ma) OWES. Potential verbs coryugate as Group TT chile MIE A IB el rms of Potential Verbs, a) teabidiniist ] vorts (ru verbs). nae | Sl EHOTE Zico (OSA EALHE ” £ SYBaNA we iS RNA 1 Eesha Grouptl-vents | nuverbs) . Wenche be, OSOURE UPR RA EC. HAORMO TET BSLEERT, +1 VALENCE ETE] OMB. ODN 2, febbtoBSu (aves—s—eibo | + [aves FMA SOFIE, [EL Me fe} RHSTEG SU. a i [vacemcast) & 2 [aaemaR) GREALMUEIEMIZ EM TRS. k Ly 2. FRTARAREALT|) la 5 masa Tee BS. [VETEMTERT! OW IME CNS, RA MMIC ROBES car, HOM HAH HAS, HITEC CER TEE sis 64. TRB 6 SH ARE HTT SMOMBE CHS. AORECMRCUD m(BRCoS, ms. fi BA, eb ERT OCHRE eb eu, 4, Verbs that can become potential verbs are only those that express actions people perform intentionally. Verbs. that are unrelated to intentionality (WIA (become ill), FR (have difficulty), 889 (be anxious), #214 (he exhausted), ete.) cannot become potential verbs. In cases Where the subject is inanimate, potential verbs are not used to express ability. + —+ Column 5, Volition? Non-Volition?, p.99 5. ‘These can also be used with the nuance at everything has been completed, as in 1. PMDD@ORAA L.A LANA 1 DOM de Te LAME, WF 17s AS mT ft AA IVBLEA THRE: Hs Hewwl 2, (eMVbahinlAyTTAELw wf a> ay Efk5 = Tea FMA) HE BN (RHE BL EVSCEMTRET. AD. FOES ial 1 BORE ARASH), 2. cnY A AAKD 1 MUN CL EAL A Jeena Praia ALARM RIES VBC ED ah 6 4. SU Rea ASAE ad LACE MRI th yin A HEM Ra), 5 AM FE WM anion RIRICAS, RS, dD, REN SAMMI, EINE, ARREARS THEI, = HES TATE 1 (799) 5. WOTLL ROFL P Beam AB I ae. thoPARE AS LUCA BAbA. RAAT: SKONET, LE VOHOMEHLVONELA. Bd id 21k) LAM ORM ML CRT. 1. [VecewTaet] Ca comusueH, shows that something has been | as having efficiency or quality, | 4% isnot seen in 1. (V4 ENCES PURO YE AR. iE, 1 VS SRT RAN, o> bo FRED ERD SAW itive verbs with nuances of potential “HAF ADR RAVE sbi] EDI, PETS ECM, PELOL. BLEL, MILAIEKE WAS i Lt Fins Mahim EALA, BOC, AER MOREA LADEN, CaO BR FORMER. LORCA HUMIC TOUR is an expression of potential which uses | VAS 8 HAT mre tive verbs that inherently connote | RAVE HAT HEHE ‘There is no need to make them the potential form, ft iad a A24 VETUTCH + VIEC HUSH [Easy to do (verb); hard to do (verb) “#884 AEE J] D Sort Hoi eos! FVKE CCRART OTE, chet, @ co< sia. CHa Coe @ KAWE MAE SALE © LOAD TRC LIAC CDH Oecd, RAYA DOU. PF SOPHIE] TRB TS) Eu ak, Bul) Gu Rh. 8 [FT 20e GF OLY lepep AEM AEB fa RB Numbers do" or "be easily done." Numbers mean "hard to do" or }) have the meaning "easy to an't quite do." DV RE POOP decd * ewe & 5. A FE [Sromaeiy/A% ] D ce LowusRem< earpary. aed oii saat, COREE, FEbOIAOS Heo ER CHL kOe s Lob bat Lh MRb. RIT BACON 6 CUI AROMRER TSO. Dome exekita (>, Hus. ex . 3. BE) EBUB LAL L ch,6. FIRE - Si This pattern indicates that one is naturally | Ae vty WLP PRAT PRS eM te He iba roved to feel g certain way. Verbs that, | HedomG AME EEAN BILD ES. HA show emotion (5 (hink), MUS (lool), # % AeA HE %&(consider), ete.) are used in the same. verbal form asin the passive Ashe ] BPE BBT 5 £81k A [octane onstomenaseny—anee] >) ZO GMOHT CAI S, WORK Bil) HE At LOR NCH Bm ‘em nating tet of hor eri the mon | TROD, A aD) RAFAATANN, Xt, Le Issey dese fn ot eer sok 3, wt % | WAI OK | BblLauae BRUM Sit SS br LaF = (oO) 48a ant WA tae : . sae Basan tec BORK et BAth. eve Bach. X Cn bELEOR F-% TH, O Chik dELAMEOR FH CF #EOIBVEL A TY SATS. x bi A RZ BATH. O BELBED Be GR x Reckocw.n BE UEC DET, Oe ae eee X DASA DASAddihtccon BR ebeLicne les OYASAU HCL on BM 67PSH 1 RIAERDE (Ol BOS R Blo CHa TD chow, = “eb ALE BRE SBHO HLS 2 Bkok wal ef 2 a SS RS SEAT, ALT rr BES CSV EUAD, b fhbese a wee cen, b HaeSH a & 4. FAEVAM, Bh SWS H AE { UF CLURDONEA, brok { BAWWON-JiBNET 69Bo bbe iE “BF [ Reauests; Orders “iH3R + a | 1. NEES | 4. BVCKE 2. VECKEU + VEUTC ES 5. V (&) HTK HaLY 3. NECKSURHAD | 6. aie | VEC KEURBAD ASN BAS 7% VBE 8 VES .< SS NH SENATE POA > CE : i SA NEC SU [Presse sive me (noun “ittarse~ ] D (LARS) FARRAR, DPASUA, TOA THMEL ECA ‘et ROMO REG EOC Haus OK 7 HIME CK SY, te ERS BPC © 2 VTC RSW VEUECK Ea [ Please co (verb: please don't do (verb) ith» ARB ] D bOI, OIPLOo< DG OTEK 2 HA CL ED. TERED ¢ LHe BUC HARD ‘ @ choi 2 TAEUA,Di ARB U. Ah ECR LEU TSO. Oi. RELAY. AKI e LAE SHOUD. 