1.

Phn m u

1.1. L do chn ti

Phc cht l mt phn t (ion hay phn t phi) c cha mt nguyn t trung tm
(thng l kim loi chuyn tip) lin kt vi cc phi t (nguyn t, nhm nguyn t hoc
ion). N v ang l i tng quan tm nghin cu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau:
ha hc, sinh hc, y dc, mi trng Trong cng nghip ho hc, xc tc phc cht lm
thay i c bn qui trnh sn xut nhiu ho cht c bn nh axetanehit, axit axetic, v nhiu
loi vt liu polime... Nhng ht nano phc cht chm kim loi ang c nghin cu v s
dng lm xc tc cho ngnh "ho hc xanh" sao cho cc qu trnh sn xut khng gy c hi
cho mi trng, cng nh to lp cc vt liu v c mi vi nhng tnh nng u vit so vi cc
vt liu truyn thng. Hin nay ho hc phc cht ang pht trin rc r v l ni hi t nhng
thnh tu ca ho l, ho phn tch, ho hc hu c, ho sinh, ho dc Nhng qu trnh
quan trng nht ca s sng nh: s quang hp, s vn chuyn oxi v cacbon ioxit trong c
th, s xc tc enzim dn c sng t nh xc nh c cu trc v vai tr ca cc phc
cht i phn tC th ni rng vic nghin cu v hc tp v phc cht trong chng trnh
ph thng chuyn ni chung v hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii Quc gia ni ring l v cng
quan trng gip cho cc em bc u hiu c tm nh hng ca phc cht n s pht
trin ca ha hc. Xut pht t nhng vn quan trng trn ti chn ti: Vn dng
phng php gn ng gii mt s dng ton kh v phc cht trong dung dch

1.2. im mi ca ti

Vi ti ny, ta c th gii quyt cc dng bi ton kh v phc cht trong dung dch mt
cch n gin thng qua phng php gn ng m kt qu sai khc khng ng k, bng cch
lc b cc qu trnh ph cc qu trnh xy ra vi mc khng ng k trong iu kin bi
ton v ngi ta thng chp nhn nng cn bng ca cc cu t bng nng ban u
tng ng ca chng.

Trong ti ti ch gii nhng bi ton v phc cht trong dung dch c phng trnh bc cao
rt kh khi gii theo cc phng php khc.

2. Phn ni dung

Page 1
2.1. Thc trng ca vn m ti cn gii quyt

i vi gio vin vic dy v phn phc cht trong dung dch cho hc sinh THPT Chuyn ni
chung v hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii Quc gia ni ring l vn rt kh khn, thm ch nhiu
gio vin khng c kin thc chuyn su v phn ny th kh c th truyn t cho hc sinh
thu hiu cch lm cc bi ton kh v phc cht c. Do vi ti ny cc gio vin c
th xem l ti liu b ch tham kho v nghin cu ng thi vn dng dy bi dng cho
hc sinh gii.

i vi hc sinh vic hc phn ny gp rt kh khn v y l phn kin thc mi v rt kh,

nhiu hc sinh khng th gii ni cc bi kh v phc cht trong dung dch, trc thc trng
, ti mnh dn nghin cu ti ny phn no gip cc em nghin cu v vn dng
gii quyt cc bi ton kh v phn ny.

2.2. C s l thuyt.

2.2.1. nh ngha

Phc cht l loi hp cht sinh ra do loi ion n (thng l ion kim loi), gi l ion trung tm,
lin kt vi phn t hoc ion khc, gi l phi t. Trong dung dch, ion trung tm, phi t v
phc cht u c kh nng tn ti ring r.

V d: Trong dung dch nc, ion phc [Ag(NH 3)2]+ phn li mt phn thnh cation Ag+ v
phn t NH3:

[Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3

Cc sn phm phn ly l Ag+ v NH3 c nng ln c th ho hp vi ion S2- v ion H+

2Ag+ + S2- Ag2S (mu en)

NH3 + H+ NH4+

Nhng cht nh: FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O hoc KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, c thnh phn ging phc
cht, song khi ha tan vo nc, phn li hon ton thnh cc ion n gin:

FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 2NH4+ + 6H2O

KAl(SO4)2.12H2O K+ + Al3+ + 2SO42- + 12H2O

Page 2
nn khng phi l phc cht m l nhng mui kp.

