9781133105060_APP_G.

qxp 12/27/11 1:47 PM Page G1

Appendix G.1 Differentiation and Integration Formulas G1

G Formulas

G.1 Differentiation and Integration Formulas

Use differentiation and integration tables to supplement differentiation and integration techniques.

Differentiation Formulas
d d d
1. cu cu 2. u v u v 3. uv uv vu
dx dx dx
vu uv

d u d d n
4. 5. c 0 6. u nun1u
dx v v2 dx dx
d d u d u
7. x 1 8. ln u 9. e e uu
dx dx u dx
d d d
10. sin u cos uu 11. cos u sin uu 12. tan u sec2 uu
dx dx dx
d d d
13. cot u csc2 uu 14. sec u sec u tan uu 15. csc u csc u cot uu
dx dx dx

Integration Formulas
Forms Involving u n

1. un du
un1
n1
C, n 1 2. 1
u
du ln u C

Forms Involving a bu

3. u
a bu
1

du 2bu a ln a bu C
b
4. u
a bu2
1
du 2
a
b a bu lna bu C
5. u
a bun
1
du 2 1

a
b n 2a bun2 n 1a bun1
C, n 1, 2
6. u2
a bu
1 bu

du 3 2a bu a2 ln a bu
b 2 C
7. u2
a bu2
du
1
b3
bu a2
a bu
2a ln a bu C
8. u2
a bu3
1
du 3
2a


a2
b a bu 2a bu2
ln a bu C
9. u2
a bun
1
du 3 1
b n 3a bun3
2a
n 2a bun2
a2
n 1a bun1
C, n 1, 2, 3

10. 1
ua bu
1
du ln
u
a a bu
C

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G2 Appendix G Formulas

Integration Formulas (continued)

11. 1
ua bu2
du
1 1

1
ln
u
a a bu a a bu C

12. 1
u2a bu
du
1 1 b
ln
u

a u a a bu C

13. 1
u2a bu2
1 a 2bu
du 2
a ua bu

2b
a
ln
u
a bu C

Forms Involving a bu

14. un a bu du
2
b2n 3
una bu32 na un1a bu du
15. 1
ua bu
du
1
a
ln
a bu a
a bu a
C,
a > 0

16. 1
una bu
du
1
an 1
a bu
un1

2
2n 3b
1
un1a bu
du , n 1
17. a bu
u
du 2a bu a 1
ua bu
du

18. a bu
un
du
1
an 1
a bu32 2n 5b
un1
2 a bu
un1
du , n 1

19. u
a bu
du
22a bu
3b2
a bu C

20. un
a bu
du
2
2n 1b
una bu na un1
a bu
du
Forms Involving u 2 a 2, a > 0

21. 1
u2 a2
du 1
a2 u2
du
1
ln
ua
2a u a
C

22. 1
u2 a2n
du 2
1 u
2a n 1 u2 a2n1
2n 3 1
u2 a2n1
du , n 1

Forms Involving u 2 a 2, a > 0

23. u2 a2 du
1
2
uu2 a2 a2 ln u u2 a2 C

24. u2u2 a2 du
1
8
u2u2 a2u2 a2 a4 ln u u2 a2 C
25. u2 a2
u
du u2 a2 a ln
a u2 a2
u
C

26. u2 a2
u2
du
u2 a2
u
ln u u2 a2 C
27. 1
u2 a2

du ln u u2 a2 C
28. uu2
1
a2
du
a
ln

1 a u2 a2
u
C

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Appendix G.1 Differentiation and Integration Formulas G3

