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Intro To Mpls PDF
Intro To Mpls PDF
Steve Smith
Systems Engineer
2003 Technical
Symposium 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1
Agenda
Background
Technology Basics
What is MPLS? Where Is it Used?
Label Distribution in MPLS Networks
LDP, RSVP, BGP
Building MPLS Based Services
VPNs
AToM
Traffic Engineering
Configurations
Configuring MPLS, LDP, TE
Summary
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Background
2003 Technical
Symposium 1999, Cisco Systems,
2003,
Inc.
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3
Terminology
Acronyms
PEprovider edge router
PProvider core router
CECustomer Edge router (also referred to as CPE)
ASBRAutonomous System Boundary Router
RRRoute Reflector
TETraffic Engineering
TE Head endRouter that initiates a TE tunnel
TE MidpointRouter where the TE Tunnel transits
VPNCollection of sites that share common policies
AToMAny Transport over MPLS
Commonly known scheme for building layer 2 circuits over MPLS
Attachment CircuitLayer 2 circuit between PE and CE
Emulated circuitPseudowire between PEs
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Evolution of MPLS
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MPLS as a Foundation for Value
Added Services
Provider Any
Traffic IP+Optical
Provisioned IP+ATM Transport
Engineering GMPLS
VPNs Over MPLS
MPLS
Network Infrastructure
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Technology Basics
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Label Header for Packet Media
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Label = 20 bits
COS/EXP = Class of Service, 3 bits
S = Bottom of Stack, 1 bit
TTL = Time to Live, 8 bits
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Encapsulations
PPP Header PPP Header Label Layer 2/L3 Packet
(Packet over SONET/SDH)
LAN MAC Label Header MAC Header Label Layer 2/L3 Packet
ATM MPLS Cell Header GFC VPI VCI PTI CLP HEC DATA
Label
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Forwarding Equivalence Class
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MPLS Concepts
At Edge: In Core:
Classify packets Forward using labels (as
opposed to IP addr)
Label them
Label indicates service class
Label Imposition and destination
Label Swapping or Switching
At Edge:
Edge Label Remove Labels and
Switch Router forward packets
(ATM Switch or Label Disposition
Router)
Label Switch Router (LSR)
Router
ATM switch + Label
Switch Controller
Label Distribution Protocol
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Unicast Routing Protocols
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Label Distribution Protocol
128.89 1 128.89 0
171.69 1 1 ...
171.69
... ...
128.89
0
0 128.89.25.4 Data
1 128.89.25.4 Data
1
128.89.25.4 Data 128.89.25.4 Data
171.69
Packets Forwarded Based
on IP Address
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MPLS Example: Routing Information
0 128.89
1 0
0 128.89
1 0
Label Distribution
Use label 7 for 171.69 171.69
Protocol (LDP)
(Downstream Allocation)
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MPLS Example: Forwarding Packets
0 128.89
0
128.89.25.4 Data
1
9 128.89.25.4 Data
128.89.25.4 Data 4 128.89.25.4 Data 1
Neighbor discovery
Discover directly attached Neighborspt-to-pt
links (including Ethernet)
Establish a session
Exchange prefix/FEC and label information
Extended Neighbor Discovery
Establish peer relationship with another router that
is not a neighbor
Exchange FEC and label information
May be needed to exchange service labels
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TDP and LDP
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MPLS Control and Forwarding Planes
Control plane used to distribute labelsBGP, LDP, RSVP
Forwarding plane consists of label imposition, swapping and
dispositionno matter what the control plane
Key: There is a separation of Control Plane and Forwarding Plane
Basic MPLS: destination-based unicast
Labels divorce forwarding from IP address
Many additional options for assigning labels
Labels define destination and service
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MPLS VPNs
Layer 2 and Layer 3
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What Is a VPN ?
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What Is a VPN (Cont.)?