4, Numbers @-c are used to request, | 1. HID~ ORAM, HBA, suggest or direct someone gently. ater La RT Ht Bea 2 Numbers @-G are expressions of | 2 WA BAA prohibition or requests for someone not to | (TIAN T WM de do something — ER EWEEAD* VTC KEWEREAD [ Would you please gv me oun? Wold yon pase do ery? ] angihita EAD. TARR ESA, be (CBRE CHE EAD LEP a7 PLECKE EtAmD WIR IV TSS) LUTHER EROR UA. LED VESRED 2 TRH These ae plier expressions of request oF KLIN eS Ser ALS de — 4. BVM ESL — [Pieweuo cen)“ ] CH b, HMO MMs Fay EEL PEALEH Ae Bs HEC Bo Et 1 (Honey ye) NA. O ike) FHoHs id, ws c (ESV. Die hey TRL ARIA, BYR HE CHE Rvs aRATE 1. Rote ct feb ns tho eo S BOD. BAO DOABLE (di tL, EEBLTC HSUEH AD 2.30 [BUCK KEW PRTC ESL) ORE, 1. This concise expression is often used in public places as a recommendation or ! direct Denefit oneself, 2. In number & PESO means A FEEL (please come here) It is not used for requests to 55 V (&) HTC ES be oktober Lick aee 2D Wikoi tia etraUdtte OC Bs 1 fecoboeee aro ea (URES. AP LO + 2 MHD BOTS TSE ahs He + SHBON +6880 [ Please let me do (verb) / iH iL) J] 51th MOET REL DATHOCKETHED, CIB sok mga t ito’ < 4 RAB BBaile eT SLE SRT ES CMECMOEUS. [BOmeBt cK EON Ce RIEL TO SBSH SU, Broke tT CRS, *{ 5 ‘This form is used to gain permission from It uses the ‘causative form + TSHEEW! In many someone to do something cases, the pattern is used to verify that the | listener grants permission for a certain action. —-® — @z2B2 in Lesson 18, 2, (W(2)EET), pIsh ake) DERRAT CHS Os. i Rateen ZOU PRO DE LIL SUT CHS WELAD wd E183. “182 TV (8) PET] DaeeH 2. (pra) [ (reste ] [ (De other person rest) “ch #88] FOR IB RAT I FOUP ACL AT A SE tabi RECS ES. BF FUME nS FTE, SBS VCRERT Maen? (nist)CRITE bHS. OSSOHH —(irnperatwe Foon /éFH] Grovp Tver ee 1 Fea Group vrs mein) we — FWA f$LNB-— ALAS thé *L4 KA vous (Asati) mp sits Came vers) BSc sRs, ECR Y ACH MST BUR. bud pa ce SLES REOWTE Zr (cea dao OSA EAGHSE HYSRA R15 (HSHE BoE AB pot Be RL ORE CE PaO, ee] (p06)Sentences that end in finperative forms are Usually strong commands used by men ‘There a by men as a recomuniendation or invitation to aclose friend. + Lesson 11, 15, (at i, ete), p05 RID [VS4) THD SM, EHUD) 2x] (ons) Sentences that end in V-4Ys are mainly used by men to command someor something, > Lesson 11, 15. ( 499, ete.) p.105 not to do FEL £8 VHA DSL, eae 2B ROME Hom aE DRE SLA, DAnFLOT) ceassions when this form is used! BOA & ET SSEOR UA, Ua ee et res fe ATE, EA i eR AGN AAMT aY DEAD, + RIF eee Gok EL (pl0s) errs ee Ne 1B SH VIMEILIE FV ies Bhi ye, my NH Got ASB AT A A YO SALI See Cae) (pls) [ You do (vert (a4) ]‘This is mainly a directive used by parents to children; teachers to pupils, etc RELA fie, KMRL, — 1 AGL Pay RCAMELD [waenou tr senenesin Sash TP AE ERA] VRE) eee TK ACE oY nM Ley, OTe RMERARR “zaL we. 80H Ba EK rohit, Cea ei - In sentences whee the subject ein the tie pers you cannot ws exressors offi, sens Cob ened the ea tte se XH At cOmaELO cd sake Attn atiiee et Wontsttat expe hope Rika agi | 3. ~OH 0H RECT A [ Wortsnatepeess vino Rik benim | VE BRERTE® [Wotstonesanaucomn] 45, Hise HAN REE RT SC ajctee tna exes eto orseatiies RASH, SCO A | SRL, watt fies likes cnnok dei baa ro ONDE SARE BLENDS eu mast appert words Hee those Bx blo swan Hana oct. wefiote bath. , Le + bled, | fee au eee £5CF. HET I OGD eeocoet. somite ile cue Beas { AWG eR oceet. | | copia eels asta Lie Welt Lato cues * manure BEM AO COEF. sain 4 PEM + tocord, + HEMwitoces 3ALY SAL HTH ET. wees coat) OHOE ER EBATHICLTRETEU, DRED NAR pea 6 HSU Shoe (Ana) BRI bPUELA men | 2. Br ccidat< salons. coi Mew tai bee OTHATL EF PS, HORDE LA 2 - ihay Fitgu, 6[abe + BL 1483 I Invitations ; Offers II, Proposals 1 shi Hy TL BES gee eS Bt b [EAT @ 19 1. AL BRON CHa, THE-CH AN Bi22, Bh aes 2. FERRO So RAE HOLT ot 3A 4. A: Bivechiay OPE LCT L ALBEE CIN BAETD . aeechia, 2 HE (2 BR I LL AT b owed RL CHPEL LG TALtA, BLT a a:{ bo vwectia, HL THIEL ED jy RATHEL - a LlOR, WUeTE filha { . EDAD LDA ey YATRA ORAS L 2S a Me THREE CH, 18h aaa { bo Me CAI AU od Is BARVEON-FICHIET,1 2. 3. 