29. u2
u a
2 2
du
1
2
uu2 a2 a2 ln u u2 a2 C

30. 1
u2u2 a2
du
u2 a2
a2u
C

31. 1
u2 a232
u
du 2 2
a u a2
C

Forms Involving a 2 u 2, a > 0

32. a2 u2
u
du a2 u2 a ln
a a2 u2
u
C


1 a a u

2 2
1
33. du ln C
ua u2 2 a u

34. 1
u2a2 u2
du
a2 u2
a2u
C 35. 1
a2 u232
du 2 2
u
a a u2
C

Forms Involving e u

36.
eu du eu C 37. ueu du u 1eu C

38. uneu du uneu n un1eu du 39. 1

1 eu
du u ln1 eu C

40. 1
1 enu
1
du u ln1 enu C
n

Forms Involving ln u

41. ln u du u1 ln u C 42. u ln u du
u2
4
1 2 ln u C

43. un ln u du
un1
n 12
1 n 1 ln u C, n 1

44. ln u2 du u2 2 ln u ln u2 C 45. ln un du uln un n ln un1 du

Forms Involving sin u or cos u

46. sin u du cos u C 47. cos u du sin u C

48. 1
sin2 u du u sin u cos u C
2
49. 1
cos2 u du u sin u cos u C
2

50. sinn u du
sinn1 u cos u n 1
n

n sinn2 u du

51. cosn u du
cosn1 u sin u n 1
n

n cosn2 u du

52. u sin u du sin u u cos u C 53. u cos u du cos u u sin u C

54. un sin u du un cos u n un1 cos u du

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G4 Appendix G Formulas

Integration Formulas (continued)

55. un cos u du un sin u n un1 sin u du

56. 1
1 sin u
du tan u sec u C

57. 1
1 cos u
du cot u csc u C

58. 1
sin u cos u
du ln tan u C
Forms Involving tan u, cot u, sec u, or csc u

59.
tan u du ln cos u C
60.
cot u du ln sin u C
61.
sec u du ln sec u tan u C
62.
csc u du ln csc u cot u C
63. tan2 u du u tan u C

64. cot2 u du u cot u C

65. sec2 u du tan u C

66. csc2 u du cot u C

67. tann u du
tann1 u
n1
tann2 u du, n1

68. cotn u du
cotn1 u
n1
cotn2 u du, n1

69. secn u du
secn2 u tan u n 2
n1

n1 secn2 u du, n1

70. cscn u du
cscn2 u cot u n 2
n1

n1 cscn2 u du, n 1

71. 1
1 tan u
1

du u ln cos u sin u C
2
72. 1
1 cot u
1

du u ln sin u cos u C
2
73. 1
1 sec u
du u cot u csc u C

74. 1
1 csc u
du u tan u sec u C
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Appendix G.2 Formulas from Business and Finance G5

G.2 Formulas from Business and Finance

Summary of business and finance formulas

Formulas from Business

Basic Terms
x number of units produced (or sold)
p price per unit
R total revenue from selling x units
C total cost of producing x units
C average cost per unit
P total profit from selling x units

Basic Equations
C
R xp C PRC
x

Typical Graphs of Supply and Demand Curves

p
Supply curves increase as price
Supply
increases and demand curves Demand
decrease as price increases. The
equilibrium point occurs when the
Equilibrium
supply and demand curves intersect. price p0 Equilibrium point
(x0, p0)

x
x0
Equilibrium quantity

Demand Function: p f x price required to sell x units

px
price elasticity of demand
dpdx
When < 1, the demand is inelastic. When > 1, the demand is elastic.

Typical Graphs of Revenue, Cost, and Profit Functions

R C P
Elastic Inelastic Maximum
demand demand profit

Fixed Break-even
cost point
x x x
Negative of
fixed cost
Revenue Function Cost Function Profit Function
The low prices required to The total cost to produce The break-even point occurs
sell more units eventually x units includes the fixed when R C.
result in a decreasing cost.
revenue.
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G6 Appendix G Formulas

Formulas from Business (continued)

Marginals
dR
marginal revenue the extra revenue from selling one additional unit
dx
dC Marginal
marginal cost the extra cost of producing one additional unit revenue
dx
1 unit
dP
marginal profit the extra profit from selling one additional unit Extra revenue
dx for one unit

Revenue Function
Formulas from Finance
Basic Terms
P amount of deposit r interest rate
n number of times interest is compounded per year
t number of years A balance after t years

Compound Interest Formulas

r nt
1. Balance when interest is compounded n times per year: A P 1
n
2. Balance when interest is compounded continuously: A Pert

Effective Rate of Interest

n
reff 1 r
n 1

Present Value of a Future Investment

A
P
1 nr
nt

Balance of an Increasing Annuity After n Deposits of P per Year for t Years

1 nr
nt n
AP 1 1
r

Initial Deposit for a Decreasing Annuity with n Withdrawals of W per Year for t Years

nr1 1 1rn
nt
PW

Monthly Installment M for a Loan of P Dollars over t Years at r% Interest

r12
MP

12t
1
1
1 r12

Amount of an Annuity

erT
T

0
ctert dt

ct is the continuous income function in dollars per year and T is the term of the annuity in years.