Trong mt phc cht, s phi t lin kt vi ion trung tm gi l s phi tr. S phi tr cc i
thng l 2, 4, 6, nh: [Ag(NH3)2]+, [Zn(NH3)4]2+, [FeF6]3-, ...

Phc cht n nhn l phc cht ch c mt ion trung tm.

Phc a nhn l phc cht c nhiu ion trung tm cng loi nh [Fe 2(OH)2]4+, [Cu3(OH)4]2+, ...
hoc khc loi nh [(CN)5Co(CN)Fe(CN)5]6-, [(NH3)5CoBrCr(H2O)5]4+

Phc d phi t l phc cht c nhiu phi t khc nhau, gm c hai loi:

+ Phc n nhn d phi t: [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3].

+ Phc a nhn d phi t: [(NH3)5CrOHCr (NH3)5]5+, [(NH3)5CoNH2Co(NH3)5]5+

Phc n cng l phc cht m phi t cha mt nguyn t lin kt vi ion trung tm.

Phc a cng l phc cht m phi t cha nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi ion trung tm. Phc
cng cua l phc a cng m phi t to vi ion trung tm mt vng
kn: phc ca ion Ni2+ v dimetylglioxim:

2.2.2. Hng s bn ca phc cht

a) Hng s bn tng nc

i vi phc ch c s phi tr l 1 th s to phc c biu din nh sau:

M + L ML

i vi phc c s phi tr cao, s to phc gia ion kim loi M n+ vi phi t Lm- c biu
din theo s sau ( n gin khng ghi in tch)

M + L ML k1

ML + L ML2 k2

ML2 + L ML3 k3

............................................

k1, k2, k3,........ l cc hng s bn tng nc ca cc phc cht tng ng.

Page 3
Cc gi tr ca ki cho bit bn ca tng phc v cho php so snh kh nng to phc tng
nc.

[ML] [ML 2 ] [ML3 ]

k1 = ; k2 = ; k3 =
[M].[L] [ML].[L] [ML 2 ].[L]

b) Hng s bn tng cng

C th biu din cn bng to phc qua hng s bn tng cng bng cch t hp cc cn bng
tng nc.

M + L ML 1 = k1

M + 2L ML2 2 = k1.k2

M + 3L ML3 3 = k1.k2.k3

.....................................

Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng ta c:

[ML] [ML 2 ]
1 = ; 2 = ;
[M].[L] [M].[L]2

Hng s khng bn tng nc v hng s khng bn tng cng tng ng vi hng s bn tng
nc v hng s bn tng cng.

ML3 ML2 + L Kkb1

ML2 ML + L Kkb2

ML M + L Kkb3

Trong hng s khng bn c gi tr l nghch o ca hng s bn.

c) Hng s bn iu kin

* Khi nim: Nhng trng hp m phn ng to phc xy ra c cc phn ng ph i km:

phn ng axit-baz, phn ng to phc hidroxo, phn ng to thnh hp cht t tan, Cc
phn ng ny nh hng n phn ng to phc, khi ngi ta thay hng s bn bng hng
s bn iu kin, k hiu l .

*Trng hp tng qut

Page 4
Xt qu trnh to phc chnh gia M v L

M + nL MLn n

Cc qu trnh ph:
*
M + iH2O M(OH)i + iH+ i (i=1- N)
OH
MLn + HO- MOHLn

H
MLn + H+ HMLn

M + jX MXj j (j= 1-N)

[ML n ]'
Biu thc: Hng s bn iu kin c biu din: ' =
[M]' .[L]'n

K H2O
Trong : [ML n ]' =ML n +HML n +MOHL n +..... = [ MLn ] =1+
ML h H+ OH
= ML[ n ] ML n
h

N
'
N
[M] =[M]+[MX]+[MX 2 ]+[MOH]+.... = [ M ]
'
1+h i+ -i M[ ]
[X]j =j M
i=1 j=1

h n +K a1 h n-1 +.....K a1 K a 2 ...K a n-1 h+K a1 K a 2 .....K a n

[ ]
'
[L] =[L]+[HL]+[HL 2 ]+.... =[L] = L

K a1 K a 2 .....K a n
L

ML
Lc : ' =.
M . L

N' N
Trong : M =1+ h -i + [X] j
i=1 i j=1 j

h n +K a h n-1+.....K a K a ...K a h+K a K a .....K a

1 1 2 n-1 1 2 n
L =
K a Ka .....Ka
1 2 n

K
H O
ML =1+H h +OH 2 ( n gin, k hiu h thay cho [H+]).
h

Page 5
2.3. Bi tp vn dng: Tnh nng cn bng trong dung dch phc

Cn lu : Khi tnh ton nng cn bng ca dung dch phc thng rt phc tp v:

- S to phc thng xy ra tng nc v trong a s trng hp cc hng s cn bng tng nc

khng chnh lch nhau nhiu.

