7.

MATRIX FORCE METHOD

7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Conventional force method.

Structure as a whole or any substructure

Must Satisfy

1. Equilibrium of forces.
2. Displacement compatibility.
3. Force-displacement relation.

Matrix Force Method also called as Flexibility method.

Member forces are treated as the basic unknowns.
Similar to the classical force method, but based on matrix approach.
Based on finite element concept

Step-by-step building up of force-displacement relationship using basic elements composing the

structure.

7.2 ASSUMPTIONS

Hookes law.
Small deflections.
Change in length under a deflection to member length = 0.
Principal of superposition.
Frames member inextensible.

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

7.3 FLEXIBILITY MATRIX FOR A FRAME / BEAM ELEMENT

f1, d1 f2, d2

Shears not included since dependent on moments.

Fijm = displacement along i th force due to unit force along j th force, all other points being unloaded.

f 1 =1, Comment [SB1]: This will give the first

column of F

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
f 2 = 0.

d1m = 1
m m
f1 = 1 d1

Fm d1 = L/3EI =F11,
d2 = -L/6EI =F21
(derived from slope deflection relations)

Similarly, f 2 =1& f 1 = 0 2nd column of F

m

L L
Similarly, F12 = & F22 =
6 EI 3EI

L 2 1
Fm =
6EI 1 2

7.4 Collective members FLEXIBILITY MATRIX FOR A TRUSS ELEMENT

d1
EA L
f1 = d 1 d1 = f1
L EA
L
f1 = 1 d1 = = Fm d1 = (L/EA)f1
f1 EA f1
m L
F = = 1x1matrix
EA

7.5 COLLECTIVE MEMBER FLEXIBILITY MATRIX OF STRUCTURE

{d }= F {f }
m m m
For m
th
member.

d 1 f
1

F 1 0 0 0
d 2 f
2
0 F2 0 0
3
=
d 0 0 ... 0 :

4 0 0 0 F N n Uncoupled
d f

Matrix of all internal displacements Matrix of all internal forces

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

{d}= [F]m{f}
COLLECTIVE flexibility matrix

Internal forces
[entire str.]

EXAMPLE :-

b + r = 5+ 3 = 8 2j = 2x4 =8

L
[F1] =[F2] =[F3] =
EA
2
[F4] = [F5] = L
EA
1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
L
Uncoupled flexibility matrix = [F] = 0 0 1 0 0 {d} = [F] {f}
EA
0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 2

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

d 1
1
f 1
1

2 2
d1 f 1
{d} = d 1
3
{f} = f 1
3

d 4 f 4
1 1
d
1
5
f1
5

7.6 TRANSFORMATION OF FORCE (DETERMINATE STRUCTURE)

To find relationship between internal forces and externally applied forces.

P1
P

Let {P} = 2 = Loads applied externally on structure.
...
Pn

4
5
3
1

How internal forces are related to {P}

P
P = 1
P2
{f} = [b] {P} Comment [SB2]: Matrix of all internal
forces

f11
2
f1 P1
f1 = [b]
3

f 4 P2
1
f1
5

5x2 matrix

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
bij = Internal force f i caused by unit external force Pj, with all other external forces = 0.
P1 = 1 P2 = 0 f i s will be first column of [b]
P1 = 0 P2 = 1 f i ' s will be second column of [b]

P1 =1 P2= 0

= 0

P1 =0 P2= 1

Apply one by one

Fx = 0
M A =0
F Y =0

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
-1 0
0 0
[b] = 0 -1 Collection of flexibility
0 0 Matrics of member
0 2

So far {d} = [F]c {f}

{f} = [b] {P}

7.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN [P] and [u]

[P] = external loads / forces.

[u] = external displacement.

We will use the principle of virtual work to derive general relation.

Principle of virtual work

Let U 1, U2 . . . . . . . . UN = displacements.

System of virtual forces only.

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
{V}<< {P}

Both {P} and {V} systems are existing simultaneously.

When {P} is applied, {V} rides along the displacements and performs virtual works.