78 VEL ESD 2 VEULSHVES a-e- thas on, VEtAD DoLEktektam, VEEAD | SOAR ECA iB ih. ibe Bua ] Linsitations 7864 |_| Iii Rvmenes/it i 1 otters. | VEls3 ) 1k Vietad Vili in Ia Tea VELE5m 2. veeag RRL VES RAL VCC EY | | | | | ARCS | (ego tw the ake ns | oF te ote pry ines ( ornamemn is | | [wotante fifare |e MaHRS | [ Do together” et] Loder pay acts) | (Sree | & LED aS Wiis 2b 30 to Se Bia 2a ab ba8. (RU Ted, VEL ED © VED [terwsao (ory Lersdo oer) 8 ] OAL, Sib, THF WELLE Biaa THE, eR C OUR EL ED. @ ceca ARATE OAL EC CRAT NATO TAELS Bika, FEELED ON idwcsrk. Sh, FES EDU a fa Ra: Beowmem< Cudc), HERE ED. ERNEITSLO BbNLESOBABE L CBI. UPS ERO BF. #e OOLIE, [VEHAD] [VELEIM ‘This usage is for actively inviting someone to | SE BLARUER x 17 SL, 7 WME SE BU a do something rather than for just asking | aby at ER Jy nfo RTCA. LE CV their intentions, Tt is used, as in numbe thas VEL SID! SRG DL 44s a response when invited with the pattern | (HC) Vest Ads (Won't you do (verb) with me?) or VEL £ 3M (Sha ——— cats? ] SI1-2. VEtHAD [ Won't you do (werd) with me? AFB? OAL LA, MCT a LLAD. Bi tItHha. EELEI DAvoL Enya YR RATS EVAD. B:tjha. DELS FETHSLELPEPRENKERADY Bid, OUTHay eA [VEL ESM) CRUE IED o, MEO 1 WoL ak dScb ee ee, skeurdiv.2. RED LOTALT MED OMSL fed HU. XEILE AERA | IMT FR L ka A 4. This form is used to ask someone to join fone in doing something. It is used in the same way as Tod. (V= L de 9), but gives nore consideration to the other party 2. This pattern is used to ask whether the DTBIBUA, EOS. RERMME LS LEK 1. GAL J — ARH dei: EUS AREA A Ale seat or Gl-4rv tem i 12, CGMTOT a ME A iA BE AAVREIHL io) ELH — listener would like t doa certain aetion, Thus, it cannot be interrogative, > used with an [ Won't you do (verb)? / teh J © 1-3 VEtAD DA: LIITOUE, ARLR OTHER B: Tia, DAL EMTCS BCAA ATR AMIY, READS B dao HOTA ET. DAs Lins A, Ait bith B: S$ da. 138 fl y WE 2ORR eho oR, CORA. 1-4 [VELED) Cikamascenes er ‘This pattern is a suggestion of action for the listener. It cannot be used interchangeably with F4, VEL & 3 : DEH LTR UREA, AER Pav L Ao oes BR [ stat we do corde] 21-4 VEL&SP DA BA 4bCTA, Leb samTOR La 02 om Brida, eeecda Broe MAR. Go CEE iF LEA. Ad Chit 25 el kare RELA. BAG CHIC » Hoek Le SHuvot & Fi. BAe LOSER, FERED PMoL I TSLE ERS BE emIBAU. ihp ou. ian. hd KIDFHA, HOLWCH Ly HAS AB ES "| OLOF-K, BOLUCT EL, MPSA BLS 1. This expression is used 10 invite someone | 1. ayiAR} A ARLEN RAK Ht, todo something with the speaker 2. ASPB ITH CE (Eta EOD Bivis not used when inviting the listener to | ABI, + do what the speaker is doing or plans 0 1-5. VEL EDAD [shade comps om ] Arita, BREE L AID ‘Lt. Bid, Bhd (esas Alte, th, AEDS LE DD ITAEHA, THC HED. EOLELA Am » DELMLET HS, Bia, TORBIM PMEMLE ITAEEA HoT TEV 81RITE MFCRIOTUS<. THeL] HFOKH OTS ERD LMSEUS, BABU BORUBCES r This is not used to soliet the listener but is | ASALCEAT AACA. TAL AR" HEHE Used to propose that the speaker () do | set Jit JM Aes ak, ep something for the listener. ‘The response | fH ait AR AAIK 1st. will be in request form I # = [ rroposas 10% | 2 VEIESBUUTEH + VEUEDBUUTS 2. VESESTID 3. EMB+VASUUTTD - RMB+VILUUTT 4. VEEWUTH + VESUUTTH + VIEOUTT SI-1. VEIIBUUTH + VEUIEDPUUECH [ wou be best co do (verb); it would be best not ta do (verb) AEE = HRA] DALTONS, BAT Ha, PL EL B: ef e L QALVA Ty bOI, HeALLS Bh) B: BEN AILS Git Heid aoe BH FES HY D Aries, HED 7 (1b aU Bibbotak. Fae 82RAY b) 8. Ui eh 1 AB ORR Mie RR EERE CH. HOKU TERR, TIT SPLeus. BE OHM L TROS EE 2. BED AIH Ont Euan BA 1. This is used to propose or recommend, to the listener, the speaker's opinions or public opinion. Although it is up to the listener to decide whether to reject or accept the proposal, Uiere are eases, as in number @, when it is close to being a command, 2. Ibis best not to use this form to instruct superiors —_ $1-2 VESESTITP DALTAEHA, SHONALES BISA, HELO RAM CHAS ALHUBED OSES Dar coratkontars ¢ tev BLEACH, HEN Tio THES DAINTR, ZARIARES, MHROE BIPHHNEVAT HEL @#: w5iFs, VEWKALA R23 hia, THLE5 @74 LDA [VARS POUCH) ENE RMI, HOTHET SS ICBECRESS [vt5] OfEN. 1681. [~ § DOESIC. MPR & SBSH OS RTOS IT BAT SUED HOU 1. UAE TARGA, — RUE LIN YE AAS MA ats Ay ce, EI SUPRA rE LORI 2. AE BURNET ew RIA [ How abour doing (verb)? / 82st] Oo kVA. Sam 2 § J (pts) 83fern is more direct than ML (V2 TT) for proposing a certain | ten -1 VARIA CS) Bee Ba OR 51 Ay 2. How to make V5. — Lesson 18, 1 ~ ~ HELI. - 5), p15 faa action to the lisiener. ai 1-3. BAB+VASUUCTD REL VEOUCHE [ Imerrogative + should (1) do (verb) 2/2 «4p? ] BEN PENMLEDA THEA, LeSUutHAy Bl Berit? DALLOMAO9E TIRE CHA, 2 Billo kid v7 1. HER ERM SEOA, 2 TVASIIVIE] OFF. 18 [~ tS). 