- Lun xy ra cc qu trnh ph nh: to phc hidroxo ca ion trung tm, proton ha cc phi
t baz yu, Ngoi ra cn c th c cc phn ng ph khc lin quan nh phn ng oxi ha
kh, to thnh hp cht t tan,

Tuy nhin vic tnh ton nng cn bng (gn ng) ca cc dung dch phc tr nn n gin
trong mt s trng hp sau:

Dng 1. Trng hp nng phi t rt d so vi ion trung tm v hng s bn ca phc

phi tr cao ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc phc phi tr thp

y l trng hp thng gp trong phn tch. V d khi cn xc nh lng vt ion kim loi,
ngi ta thng dng rt d thuc th chuyn hon ton ion kim loi thnh phc, hoc khi
cn che hon ton ion kim loi,...Ty tng trng hp c th c th chp nhn cc iu kin
gn ng:

- Coi phc to thnh c s phi tr cao nht ( v CL >> CM)

- Coi nng cn bng ca phi t bng nng ban u ([L] CL).
V d : Tnh nng cn bng trong dung dch cha: AgNO3 0,01M + NH3 1M.
3,32 7,23 -5 2,3
Bit rng: 1 =10 ; 2 =10 ; K NH3 =1,76.10 ; AgOH =10

Phn tch: i vi bi ton ny: tnh cn bng to phc trong dung dch khi nng phi t

rt d so vi ion trung tm v cc hng s bn tng cng ca cc dng phc chnh lch nhau

i i
nhiu. Cc em cn phn bit hng s bn tng nc (k ) v hng s bn tng cng ( ), t cc

i i i i
em thy c mi lin h gia k v v cch biu din cn bng theo k v .

Gii: Cc qu trnh xy ra:

Page 6
 + -
3 3
AgNO Ag + NO

+ + 3,32
3 3 1
Ag + NH [AgNH ] = 10

Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ 2 = 107,24

Ag+ + H2O AgOH + H+ *AgOH = 10-11,7

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Kb = 1,76.10-5

*
Gii gn ng: So snh hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng AgOH << Kb<< 1<< 2 v t u

bi C NH >> CAg+ nn qu trnh ch yu l:

3

Ag+ + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ 2 = 107,24

C 10-2 1

[] x 0,98 + 2x 10 -2 - x

Theo LTDKL ta c:

[Ag(NH 3 ) 2+ ] 10-2 -x
2 = + 2
= 2
=107,23 x = 6,13.10-10 M
[Ag ].[NH 3 ] (0,98+2x) .x

Vy nng cn bng:

[Ag + ] = 6,13.10-10 M ; [NH 3 ] = 0,98 + 2x = 0,98 + 2.6,13.10-10 0,98M

[AgNH3+ ] = 1.[Ag + ].[NH3 ] = 103,32 .6,13.10-10 .0,98 = 1,25.10-6 M

[Ag(NH 3 )+2 ] 10-2 (M); [AgOH] = 3.10-12 M

T kt qu trn ta thy vic gii gn ng l ph hp.

Page 7
Dng 2. Trng hp nng phi t ln hn nhiu nng ion trung tm nhng hng s bn
ca cc phc to thnh xp x nhau

V d : Tnh nng cn bng trong dung dch Cd(NO3)2 0,01M v HCl 1M. Bit hng s bn

ca phc Cd2+ vi Cl- l: 1 = 101,95; 2 = 102,49; 3 = 102,34; 4 = 101,64 v bCdOH = 10-7,92

*
+

Phn tch: i vi bi ton ny: nng phi t rt d so vi ion trung tm:

CCl- = 1M ? CCd2+ = 0,01M , nhng cc hng s bn tng cng ca cc dng phc li khng khc

nhau nhiu: 1 = 101,95 2 = 102,49 3 = 102,344 = 101,64, do trong trng hp ny khng c

phc ny chim u th. V vy tnh cn bng ny chung ta vo phi t Cl - rt d, do

chp nhn [Cl-] = CCl tnh gn ng theo LBTN.