External virtual work Internal virtual works by internal

By {V} system = forces generated by {V}

External virtual works = {V }T {u}

{v} internal forces = [b] { V } = { f } ( {f } = internal forces)
T
Therefore internal virtual works= { f } {d }
External virtual works = internal virtual works. frd
{V }T {u} = {f }T {d }
= [[b]{V }]T {d }
{u} = [b]T {d }
{d}----- [F]c {f}

{u} = [b]T [ F ]c { f } { f } [b]{P}

Therefore, {u} = ([b]T [ F ]c [b]){P}

FTS = Total structural flexibility matrix.

For the truss structure considered earlier,

1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 L
[ FTS ] = 0 0 0 1
2
0 1 0
0 0 1 0 EA
0 0 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0 2

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1 0
0 0
1 0 0 0 0 L
= 0 1
0 0 1 0 2 EA
0 0
0 2

L 1 0
=
EA 0 1 + 2 2

u P
Therefore, 1 = [ F ]TS 1
2
u P2
u1 L 1 0 P1
=
2
u EA 0 3 .83 P2
P1 L 3.83P2
Therefore, u1 = u2 =
EA EA

7.8 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Analysis means to determine the internal forces and the deflections

1. Determine {P}
2. Define fm, [Fm], [F]c
3. Form [b]
4. internal forces {f}=[b]{P}
5. [F ]TS = [b]T [ F ]c [b]
6. {u} = [ F ]TS {P}

7.9 EXAMPLE 2

P1 u1
{P} = P2 {u} = u 2
P3 u 3

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

f11 d11
1 1
f2 d 2
{f}= {d } =
2 2
f1 d1
f 2 d 2
2 2
2 1 0 0
1 2 0 0
L
[F ]c =
6EI 0 0 2 1

0 0 1 2

{ f } = [b]{P}
{f}----- 4x1
[b]------4x3
{P}------3x1
P1 = P2 = P3=
1.0 1.0 1.0
--------- All others = 0
L 2L 1
0 L 1
[b] =
0 L 1

0 0 1
No. of columns = No. of P force.
[F ]TS = [b]T [ F ]c [b]
2 1 0 0 L 2L 1
L 0 0 0
L 1 2 0 0 0 L 1
= 2 L L L 0
6 EI 0 0 2 1 0 L 1
1 1 1 1
0 0 1 2 0 0 1
2L 5L 3
L 0 0 0
L L 4 L 3
= 2 L L L 0
6 EI 0 2L 3
1 1 1 1 0 L 3

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

2 L 2
5L 2
3L
L 2
= 5L 16 L 12 L
2

6 EI
3L 12 L 12
u1 2 L2 5 L2 3L P1
2
Therefore, u 2 =
L
5L 16 L 12 L P2
2

6 EI
u 3 3L 12 L 12 P3

Therefore, u1 =
(2L P1 + 5L P2 + 3LP3 )
2 2

6 EI

5L3 P1 + 16 L3 P2 + 12 LP3
u2 =
6 EI

3L2 P1 + 12 L2 P2 + 12 LP3
u3 =
6 EI
2 P1 L3 5P L3 3P L2
If P2= P3=0 u1 = u 2 = 1 , u3 = 1
6 EI 6 EI 6 EI
If P1=P3=0 P2= P

If the points where displacements are desired are not loaded, we must apply a fictitious load of
zero value at those points.

7.10 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES: - convert into a primary structure by eliminating

redundant forces.
Original structure = applied loads + Unknown redundant
f1 = b11 P1 + b12 P2 + ........ + b1N Pn + b1( N +1) x1 + b1( N + 2 ) x 2 + .......................
f 2 = ............................. + ..........................................................
P
Hence, { f } = [b p | bx ]
X
P----- Applied loads
X----- Redundant
u p
Similarly, Displacement Vectors =
ux
u p Unknown Displacements
u x Prescribed displacement (@ reaction point)

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
At the points of redundant
Compatibility condition-- Displacements due to {P} + Displacements due to {X} = {u x }
For a structure on rigid supports, u x =0

As before-
{u} = [b]T [ F ]c[b]{P}
P
= [bp|bx]T[F]c [bp|bx]
X
b Tp
[ P
= T Fc b p Fc bx ]
bx X
u p b T F b b Tp Fc bx P
= Tp c p T
u x bx Fc b p bx Fc bx X
u p F pp F px P
= F
u x xp Fxx X