2 Patten! pts! 1. This construct is used to seek direction | 4, Qaeifh avd Wy Mel Met Aik Hi 3, from others QeVie a rVbE MH, aL 2. How to make VAE, + Lesson 16, < Dr =k AEF Cpis6y ~HE, ete), p.156 S 1-4 VEEWUTH + VESUUTH © VILUUTT [woul be a ood idea to do (vor); you could do (verb); how about doing (werb)?,/~ store] yah » ANBAR, Suet, PE Ad DMRS Ahad 2 Ac AEL TRUE eee ar,UH 12? ety, MMS ALTHO | EIT SCE MUR Bot. MOSS. LIVESITVLIVEL OFFA, tlt [~A SI. 2 [mie . 8 L~ EJ (piss) 41. This expression says the proposal isa good | 1, RELA} AACRRALAT, RPM ATIA aA F738, ‘one and that the speaker recommends i. RVG) VEEL Tv es RUN, 2.-How to make VE, Vt and V SOR F151, 2.0 BL, Lesson 16, 1. (Ff), 2 (61K, ete), | 3. EF (pts) B.ED, p18 —mag | _OPOBAE TERME LEW, 1OOZ EME IL OBOE HA. HEELEIH FEELAD ARLE GD mitoescr | Phot APU 7H Mees Dewehia, FEELS. E PRRBIOW LL hove 3 +h PTI, HS CidkeMS LN UAL, DL LURCE AA, BAIL EF DEVEL S FRN COO T EOE Bb, KO CLE GM SHY Bie Daa, SdLED or OD > D> wD An ¢ ) ObOZEEMYCHICLT, | lomozeevobak Bo TBabaU, etm Lzan| 1 AL LN OR OB (HB) Brida, betta. (wey ALZ5CtR. Ux, thadgt sade et. (BRED BFMUOTHE ROU STD | 2 ASCH Raw tose rates, @ _ > (tka) Bib, 29 Cds, 2 UL) A: HoiRholc® LEME RISC, (bv)th, MoTwEty Waa MEN SSM COTTA a it itiek © { Pye ROR TE { rite oe BOE ON { { SbU EA bb 4 So RAR Permission; Prohibition; Obligations; Lack of Necessity FER Bk I c Ch od Lt oe Lab oud DU EAA, edt. b kes tka DEO EAD, Ub EA athe, Ea ee B: b hha Cceuw POR, HAMM ue C ES us a Ciwitey } b THC Tb HUT CBU, PAULEY EAD, b Hba< cheetah. a ShoTMMIT EVAL b SHSR TEPEWEHA RAO EFFFT ak eae - Aan Permission; Prohibition; Obligations; hack ofNecessity/7Ful $k «te « e ] (THOT MD, AMTEUTT. 1. ~THUUTH + ~TEPEWEEA + ~THUUITH A THDELVELA 2. ~ TUT REA» ~THUU EEA | 9 SROREBO REA ~ RON EEA -~8¢ TREO EEA 1 WROTE EA WERK TOUUTH © ~ RK TEDEVELA (fires ceuwed, | AEST CHK THLOUTS, 21 ~ TOUTE TEPEVEEA CHU TH CHPEVEEA (1) [eis at rit to; it does matter i yous CQ) afb «agit wae] @ Ss 5 OR MBP Ho ceeds pat buy Barn rasud, romp AHR. Bans, Ro HL COBAM [VT GUTH Pua, VTRUUEHAL SNADNOS IIE [bu 25%. VEC ore WI[PastAn Veuwec caus thocer Bu, 83 Wie 20 92 4c 5b Tlie 2a 3a da SaDe te 9. FPR) Mak A Ea BEeBLOACHUT [v TbOUeT [VT bPSOEHAL EOE IHU. Xie, +f Ot. E [VTOPEVECAD] LAROTAOR MOLDED OBC BLAT. [VTHUUT | LU REL lll eC B- 4, This expression is used to seek or give permission. It is mainly appended to verbs: The subject is usually omitted. The response to Ute request is most often expressed Using patterns such as those in numbers 2, @ and @; (o. TK HERL (Ves, please, go ahead) or F AERAM, VENT SREY Cm sony, please don't (verb) ) rather than 404. VeTHLLY TA (Ves, you may.) or AZ. VeTHEIIH AEA, (No, you may not...) 2.Ib is best not to use the constructs V-T & OTH or VTOHEOEA (you LLOW AD Efllo THEOL TH. Eb LOAF Billo TC HBV 1 PRA) PTA A SOU PA iM abinl, EMEA Rete APR AS, He RE VTRLO ers TAWA, VCR EAL, HSH fh ide, E98 VESPA TRB AA WiC SES Os Ut HIDE 2. TKO, baa Rt ov TCT! SERA NAIR 3. HHO] 4G A NMEA ITO AT) CV Chalet AD 1 KRU. AP fOKREE V TREO T 1 WET, may, or you may nol) toward those older ‘or more experienced than you. > 4.The form VC AEE EA A (would it matter if 1.2) is a question used to ask whether one's actions will eause problems and is more reserved and polite than VC SOUTHAM (may b.2) — HO VC Heed ope ETA 1. TEU TH TEPEVECA THU TH THPEVEA (2) [venir = its alright tt doesn't matter even ifr (2)/ TEL + = HHO) ] O 7H RERBL TODA 2 ARLE D EEA AS @rArh fag l= OArbE BI bALUBZIEC CH UEC THA THA: ome, Sis oii We VGH chitin SEL 23 AVHFAATH, MCHWOTH LS Bec Hsu. goume, 80RADE 1 REERTBOR, 4 [a6 THOUTHEL) 2 2. DAKE BEE+~ THOTT] OWT [EOS GLU 59K) OWRD, 41. This phrase indicates concession mits > AES TEUTH ele) F-BS TON 2 Numbers @ and @ are used with the DD ¢ Helo + - THO nuance of “all right in all cases" when in| RJ, Rave Ce (h WF RBALATL the form of “interrogative + T%Laty a moo VT HHO FARK + CH ASN + Chet 2. ~TIUITERA +» ~TILUIF ECA [ Grou) must not; cannot bem / ASHE, BBE, AEE] (fab er. ONC Cie EEA, 2 3) (RAH TE UOT < “CRO aA @ aclilao pit 2 e— REEL fut ROB 1. RPA CR TEA, Riera. keh Tice UTE ke UL KOM WES TEU EGA + ~ BK TIEUITERA [ast A208, we J Olt, Stolle ka cunutoievnoc, BRL EF 1 abover ceeds aun, Saud Menscen Su, L [~SUA EN ELA] EY [~CUNMOU EEA] OU SHMAMG TERRI ERI ensu, ec +89 SBRTS 1. This phrase expresses obligation or | 1, JAG, —aERMENTADIRA, shige necessity. The subject is often omitted aeam. 2 The pattern ~ANWREA is) 2G C= fet RtbA Hite, used more often when speaking about CRUE ORCA BENE something personal than is ~@5(}01GE75 Rik AMO DRA, — OD Ve HITLER EA 1 Asad ee FITALL FASN + CUE) EEA onSA KES TOEUUTE + ~EK TEMEVEAL [ Dorit have tom i's allright if you don't--(1)/7~ age, ARK J] ) Re itaide) EA wed. 823 fbi A. BLAMRE CTHOUE E A 8 DALIOLERA LTA TEBE ERAD 8 DEBAL. wo CU BECS + GARERMER RIDE 1, E39 TODBURUEN ZEUS. 2. [BK TOPE EAD] BEBO GUM ED OM BATHS. 1. This construction means it's not necessary | 1. dab HN ei to do something. 12 WP JB emi NE TIE ACF ~ De < CB THEE | KOKA sis used to ask if something wil cause | a problem 2. The question form ~ ~BKTEUUTS » ~ BK TEPEWECA(2) [rs allright even if it isn't; it doesn’t matter even if itisn't (2) War, Bo thi LO) ] D 1ae DE RFMONUIE ACTH, SM POPOL TCRBV HL CRC TOEVERA. s bOLMBEL TS? EPEVELAD bowed 2 Mb eeb Ovid 2 Be: eA Rovbh BEERTEOR. 1. [~The dae] (2) aad rat ewFY Suk Be SE is an expression that indicates | AmiLJb(GiRH: ession. > 1. (~ THI CH etc.) (2) viet Sly +B) Vee tCCaPEO EEA FAR te + CTE ED ETA FALSN + CHC TEPEV SHA . Agha FOMMNZMME [ Nominaization ot +2 Verbs FSH Hiatt ] cts = sroved resuting ns RRA S F P Sabi TG AOL reo MA sty). 2A NRE The FH of FL vrs san roan, ain in, whit BoE B 1( vac sour panies sb ers emacs a4 rOWMIT SET. BAH AS IRE Lt Lt, v FARAH AD TONE ORE LI x N Roa bf oe MHEG tot” EL es { OMRLET SORE OLIN ELE WOH bik wots 98PARR ( ) ORDE EWEBNTH LTHALEL, tas, GES bu MT EAL ECS) AL WEA LU TIPE LCA REL 3m hh Or wD DiS, & BOOS. KIO C2 Rk, mecha. € meV Et, Geil) CART IEMA TL za AMI | ) OhODE WEBMAIL, | (fio THEE EU, eho, ORD) Mocs ks. Gi) DHDZEFEV OLE ( BUERD EEA RC THOUTH CHC CRUCH CHOU REA 1, TEROB: OF MAKER SATTI, FEBOA: +. GH) 2. i oa WRATRHOA SAA aU TILS BAAWLET. MA) A wae Ghee) WATEHOA Lids, TAY ALU) BabA, 3. A 2. A Th CTA, RELA, FARCTPS, eH 4Changes OM © @6R0ELE 16247 < O94 AERIS MBL 6 te oc Kino inbaaiw 2 SAE AE ACHES SAldiiltt (HAL EL {° KaCLAWCT b KaC RU LYCT LORE ae a HCAS IGE olin { \e b WCAC SDELA a Hee HELK. b HHELELAL LM 8. HASAN S LAWLAMERC SABC { {: SHELA b PRS EILAD ELE | {: Hho Tio te, b Mocs BAUIEOSAA fe [cnanges“aete: ] Oo—$ © — 1. TACBUET (eUET SB. VOELSICEUET- VEC RUET 2. TACULET MELEF 4. VTRET VTUOAET eA TAC BUET HBV ET [ Become (1 -adjective); become /-0 #8 ] ROTH LOENIHRANBE BULGED ETE. Lofttitbots, BLoeEeekHost. ) LMRLC. Ht omy ERIE Y ELAS e BY Av. LOTALLB AIST. WEL ZHL BK ot. ROB APbOC LOK MMM T. Ho AMM G SCE ERT (AEE), ARMM, ARNARE HE IL, ONT, oe aha, ‘This pattern shows that the condition of ! some person or thing has transformed into a different state. It is an intransitive verb. : amo FAM HC ENED FAN HRD ET 62 TASLEF + ~LET [ change into (4 adjective) --j make-~; be /fif--A84-~] CLEC HEU, @ (RHF) HOENPEANVIEL BAYS @ BREADLHIPERBLT. TEBOYY D AA PELL FCI@ LOr-*, HEOEKEOPD, OAr-*eHS0? TebERNMSDS, HEIPS< LUT, ATE Aiea BOTLOR SRRAST LE ERT (HoH). This form shows that someone's intentionally RRL A Waray MON ak CHAD mo fA +(LEF FA/N +ELED £3 VELIKEUET- VEC BUEF [ Become (verb); discontinue being (verb) Ea, BAVA ] VAD ELE SLAMHAONS LIEV ELIS O Poe Ny ay MBL aS @ Rit, Hao ge uct @ EH wDs ‘Btiaal kot © Wise (vy eMA TOR LEA, CODA © Thee oc, HoHitiing (20 ELE. Ovooieiche nick Deas OM BUS VEL I. + XLODA iH Leo, ‘kz CLOT AMM LEVOT, KELL. HO PMABAS £ SEV ELAS xii { ORE, ORNL E LA. 974, This is used when one is expressing a | 1. HP XeRAE A, SRL. SMBH, change in ability, condition or customs, ; (4 @MSH toni shia HiRzh ‘The form V-#s@ : coo Vee Cab Et £4 VTERET VTOEEF [ Has come to vert; will goon to become (verb) As Be J HAO RUARALTDL <6 o TR ELIS > tac, me, AAW RA CEE LAS CRE) Filet ihe HIE EA ABR HOTU TL EF D HACE E boat —— ase AAVLADHTHET, (LF oth oC EAI. ROH [vcaet) &. Mako