-

Gii: Cc qu trnh xy ra:

Cd(NO3)2 Cd2+ + 2NO3-

HCl H+ + Cl-

Cd2+ + Cl- CdCl+ 1 = 101,95

Cd2+ + 2Cl- CdCl2 2 = 102,49

Cd2+ + 3 Cl- CdCl3- 3 = 102,34

Cd2+ + 4Cl- CdCl42- 4 = 101,64

*
Cd2+ + H2O CdOH+ + H+ CdOH = 10-7,92
+

nh gi s to phc hiroxo:
Cd2+ + H2O CdOH+ + H+ *CdOH + = 10-7,92
0,01
0,01 x x 1
-7,92 -9,22
x/(0,01 x) = 10 x = 10 << 0,01 b qua s to phc hidroxo.
V cc gi tr xp x nhau nn khng th b qua cn bng no.
p dng nh lut bo ton nng u ta c:
CCd2+ = [Cd 2+ ] +[CdCl+ ] +[CdCl 2 ] +[CdCl3- ] +[CdCl 2- 4 ]

= [Cd 2+ ].(1+ 1[Cl -] + 2[Cl -] 2 + 3[Cl -] 3 + 4[Cl -] 4)

CCd2+
[Cd 2+ ] = (1)
1+ 1[Cl -] + 2[Cl -] 2 + 3[Cl -] 3 + 4[Cl -] 4

Page 8
Tng t: CCl- = [Cl - ] +[CdCl + ] + 2[CdCl 2 ] + 3[CdCl3- ] + 4[CdCl 42- ]
[Cl- ] = CCl- - [Cd 2+ ].(1+ 1[Cl -] + 2 2[Cl -] 2 + 3 3[Cl -] 3 + 4 4[Cl -] 4 ) (2)
-
Gii gn ng: V CCd2+ << CCl- nn coi nh sau khi to phc [Cl ] = CCl v thay vo (1) -

tnh [Cd2+]1. Sau s dng gi tr [Cl - ] = CCl - v [Cd2+] va tnh c tnh [Cl-]1 chnh

xc hn. y l dng tp trung kh nhiu thi gian nn ch cn tnh gn ng mt ln l cho

kt qu nay.
2+ -5
Gii ra c [Cd ] = 1,23.10 M.
Vy nng cn bng:
[Cd 2+ ]=1,23.10-5 M
[Cl- ] 1M
[CdCl+ ] = 1.[Cd 2+ ].[Cl- ] = 101,95 .1,23.10-5 .1 = 1,38.10-3 M
[CdCl 2 ] = 2 .[Cd 2+ ].[Cl- ]2 = 102,49 .1,23.10-5 .12 = 4,9.10-3M
[CdCl3- ] = 3 .[Cd 2+ ].[Cl- ]3 = 102,34 .1,23.10-5 .13 = 3,1.10-3 M
[CdCl 2-4 ] = 4 .[Cd 2+ ].[Cl- ]4 = 101,64 .1,23.10-5 .14 = 6,2.10-4 M
Dng 3. Trng hp nng ion trung tm rt d so vi phi t
Trng hp ny thng gp cc th nghim nhn bit cc ion kim loi, khi ch cn cho mt
lng t thuc th to phn ng vi kim loi nghin cu gy tn hiu r pht hin.
y c th chp nhn cc phi t tham gia to phc ht vi ion trung tm to thnh phc
c s phi tr thp nht.
V d: Tnh nng cn bng trong dung dch cha: Fe(ClO4)3 0,1M v KSCN 0,01M trong
mi trng c pH = 0.

Cho bit: hng s bn tng nc ca phc gia Fe3+ vi SCN- ln lt l:

k1 =103,03 ; k 2 =101,94 ; k 3 =101,4 ; k 4 =100,8 ; k 5 =100,02 ; FeOH2+ =1011,87

Phn tch: c im ca bi ton ny l nng ion trung tm rt d so vi nng ca phi

1
t, k >> k
2 k 3 k 5 nn c th d on phc to thnh vi s phi t thp nht (k 1) chim
3+

u th. Mt khc trong mi trng axit (pH=0) nn c th b qua to phc hidroxo ca Fe .

