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Fundamentals of Power System Protection: EIT Micro-Course Series
Fundamentals of Power System Protection: EIT Micro-Course Series
Fundamentals of Power
System Protection
by
Steve Mackay
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Key Topics
Need for protection
Characteristics and components of a
protection system
Faults and protection
Earthing and its relevance to protection
Protective devices
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Protection fundamentals
What is protection?
Avoiding the undesirable effects of abnormal electrical system
behaviour by appropriate action
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Protection philosophy
Emphasis on Speed for the following
reasons:
To minimise damage and repair costs.
To reduce production downtime.
To prevent undue thermal and magnetic
overstressing of healthy equipment on through fault.
To keep voltage depressions as short as possible in
the interests of plant stability.
Above all, to enhance the safety of personnel due to
arc flashes and electric shock.
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Possible faults
Cable Faults - Most common due to both external like
moisture, digging, etc., as well as fault currents being
carried
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Types of faults
There are a number of different types of faults
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Types of faults
Earth Faults
Solid grounding means high earth fault currents
Only limited by inherent zero sequence impedance of Power
system.
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Consequences
Heavy currents damage equipment extensively.
Danger of fire hazard.
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Solutions
Phase Segregation (separating phases far apart)
Eliminates phase-to-phase faults.
Resistance grounding
Means lower earth fault currents
Value can be chosen during design stage to limit current to
desired value - say 400Amps
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Earth faults
Most faults in systems are due to insulation failures
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Important:
Earth fault loop resistance
The impedance of the earth fault current loop starting and
ending at the point of earth fault. The earth fault loop
impedance comprises the following starting at the point of
fault.
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Summation CT scheme
(4-wire feeders)
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Important
4 Wire systems can cause problems due
to:
Unbalance (zero sequence currents)
TripleN harmonics
Ensure correct connections of CTs to
avoid false trips
With multiple sources: Incorrect relay pick
up-Neutral isolation for avoidance of
parallel return paths
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Protective devices
Used for sensing and isolating faulty
circuits
Basic types:
Direct acting devices: Fuse
Mounted integrally with breakers: Releases
External protective devices (relays)
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Fuse-The Basic
Protection Device
A fuse is the most basic of all protective
devices and performs all the protection
functions normally obtained by several
devices
A fuse protects against short circuits and
sometimes earth faults
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Fuses - types
Re-
Re-wireable Type
Fusible wire
Disadvantages: Open to abuse,
incorrect rating used to keep circuit
in-rating drops as time goes by
Advantage: Fail safe
Cartridge Type
Silver element enclosed in a barrel
of insulating material (sometimes
filled with quartz sand)
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Fuses - types
CARTRIDGE TYPE
Advantages :
fault energy contained by insulating tube
Sealed hence does not deteriorate as fast as open type
Better grading possible
Quartz sand absorbs energy and melts across ionized metal
path to quench arc
Faster and can handle very high currents up to 100 kA
Normal currents are closer to fusing currents today due to
improved materials and design
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Fuses characteristics
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Fusing factor
This British Standard lays down:
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I (rms)
2
Energy (I t) let
2
through by fault
Energy (I t) let of one cyc le duration
through by H.R.C.
Fuse-link
Time
Peak H.R.C
Fuse-link
c ut-off
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Fuse applications
Steady loads - Normally protect against over load as
well as short circuit.
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Protection can be
External to the circuit breaker (ex: relays)
Integrated within the breaker (Trip unit/release)
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Digital protection-ACB
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Digital protection-MCCB
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Features
Long time delay (IDMT), Short delay
(DMT) and instantaneous settings
Selectable I2.t feature
Optional ground fault protection with fixed
or selectable I2.t feature
Ground fault with summation (internal
input)
Alternatively with system neutral CT input
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Extended protection
Default current protections are overload,
short circuit and ground faults
Special protections also available
Current/Voltage unbalance
Motor loads against single-phasing conditions
Over/Under voltage
Motor applications to prevent restarting after power
interruption
Reverse Power and Over/Under frequency
Useful in cogeneration applications
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Static relay
Analog (discrete components)
Digital (Microprocessor-based)
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Integrated protection
and control
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What is an IED?
An electronic device that possesses some
kind of local intelligence
IED in protection applications should have:
Versatile electrical protection functions
Advanced local control intelligence
Monitoring abilities
Capability of extensive communications
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Communication
Communicating all data in previous slides to/from
Control center
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IDC Technologies
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onsite training & International conferences:
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