Se ELFORTOSHA) ETEDNRY CHSZE ERT, FD 2 THD URI STEER [VTOEET) RE GELEOR TH SHA) PD +. Bleemriae ols cho, REDS [VTS VTKS] (9228) The form V-CEET expresses the | FV CRRTs dens iT (REIL speaker's point of view that something has | Mit) Aribieee eek mate, 6 VCS continued to change from the past until the |) eT SERMRSLIELTE CHIR A DOD present, ‘The pattem V-CVST shows, | MI) IRMA HL, Saab sid from the speaker's point of view, that change | #@(R/H, -MES TV TIS VTS O4 will continue into the future, Both are used | (p225) with verbs that indicate change. + Important Gramunatical Points 5: (V-CW2-@ 4, For colloquial use, see examples 2~®. —— coo EBB pct GYFAH-FAL/NEANG FOTH ihis-thates/S~ J] ET SOL TH — [Memasonssctoranes O lliis,o55ctonond, Billokiel co. @ Rich row, WH) edo kbs ct. DTU REL TSO, HET SACHS © WEE DOOEFY SAOBHSADSCED, FY EADS TED) BAe @ HAROVALHNS DELI L TCT Ms 107RAT) (ws) ous [igi ig ‘A fact} 42 explanation, reasons, what you | [WI] ois want to emphasize) CY, ct. el] er. a a a] =a} ceo EB ney GAFAH-TAG/NEGONE tou —cr1, 14R001 + 3198 mai (OS ie eT PREE EU ie REA O @Q 294. HOELES B.ALMMEA, SrTiO ECAR, LF LLO BL HLEAHVO TT. Al bd, HHEAHVOE A B oti, BOI, BIEL SAAN CL ED. 2 ER, TAUA <® CHM ISTAYHE RECT. MEIHTH ES Pe Ke OmIEA EHS rea. EH to 6 Tye sr keV DELO RKO Lb Kotbolcs. MM ERADSRSAMSRULEMROTELEPOALELTOET. | BLESERET ES (el) exe. Oe, BULVE To TRUSTE | BH, Be Lo tMCMS ET. BNE SADA TOME ERA Le Wewrweoe Le (ese B29, HG FRARE LR BoP LoL, Rae Oi) RiOKKEBD wi. Bott eho, WER SARACHB EME TAD ELE Bb, Ce - WechOELIS ZATH.L Volition TI. Determination 1 Bak UL ee w MoTwk tH LELE b 2604 ¢ kBoed a e £IELTC HSE . sas Heaters AHMAIET 5 Bho 9 BEE CC. BpMHCaS CAL Ho LOW HATS FoLwedi Lar 3. Yay BAt HOODS, waste [swe 2 vasnucinsivetiass » { . b Hocus 8 a » z 7 4 1 e WHoLEEtH bY bo LehIbuctm a BNELK. NY ihohorc, aeocititessc te { b LELZ. . a PHO EFI LAA 5. Spb hice { } NERD hee | | | a. thane | b PILI E Lita, | BARIEON- TAU ET. 1102 3 4 5 6 [ voution “asa ] ~ VAD 2 VES EBOET | VEDBNTH VEUDEUTE 2 VESELEF e VBEDELEF + VEWESICLEF » VESELERA DHE (The Volitional Form / HEA HARA : Bt BUIRB sieoe) | He +7 Wa CUS Create | fe e435 SLeRS be kb +5 hbOTE FER D +9 BILBAO j ieas UE OBA & EADS 2 wk SV EnA aa | 5 5 conga) | LETS SLED Geom lsers | Jatt kirk Gruverbs anu (A BaD a) bye SLk utST-1. VEX — [Goingto do wer) ] D Bothomo. 82518 5 @oWiiicy ce LPs, Wess. 9 ino s SACS, ba ok MMEL LS. D S71. ZAZAELI. Rt yb ARRAY, DOHC RULE ETAMVEN LOLI COT, ASORSER FRG, BEERS RUG [oo LESS) ORRI-1 [VEL ES er) rm) CO FELL, ‘This expression is used when the speaker | EAN MARATE RUTH, BIBADLA wishes to express his own will by writing ina | ALBAN ate Rea AR. TE Gary, thinking to himself or talking out loud | FORD MME 9 LI 9 1 to himself, Note the differences between | (88H I-1. 7 VEL ED 1 (p79) ) this form and the construet used to invite gE), someone (ie, 68 L & IH 5). Lesson, FL. WL & 3, ete), p79 = BE S1-2 VEFERWESF — [smincrwae cer ex ] @ Btheeec. 1eCouHP¥ ej eboc sy, D ELUFE LOI AST bv ELE. @ Abs ob anknicds RHI EAIE Ch dea we TELE ila, Hb 3 eo cases BIAE A CHA, WAMAMIY EXA TLS RIB) 1 EADS. ERE BRIMET SEV IBTADBKERT, BEOW [ves eGHO HUA) RMB EORRERT. OOTP EOE, TIT FOARLOSS Little dea, 122 lees UAE UTMEF SELIM THSE SBS. [VESER 2 [veoehotuks] & WET), BTA TOHMPRL ERT, Kd. BULEIRT—#, Br okHoc *{ Od, BVLEIET-H, Bho 3. BEHORS RULE Be, ([~LB > CHEFS I“E/LIK/ SLU CEOWET 3. AAS [FESS A ROR RE LS! OV) 1. This pattern expresses the speaker's | 1. 4ORIRIRA <44G" Ske “HR” SIM intention to do something from now on or | PINE. Aatst VES Eb in the future, The negative form of this) BA 1 ARMIDALE, +6 construct, V-SIERBURVA, isan | 2 1 VESERS TORT IT PEVOL ‘emphatic expression of negative volition, |S FLARIFOVTAIE, « VDE MT oe | deitisn LPETATIG. 