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VPNs
Layer 2 VPNs
Customer End points (CPE) connected via layer 2 such as Frame
Relay DLCI, ATM VC or point to point connection
If it connects IP routers then peering or routing relationship is
between the end points
Multiple logical connections (one with each end point)
Layer 3 VPNs
Customer end points peer with provider routers
Single peering relationship
No mesh of connections
Provider network responsible for
Distributing routing information to VPN sites
Separation of routing tables from one VPN to another
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Layer 3 VPNs
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Service Provider Benefits
of MPLS-Based VPNs
Multicast
VPN BVPN A
VPN C VPN C VPN B Hosting
Intranet
VPN A
VoIP
Extranet
VPN A
VPN B
VPN C VPN C
VPN A VPN B
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Using Labels to Build an IP VPN
Cust A A A Cust A
---- ----
--- ---
---- ----
B
----
---
----
Cust A
B MPLS
----
---
---- Network
Cust B Cust B
Simple idea
Use a label to designate VPN prefix
Route that VPN packet to egress PE advertising that prefix
Use the IGP label to the VPN packet to the egress node
How is it done?
Routers need to maintain separate VPN routing tables called
VRFs (Virtual Routing and Forwarding Tables)
Routers then export and import routes using BGP extensions
to identify and separate one VPNs routes from another
Routers then exchange labels for VPN routes in addition to
IGP routes
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RFC 2547MPLS VPNs
CE
CE iBGPVPNv4 VRF
Label Exchange
VRF
PE iBGPVPNv4 CE
iBGPVPNv4
PE
CE
Overlapping Addresses Are VRF
Made Unique by Appending RD
CE and Creating VPNv4 Addresses
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Control Plane Path
No Direct Peering between CEs
VPN A VPN B
Routing Relationship
CE CE
IPv4 Route
Exchange
PE P P PE
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Data Plane Path
Routing Relationship
VPN A VPN B
IPv4 IPv4
CE CE
IPv4 IPv4
IPv4
Forwarded PE PE
Packet
VPNv4 Routes Advertised via BGP
IPv4 Labels Exchanged via BGP
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MPLS-Based IP-VPN Architecture
Scalable VPNs
VPN Membership-
Add more PEs if more VPNs are needed Based on Logical Port
No N^2 mesh
VPNs are built in to the cloud VPN A VPN A
Site 2 Site 3
IP QoS and traffic engineering
MPLS Network
Easy to manage and no VC
mesh provisioning required Corp A MPLS VPN Renault Corp B
Site 1 Site 2
Provides a level of security/ MPLS VPN Bankcorp
separation equivalent
to Frame Relay and ATM
Corp B Corp B
Supports the deployment Site 3 Site 1
of new value-added
Traffic Separation at Layer 3
applications Each VPN Has Unique RD
Customer IP address freedom
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Key Features
Security:
Basic security is comparable to that provided by FR/ATM-
based VPNs without providing data encryption
VPN customer may still use IPSec-based mechanisms
e.g., CE- CE IPSec-based encryption
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Key Features (Cont.)
Quality of Service:
Flexible and scaleable support for a CoS-
based networks
Scalability:
Total capacity of the system isnt bounded by
the capacity of an individual component
Scale to virtually unlimited number of VPNs
per VPN Service Provider and scale to
thousands of sites per VPN
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Key Features (Cont.)
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BGP/MPLS VPNSummary
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Layer 2 VPNs
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Layer 2 VPNs
Similar to L3VPN
Designate a label for the circuit
Exchange that label information with the egress PE
Encapsulate the incoming traffic (layer 2 frames)
Apply label (learnt through the exchange)
Forward the MPLS packet (l2 encapsulated to
destination on an LSP)
At the egress
Lookup the L2 label
Forward the packet onto the L2 attachment circuit
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Architecture
Attachment Circuit
VPN A Ethernet VLAN, FR DLCI, ATM VC, PPP Session VPN B
CE CE
PE PE
Emulated VC/Pseudowire
Labels Exchanged via Directed LDP
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Frame Relay over MPLSExample
VC1Connects DLCI 101 to DLCI 201
VC2Connects DLCI 102 to DLCI 202
Directed LDP
Label Exchange for VC1Label 10
Label Exchange for VC2Label 21
PE2
PE1 101 10 50 101 10 90
MPLS LSP
CPE Router, CPE Router,
FRAD Any Transport FRAD
over MPLS
(AToM) Tunnel
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Summary
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MPLS Traffic Engineering
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What Is MPLS Traffic Engineering?
