1.3.

1 ()
1.3.1()

1. 3 ( measure of dispersion or data )
-



2
1 40,42,43,44,46 X 43
2 11,41,49,56,58 X 43
X
1. 1 40 46 2 11 58
2. 1

3. 2


4. X



2
1.3.1 (absolute variable )

4

1. (range)

- ( ungrouped data )

=
X max X min

1
. 11,14,14,16,19,21,24,20,26,42 = 42 11= 31
. 20,25,100,80,10,5,30,15, = 100 - 5 = 95
- ( grouped data )
= -
2 100
59.5 (.)
74.5
60-62 5
= 74.5 - 59.5
63-65 18
= 15
66-68 42
69-71 27
72-74 8

1.
2.
3.
4. 2

2. (quartile deviation) Q.D.
3
1
Q Q1 ( )
Q . D. 3
2
1 10,9,12,14,11,8,15,20,18,100

 2 .6

1-19 4
20-39 10
40-69 50
70-84 25
85-100 11
1.
=
=
2.

 Q.D.
1. Q.D.
2. Q.D.
3. Q.D.
4. Q.D.
5. Q.D.

1.3.1 ()
1.3.1()

3. (mean deviation ) M.D.

(Deviation)
- (ungrouped data)
1 n
M . D. X i X
n i 1

1 2 A 2,4,14,15,20,53,71,101
B 2,20,20,22,35,40,40,101
2 4 14 15 20 53 71 101
A: n =8 X 8
35

1 n
M . D. X i X
n i 1
 2 35 4 35 14 35 15 35 20 35 53 35 71 35 101 35

8
240
30
8
B :

- (grouped data )

1 k
M . D. fi X i X
n i 1

2 1
(.) f i
30-39 4
40-49 3
50-59 5
60-69 7
70-79 4
80-89 2
N=

M.D.
1. M.D. Q.D.
2. M.D.
3. M.D.= 0
4. M.D. M.D.
5 a M.D. a
M.D.
6 M.D.
 1.3.1 ()
1.3.1()

4. (standard deviation )
- ( sigma)
- S.D. S


Xi X
92
12 2122
20 2 13 2
2

81 144 144 400 169
- ( ungrouped data )
938
n N
x x2i x x i
2 2
xi
n

i 1
S. D. S. D.i1 i 1
n 1 n 1 N
938

4
234.5
15.31 n 15 N
2
x i 2 nx xi2
S.Dn. i 1
1
2
x i 2 nx
2 n 1 N
i 1
S. D.
n 1
X
2 136
i
9
9 61,225 3 35 28
784

2 ,063
X (15) 2X2256 35 3225
2 35 28
1,125
5
S. D. 75 1,125
2 ,063
4
5
938 15

4
234.5
15.31 15

- 1
- 2

- (grouped data )
n N
fi x i x fi x i
2 2
i 1 i 1
S.D.
n 1 N

n N
2
f i x i 2 nx fi x i 2
S.D. i 1
i1
2
n 1 N
 2 . 1
40

fi xi x i fi x i xi x 2 fi x i x 2
21-30 1
31-40 4
41-50 15
51-60 12
61-70 6
71-80 2
N=

- (variance ) V

V 2 S.D. 2 S 2

- (ungrouped data )
N
xi2
1 N
V X i 2 V i1 2
N i1 N

n n
xi x
2 2
x i 2 nx
V i1 V i1
n 1 n 1
 - (grouped data )
N N
fi x i
2
fi x i 2
V i1 V i1 2
N N
n n
fi x i x
2 2
f i x i 2 nx
V i1 V i1
n 1 n 1

3 10
44,40,45,42,39,44,42,45,49,50

44 40 45 42 39 44 42 45 49 50
X
10
44
X X
N
2
i
V i 1

n 1
0 16 1 4 25 0 4 1 25 36

9
112
12.44 . 2
9

4 3
, 63,60 31

 5 42
40 -
36 .
V= 36
V1
N
X i Med
2

V i 1
N
N
X i 40
2

36 i 1
N
N
X i 42
2

V1 i 1
N
N 2
X i 40 2
i 1
N
X i 40 4 X i 40 4
N
2

i 1
N
N N N N
X i 40
2
4 X i 160 4
i 1 i 1
i 1 i 1
N N N N
36 4 42 160 4
32

- (combined variance ) Vc

n 1 1 V1 n 2 1 V2 n 1 1 X c X1 2 n 2 1 X c X 2 2
vc
n 1 1 n 2 1
 -
n1 n 2
V1 V2 X 1 X c 2 X 2 X c 2
Vc
2

-
X1 X 2
n 1 1 V1 n 2 1 V2
Vc
n 1 1 n 2 1
-
n 1 n 2 X 1 X 2
V V2
Vc 1
2
S.D.
1. S . D . 0
2. S.D.= 0
3. S.D. X X
4. a S.D.

5. a S.D. a S.D.

6. X , Y Y = aX+b
a b S . D. X S . D.Y
S . D.Y a S . D. X
6
6 . . . 18
0 .
20

7 X 45S . D. 2.5
 2 5
1.
2.
3. 5 2
XS .D .

X
Y = 2X + 5
X = 45
Y
S . D . X = 2.5
S . D .Y

1.

1.3.2
1.3.2

1.3.2 (relative variation )






100
( coefficient of dispersion ) 4
1. ( coefficient of range ) X max X min
X max X min
2. ( coefficent of quartile deviasion )
Q 3 Q1
Q 3 Q1

3. (coefficient of quartile deviasion )

M . D.
X

4. ( coefficient of variation ) C.V.

S . D.
X

1 6
() 22 23 23 24 25 21
() 95 98 100 96 97 90
6
1. .
. .
( )
25 21 4
. ... 25 21 46 0.09
 100 90 10
... 100 90 190 0.05
(0.09 > 0.05 )

.
 .

1.
2.
3. -
S . D. S . D.
X X 100


 1.4
1.4
1.4
3
1.4.1 (normal or bell-sharped curve )

X
Med
Mo

X , Med , M o X Med M o
X
1.4.2 ( positively skewed curve )

M o Med X
()
( ) X M o ( M o Med X )


 1.4.3 (negatively skewed curve )

X Med M o
() ( )
X M o X Med M o

1. x = Med = M0
2. M0 < Med < x
3. x < Med < M0
 1.5
1.5
Microsoft Excel
() 20

1 60
2 32 1. Excel
3 51 Add-In
4 60
5 48
6 52
7 46
8 38
9 35
10 60
11 48
12 54
13 44
14 49
15 47
16 48
17 48
18 44
19 65
20 60
2. Analysis ToolPak Analysis VBA

3. Data Analysis
4. Descriptive Statistics OK

5. Input Range

6. Labels in Frist Row

( )
Labels in Frist Row
Summary Statistics OK

3. Mean = 49.45 49.45 49 20
49 /
4. Standard Error = 1.951349 (49.45) 1.951349
5. Median = 48
48 20 48 /
6. Mode = 60 20 60 /
7. Standard Deviation = 8.726698 /
(49.45) 9
8. Sample Variance = 76.15526 /
76.15526 ()2 (V = S.D.2)
9. Kurtosis = -0.2519 ( )
10. Skewness = -0.14538 ( )
11. Range = 33
33 / ( = - )
12. Minimum = 32 32 /
13. Maximum = 65 65 /
14. Sum = 989 20 / 989
15. Count = 20 20 (20 )