0 2 The pattern V-EIEMo TVET ts | 3 AAAI, HH ~ ERT used when the speaker has been thinking | S+% 37) EIS LAA 1 SBS. fof doing something ever since making a | -@R 3 HEE-EMULS =< KIT 1 resolution, In contrast, the pattern V3 | (p75) EMUET indicates that the speaker | made the resolution oF judgment to do something when he was talking. —-@ 9, Wen the speaker wises to express the oltion of third potson, the forms ~ 2 | BoTOSt+E5K/KIK/GUW are appended to the ending of the sentence. | = Cotumn 3, Watch Out fr Sentences in Which Subjects Are in the Third Person, GS 1-38 VEDQ6UTT +s VEWDEU THT [ @ intend to do (ver); (D don't intend to do (verb) ATH, HLBE~ ] D HE: FOL Rb, SAMIR OBO CTD. #4: gti coda, axrthinsoe ne SITE, VEML CO TCREI SES @rELMS @ DALI ey TTPO ITH, @ CRO BLIEASG VikhO SUA, ® TY SALON ECHL EVN KEI CT, © PAIS SAF IGDGLYS 113GR yb) 1 PR eT SLO IRTAORSPFEPHMERT, [VETO SU REAL [VEWObU CT) EHBVSBORIES ERT, 2. BRE 1-2 [VE EBORT) ERORWEL DB, ERIE COMM NBT E ato | OT, Fr ba a. Reowe DEH RAIE . His 5 ARR. Be aT BEN RDEV. 1k, 4a FAYFEPBOWN TH, FAYPELEN UT. 1A IVE SEB OST] Ome 3, cll. ROWE [vs [VEDbNSLUJ[VSDENDLIE| HEELS. azhs [SH BELPOZIC RED EF] (7) . 4, BEOAH [vesbu eto) CU smi eM EL UES HON, 5. £50 2BHGG TOS, RMOMMORREBS, COIBROLE HS. A SAUDE: 4) Bia MOOD RAKES Leoen clint, Baits cok Le 1. This construct expresses the speaker's | 1. 78iRI AMRIT Z08 as, LAL, volition, plan or proposal to do something | HRM, ‘VSI S0IKBO EA HV in the future. The form V-20i250 | RYOHO TH) ARMA MUNNAR. EtEA isa stronger negation than V7) | 2 BMGT = 2.1 VES EMR TI te ened. eet) 2.The meaning here is nearly the same as in | Hb, ARR A-E A a AE AY AT LSC b2. (WekS EMG ET) but is more | MER + concrete of @ plan; the probability of | 3 ARHSKGKM, GI 2.1VESE realization is high. It is not used often | BUT faecan3 Aid, #RARIES A FV when there is only a short time until | SD®0KB9KE1 1VS9805U1 realization is possible. —>® IVSDBODDOKLI EH, GH IE 3. Third person volition is the same as in | SEAR APRAA)FADIA (p75) @p3.inl-2 (VES EBVET). | 4 MMR AREH VSIbO TH Conjunctions are made in the following | 8A, -@ way: V-BDODKE SISOS | S WoL PRS TitreMMseN RAMI LO and V-4 28 DOLILN, ete. =e > Column 3, Watch Out for Sentences in Which Subjects Are in the Third Person, p.75 1412, 4. Itis best not to ask something directly of a | social superior using the pattern V-32% > beth 8, There are sentences with the connotation that the speaker had intended to do something but the result of the action ‘turned out differently than expected. “+ ==€§ EE EL-4 VEDELEF | Abowtodo worm): to try todo (wer) ies ] O Yo oRe evar, AHemsseLee a, HRcMMENLATH. @ BABERSS kaa DN WH 9 Ko @ bh SAM EHS ELTHETA Wea ¢ HERA. @ HOLS OOLURE V9 LET TADUMSEIELTOET. © tra, ompR LIELELEA BA SNETATLES DOE. Z5LKIEM OT, EOL E EOS MOK MCVSTEERT, O~OR. t DUEDEMST. MAM o THSZEERT, In numbers @ and , the speaker thinks of | Bia) 8) 38 F ta ect EH 09 HH 9 commencing an action and is just about to | ~ GREE Ti HL start it. In numbers @ to ® the speaker | resolves to do an action and is trying hard to | accomplish it. : ———— 21-5. VEESICLEF > VEUEDICLEF [ Te to make a habit of doing (verb); try not to make a habit of doing (verb) / B"H" |] © br Lidthieo tic, HE, 1 FI COW HEC k I ELCOE TS @ h, CACWEMESOSSELEL ) CASHIN LAVEGEL CHAE, EREABCHTLED. ACEI Esta, HHowMe fs 9 ELELS 6 Fo e > S 15BRI THSZEERT. ‘This pattern indicates that Ue speaker is | dea SHMMES MIDLER habitually endeavoring to do something, T-6. VEDELEHA — [Newerdo cers #4 J 0, Re THeEAT 2 YY SABMOb LS iho TOD. [he D YV-SAMRDES E LEA. 2 HOF L MONTH, Ue Hoth, vy SAD ES RIB BOA be) Diode, PHBE A COSTEE LEU) CUdHUEBOREE bo TOBE ERT, BAI MAB. Bute CARA EFS EL EEA, ‘This construct has a very strong connotation | axe — AH “AR LYRA ri PIE 1 ‘of someone other than the first person (| BRAUER, ANEREEIR— JG 6 not doing what is expected of him or her. It | ‘cannot be used in the first person. —># RE [reams “ve ] 1. NIELED ONICCUET 2. VECEKLED * VEUCELLET 3. VOECEKBUET + VEUCEKEUET 16S1-1. NILEF-NEGUES [Decide to do (noun; will become (noun) “ie si FH |] OAL OOBR CHa, MeLOAEL I> Dbukibe, I-FELET. SOAMLAIL TA 2AM LOATS &. € penta, be, CRELES. BORE WHILE eOO TC. AML PDC LEP. @ Ar n-F4-OW RI, Bs iiss ACLS, ®r9nordy hoki ak izes DOME IK, INELEF] UK Db sR RROd ns Hi w s 1 TEMA OR BEER OEIC TNIECUET) b. BSLEMEDOAOBED, HOH TREDREWS ERIS. INE LET] OF 2PETADIN BGR ERT. ‘The pattern NZ LET is used when the | 44) QaBPE MILT bE i RE speaker consciously decides on one item | EibMeaCe A OHH NISL ET sms that could be | 1 SyDOSbFE Aer Te DL Me Mth SL Aa RAEN NICE ET UNL RT 1 RAIA BURNIE, other people decided under certain conditions, as in numbers @ and ©. ‘The first pattern, N-I= L&T, more actively expresses the speaker's will. —— S1-2 VOcCEKLET + VEWCEKLET [Decide to do (wer); decide not to do (verb) /es ~~ - BEA ] 17ROD ROBE THSARETS (LOU) CRDREBU EVE BE This is used when the speaker wants to | hE CIRM CORR) Ra Wut stress that she or he has decided to do (or | (tH. not to do) a certain action. ! 