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Why Traffic Engineering?
Capacity planning
TE improves aggregate availability of the network
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IP Routing and The Fish
R8 R3
R4
R5
R2
R1
R6
R7
Router B Router F
35M
OC-3 bD OC-3
rop
Router A s! Router E
ffic DS3
r a Router G
0M bT
8
OC-3
OC-3 DS3
Router B Router F
OC-3 OC-3
Router A Router E
DS3
Mb Router G
40
OC-3
OC-3 40Mb DS3
Policy Routing
Hop-by-hop decision making
No accounting of bandwidth
Traffic Engineering
Head end based
Accounts for available link bandwidth
Admission control
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Applications of MPLS TE
R8 R9
R3
R4
R2
R1 R5
R7
R6
Mimic SONET APS
Re-route in 50ms or Less
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Tactical TE Deployment
Requirement: Need to handle scattered congestion points in the Network
Solution: Deploy MPLS TE on only those nodes that face congestion
Internet
Service Provider
Backbone
Oversubscribed
Shortest Links
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Full Mesh TE Deployment
Requirement: Need to increase bandwidth inventory across the network
Solution: Deploy MPLS TE with a full logical mesh over a partial physical mesh
and use Offline Capacity Planning Tool
Service Provider
Backbone
Service Provider
Backbone
VPN Site A
Service Provider
Backbone
Central Site
Primary Tunnel
VPN Site B Backup Tunnel
Tight QoS
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Policing, Queuing Etc.
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MPLS TE Summary
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MPLS and QoS
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Configuring MPLS
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Show Commands
Router# show mpls interfaces show mpls ip binding [vrf vpn-name] [network {mask |
Interface IP Tunnel Operational length} [longer-prefixes]]
Ethernet1/1/1 Yes (tdp) No No [local-label {atm vpi vci | label [- label]}]
Ethernet1/1/2 Yes (tdp) Yes No [remote-label {atm vpi vci | label [- label]}]
Ethernet1/1/3 Yes (tdp) Yes Yes [neighbor address] [local]
POS2/0/0 Yes (tdp) No No [interface interface] [generic | atm]
ATM0/0.1 Yes (tdp) No No (ATM labels) show mpls ip binding summary
ATM3/0.1 Yes (ldp) No Yes (ATM labels)
ATM0/0.2 Yes (tdp) No Yes
Router# show mpls ldp discovery Router# show mpls ip binding 194.44.44.0 24
Local LDP Identifier: 194.44.44.0/24
118.1.1.1:0 in label: 24
Discovery Sources: in vc label: 1/37 lsr: 203.0.7.7:2 ATM1/0.8
Interfaces: Active egress (vcd 56)
POS2/0 (ldp): xmit/recv out label: imp-null lsr: 155.0.0.55:0 inuse
LDP Id: 155.0.0.55:0 Router#
Tunnel1 (ldp): Targeted -> 133.0.0.33
Targeted Hellos:
118.1.1.1 -> 133.0.0.33 (ldp): active, xmit/recv
LDP Id: 133.0.0.33:0
118.1.1.1 -> 168.7.0.16 (tdp): passive, xmit/recv
TDP Id: 168.7.0.16:0
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TEConfiguration
Router(config-if)#
Step 1 mpls traffic-eng Enables MPLS traffic engineering tunnels on an interface
tunnels
Step 2 Router(config-if)# ip Enables RSVP for IP on an interface and specifies the amount of
rsvp bandwidth bandwidth that will be reserved;
bandwidth For a description of the ip rsvp command syntax, see the Quality of Service
Solutions Command Reference
Configures an OSPF routing process for IP; You are placed in router
Router(config)# configuration mode;
Step 1 router ospf The process-id is an internally used identification parameter for an OSPF
process-id routing process; It is locally assigned and can be any positive integer;
Assign a unique value for each OSPF routing process
http://www.cisco.com/go/mpls
MPLS and VPN ArchitecturesJim
Guichard, Ivan PapelnjakCisco Press
Traffic Engineering with MPLSEric
Osborne, Ajay SimhaCisco Press
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Recommended Reading
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Please Complete Your
Evaluation Form
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