Page 9
Do khi gii bi ny ta gii gn ng v khng nh cch gii gn ng trn l hp l,

chng ta cn tnh nng cc phc cht theo cng thc:

[Fe( SCN )i(3-i )+ ]=b i .[Fe3+ ].[SCN - ]i , t so snh

[Fe( SCN ) +2 ] ? [Fe(SCN)3 ] ? [Fe(SCN) -4 ] ? [Fe(SCN)52- ]

Gii: Cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch:

Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+ k1 = 103,03

FeSCN2+ + SCN- Fe(SCN)2+ k 2 = 101,94

Fe(SCN)2+ + SCN- Fe(SCN)3 k3 = 101,4

Fe(SCN)3- + SCN- Fe(SCN)4- k 4 = 100,8

Fe(SCN)4- + SCN- Fe(SCN)52- k 5 = 100,02

Fe3+ + H2O FeOH+ + H+ b FeOH

*
2+ = 10
-2,13

Trong mi trng axit (pH = 0) th s to phc hidroxo xy ra khng ng k v

Fe3+ + H2O FeOH2+ + H+ b FeOH

*
2+ = 10
-2,13

0,1 x x 1

b FeOH
*
+ = x/(0,1 x) = 10
-2,13
x = 10-3,3 << 0,1

Gii gn ng: V CFe3+ >> CSCN- v k 1 >> k 2 k 3 k 5 nn c th coi phc to thnh ch yu

l phc c s phi tr 1. Xt cn bng:

Fe3+ + SCN- FeSCN2+ k 1 =1 = 103,03

C 0,1 0,01

0,09 - 0,01

[] 0,09 + x x 0,01- x

Ta c: x. (0,09 + x) /((0,01 - x)) = 10- 3,03 x= 1,04.10-4 M (tha mn)

Page 10
Vy nng cn bng:

[SCN - ]=1,04.10-4 M
[Fe3+ ]=0,09+x = 0,09 + 1,04.10-4 0,09M
[FeSCN 2+ ]=0,01-x 0,01M

[Fe( SCN ) +2 ]=b 2 .[Fe3+ ].[SCN - ]2 = 10 4,97.0, 09.(1, 04.10-4 ) 2 = 9, 08.10 -5 M

[Fe(SCN)3 ]=3 .[Fe3+ ].[SCN - ]3 =106,37 .0,09.(1,04.10-4 ) 3 =2,37.10-7 M

[Fe(SCN) -4 ]= 4 .[Fe3+ ].[SCN - ]4 =107,17 .0,09.(1,04.10-4 ) 4 =1,6.10-10 M

[Fe(SCN)52- ]=5 .[Fe3+ ].[SCN - ]5 =107,19 .0,09.(1,04.10-4 )5 =1,7.10-14 M

Vi kt qu trn, cho thy cch gii gn ng l ph hp.

Dng 4. Tnh cn bng theo hng s bn iu kin

V d: Tnh nng cn bng cc cu t trong dung dch Mg2+ 10-2M v EDTA 2.10-2M pH
9,12 2,6
=11. Bit: MgY =10 ; MgOH =10
2- +

-2 -3 -7 -11
Axit H 4 Yc K1 =10 ;K 2 =2,1410 ;K 3 =2,1410 ;K 4 =1,1210
Phn tch: c im ca bi ton ny l tnh nng cn bng cc cu t da vo hng s cn
bng iu kin, nn cn nm vng th no l hng s cn bng iu kin, t da vo nh
lut bo ton nng ban u v nh lut tc dng khi lng.
Gii:Ta c:
Mg2+ + Y4- MgY2- MgY2- = 109,12
Mg2+ + OH- MgOH+ MgOH+ = 102,6
Y4- + H+ HY3- Ka4-1
HY3- + H+ H2Y2- Ka3-1
2- + -
H2 Y + H H3Y Ka2-1
H3 Y- + H + H4Y Ka1-1
H2 O H+ + OH-
Tac: [MgY 2- ] (1)
'MgY 2- =
[Mg 2+ ]' .[Y 4- ]'
Gi [Mg 2+ ]' l tng nng cn bng cc dng tn ti ca Mg2+, tr dng phc MgY2-, lc ta