1-3. VACEKBU EF +- VEWUCEKBUEF [ Be decided that (verb); be decided that won't be (verb) tha - HEA ] Sp SK ki ae SEY jisteau—Fere tot, bio tio ce + HiME 3 = (F< Ak, 20H ET 1. BETEMAROBACHAG RESCE ERT. ARORA CRORCE CD. & WUE BIE [VOZEKEo THEE) OM, REV PH ERT.1. This pattern is used to show that somethin has been decided unrelated to the speaker's volition. 2, ‘There are times, as in number ® that when this pattern is used when the speaker wants to express something in a roundabout manner even when the speaker has decided the matrer through his or her own will, Furthermore, the pattern V-% EiS%E 2 TORT, as i is used to show a custom or rule. 2 1 1 AAP SPT, OTE PIR, 2 MULL Sete ac A a ae HHH CM HIG). MIO CVSE Eko TRS 1 Rit E FEA EAI ATI, KOM 119 “TEMBI ( ) ORDTEMEMM ACL TRA TSU, A: B Pag Obp sme EER CRED EL, 1 120 Ab SAUD ADIL TORTI. Lt List, oe FED eatzea LFELTOES. (44) ELC SACTM, ta tmibwon EA, | a) LFPETRVEML POO CTA, LAD SIACE SHAR » Ui) RYH IE 3 260 kMocoEd RVELE LELE 280K BCT nA eA RAD PEER LTO ET.) ALEC aD BORAT Cd Bs bt Littl dz otis 5 HEC REBA LOO PENS tee PPRLIGHRAD I BIRO A RFT CRBIEL IVY SAO PtH THETA, LY Y SAREINHS®_ ao tMEL A. anaoa CEKLELES CERED ELE KI hd, VSS BITAY ELE. Wk UIT 3O_ REL zICtH ene, Hi Roget Ltn RIAA, Hoary He eave, kal oas Habe .I. Intentional Actions II, Beginnings; Endings LAR TA UI T Ldot ob BET ¢ DOT d LST e@ BHoT | et | LP HLOKERA CHET. | OM Be LC. KEV irs 1. amcor { a MNRUDELE b Bub ELA a bret. 2. HEADS TH eS THOROT, DELILE C { b bmoTLEWELE, a Huryounct. 3. cevuraae { b Muiklbesob yh. a 20 bbot } Hotes. b tok a ABEL, Stemi & { } WEES EL te b FbIEEOT, a BAWEOR- TON ET. rtBo I = BART HH [ ientional Actions “wwinonias | 1 VCRET 2 VCLEVET EASA TLEDET, BN TLEUEL IG 3. VTHEEF- VEUTHERT \e ST-1, VTAEF — [trontaoing wory iter ] D COWL Rwy eho TAELA, ECOWAS TUTE. QD ALTIRBIY ay EASRBATID, BI8h, bm) EEA, RSmES alli vo bey BLOLIOAN= PEBWTAT EOC TMD, ik, SHHTEI Se BIBVSS MPEMEROIC, RLETSCE RT, ‘This form is used when the speaker wishes | dea 7 AGAMA to try something to find out about it13, T-RBLROGT RD BA aT @ SALA REORER, Ob HBL oTLELES, SLC, EMBO HOMME HIE CO LETS QALS—F 1, EBATIM, Biva, ESO TECT HS, HERBS LCL ESOT REY. @ So enemas dhe Lm anc Ai LEELA. Rr 1 BB BEC Renee ES GREER) LOI e eH OMECM WL Eee (ED, MET SOB Ee SWS CRAB TH S. SRL TLEV ELE | Oo PI HEL EL +f xGiliiemnto b5 bio TLEOEL A. Obmyal 2. QDEFC, AROZ EI BBA S- 3. ODE, BTAOBA SRS ERT EBC OES. QALEASAMINEL FH pb, Beokfhot. B:coBill, i be 1. This form is used when the speaker wants something in total, completely or quickly. If tis form is used when there is no need to emphasize something it sounds unnatural + 2, Tt can also be used about the future, as in number @, 3. This is also used when expressing something that the speaker was not expecting, as in | number © LA BUCH cai SAB, GML particularly to emphasize psychologieally that he or she will, or has finished | He A IPO, PBA ae HE PH, MMR ELIA, “+ 2, toy LL RVI DUDEE NT RELA IIT 3. ROLDAN, emis SHILOH aT EL-2. VTUEUKF(2) [Braun doins (werd) to one's regretcey/~ Ta] DAU faa. BITAEUA, VOMMNALBC NTL EORATTS 123Obst aS iv 3 tio s— Fee LE LEO, Wo chet Dt eos CHM CORO, BURSA CLEVE 476 BTAD [BIMCADGL, ABLE. KEK, Bot] Ln TRS ERT. @eeiban, Bikes 0 FIERA ‘This pattern expresses the speaker's feelings | Ravi A “RAIL, RIC. aH, Aa of “it's too late to do something," “Pve | Aptotif failed," "it's too bad,’ ‘it causes me | proble 1-3 VTHEET + VEUTHSEF [Todo (verb for future use orn advance; not to do (verb) for future use//~-tf A] Aci, 2e—fiate ume, Ht TL HES Blithe, bPHO ELL. 2 dloibLito Nobbths, Bika tcl a iticH ihe LC 2 WRBWOH, UW keeKeeBec Ce @ ALE MEL SAA. Biba, MI TBET Hav, ER, conve ddan. B) OAT Sab, Pea, 3 RAB WPOBMOA DIC. ORME LTHSTHETSEOIBRERT, BABB, EH OS D1, eB chi ERT RUT bm 3. of, FS LELEI AS HEU TK EEO. ROMKIV ETM.