[ ]
If {ux} =0: 0= Fxp {P} + [Fxx ]{x}
{x} = [F ] [F ]{P}
1
xx xp

{ f } = [b p ]{P} + [bx ]{ X }

Unknown Displacements {u p } = [ F pp ]{P} + [ F px ]{ X }

Otherwise { X } = [ Fxx ] 1 ({u x } [ Fxp ]{P})

Summarized Procedure for Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

1. Define {P},{X} (DSI need to be found)

2. Define {f},from [F]c
3. [b] = [bp|bx]
4. [Fpp] = bpTFcbc , [Fpx] = bpTFcbx , [Fxp]=[Fpx]T , [Fxx]=bxTFbx
5. { X } = [ Fxx ] 1 ({u x } [ Fxp ]{P})

6. { f } = [b p | bx ] P
X
7. {u } = [F ]{P} + [F ]{X }
p pp px

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
7.11 EXAMPLE 3

b+r = 9 2j=8
DSI=1

P1=1 P2=1 X=1

1 0 1
0 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 2
0 2 2

0 0 1

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Primary Structure

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1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 L
[F ]c =
0 0 0 2 0 0 EA
0 0 0 0 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 1

[F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
pp p
T
c p

[F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
px p
T
c x

[F ] = [F ] = [b ] [F ] [b ]
xp px
T
x
T
c p

[Fxx ] = [bx ]T [F ]c [bx ]

{ux}=0 = Relative Displacements between the cut ends.

{X } = [Fxx ] Fxp {P}
1
[ ]
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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD
[ ] [ ]
Ans. u p = F pp {P} + F px {X } [ ]
{ f } = [b / b ]
P
p x
X

7.12 EXAMPLE 4
w = 10 kN/m We desire a disp. here

DSI = 1 ( 3b + r 3j + c

5m 5m 13 12
5m

E1 = Const for all members.

wl
2 5 3 9 3
wl wl wl wl wl
8 8 wl 8 8
2
wl 2 / 8 2
2
wl
12 wl2 wl 2 wl 2
12 12 24

CASE 1.
CASE 2.

wl
2 3
wl 9
8 wl
8
wl2
24

wl2
II A 12

IIB

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Case II A need not be analyzed.

CASE II B is equivalent to -

P1

P3 P2

Primary structure -

P3 P1 u1
u3

X p2
X
u2

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2 f23

f21 f12 f22 f13

3

2
1

f111
P1 = 1 P2 = 1 P3 =1 X=1

1 -1 f11

-1 1 f21
[b] =

-1
f12

-1 f22
-0.5 2

2.5 -0.5 -1 f13

2
f22
- 2.5

P1=1 P2=2 P3=1

P2=1

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X=1 1
1
X=1
1
1
10
10
1
10 1

1
1
2 -1 1
10
-1 2

F = ( 5
) 2 -1
C EI
-1 2

2 -1

-1 2

Fpp Fp x
[F ]TS = [b] [F ]c [b]
t
= Fxp Fxx
ux = Rel. rotation of the
members at joint

B
up Fpp Fp x P
= =o
ux Fxp Fxx X

ux = 0 = Fxp p + Fxx X X = - Fxx-1 Fxp P

up = Fpp p + Fp x X

f = P + FEM
X

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 7. MATRIX FORCE METHOD

case II A case I
7.13 EXAMPLE 5 P = 50 kN
2 3 3b + r 3j + c
5m 5m
13 12
5m 1
DSI = 1

f22 f23
X = Same as Ex. 4
f12 f13
f21

f11

-1
1
-1
Fc = Same as Ex. 1
L 1
2 2
- L/2 - 1
2

FPP = bpT Fc bp = L3 Fpx = bpT Fc bx = L2

EI EI

Fxp = bxT Fc bp = 3L2 Fxx = bxT Fc bx = 3.5 L

EI EI
X = Fxx-1 Fxp P = 0.857 PL

Up = Fpp P + Fpx X = 1.428PL3

EI

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