c: [Mg 2+ ]' =[Mg 2+ ]+[MgOH + ]=[Mg 2+ ].(1+ MgOH + .[OH- ])=[Mg 2+ ]. Mg2+

Page 11
Gi [Y 4- ]' l tng nng cn bng cc dng tn ti ca EDTA, tr dng phc MgY 2-, tc l:
[Y4-] = [Y4-] + [HY3-] + [H2Y2-] + [H3Y-] + [H4Y]
[H + ][Y 4- ] [H + ]2 [Y 4- ] [H + ]3[Y 4- ] [H + ]4 [Y 4- ]
4-
= [Y ] + + + +
K4 K 3K 4 K 2 K 3 K 4 K1K 2 K 3 K 4
[H + ] [H + ]2 [H + ]3 [H + ]4
= [Y ]( 1 +
4- + + + ) = [Y4-].Y4-
K 4 K 3 .K 4 K 2 .K 3 .K 4 K1.K 2 .K 3 .K 4
[MgY 2- ] 2-
'
Thay vo (1) ta c: MgY2- = 2+ 4-
= MgY
[Mg ]. Mg2+ .[Y ]. Y 4- Mg 2+ . Y4-
a Mg 2+ = 1 + 102,6.10 -3 = 1, 4
[H + ] [H + ]2 [H + ]3 [H + ]4 [H + ]
Y4- =1+ + + + 1+ =1,89
K 4 K 4 .K 3 K 4 .K 3 .K 2 K 4 .K 3 .K 2 .K1 K4

'
MgY2- 109,12
MgY 2-
= = =108,7
Mg2+ . Y4- 1,4.1,89
p dng nh lut bo ton nng u ta c:

C Mg 2+ =[Mg 2+ ]' +[MgY 2- ]

C Y4- =[Y 4- ]' +[MgY 2- ]
CY4- -C Mg 2+ =[Y 4- ]' -[Mg 2+ ]'

V C Y4- > C Mg 2+ nn [Y 4- ]' C Y4- -C Mg 2+ =2.10-2 -10 -2 =10-2 M

[MgY 2- ] 10-2
[Mg 2+ ]' = ' 4- '
= 8,7 -2
=10-8,7 M
MgY 2- .[Y ] 10 .10
[Mg 2+ ]' 10-8,7
[Mg 2+ ]= = =1,43.10-9 M
Mg2+ 1,4
[Y 4- ]' 10-2
[Y 4- ]= = =5,3.10-3M
Y4- 1,89
[MgOH + ]= MgOH + .[Mg 2+ ].[OH - ]=10 2,6 .1,45.10-9 .10-3 =5,77.10-10 M
[H + ].[Y 4- ] 10-11.5,3.10-3
[HY3- ]= = -11
=4,73.10-3 M
K4 1,1210

- [H + ]3 .[Y 4- ] 10-33 .5,3.10-3

[H 3Y ]= = -21
=1,03.10-15M
K 4 .K 3 .K 2 1,122,142,1410
[H + ]4 .[Y 4- ] 10-44 .5,3.10-3
[H 4 Y]= = -23
=1,03.10-24 M
K 4 .K 3 .K 2 .K1 1,122,142,1410

Page 12
Lu : y l dng ton mi v kh phc tp i vi hc sinh chuyn. V vy nhng ton dng
ny thng s dng bi dng hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii quc gia.

Dng 5. S hnh thnh phc cht c th c nh hng ln n tan.

V d: Ag(NH3)2+ l mt phc cht gm Ag+ l ion trung tm v 2 phn t NH 3 l cc phi t.

tan ca AgCl trong nc l 1.3 10-5M. Tch s tan ca AgCl l 1.7 10-10.

Hng s bn ca phc cht Ag(NH3)2+ (2) c gi tr l 1.5 107.

Chng minh rng tan ca AgCl trong dd NH3 1.0M ln hn trong nc.

Phn tch: cn vn dng l thuyt v cn bng phc nh hng n tan ca mt hp cht t

tan. S dng cch gii gn ng p dng cho bi ton ny (b qu mt s cn bng ph v
coi nng NH3 lc cn bng bng nng ban u.

Gii : V tch s tan ca AgCl rt nh nn nng ca Ag + trong dung dch nh. Nng
[NH3] >> [OH-] v phc amoniac bn hn nhiu so vi phc hiroxo. Do c th xem phc
hiroxo ca Ag+ trong dung dch l khng ng k. V c th xem qu trnh to phc amoniac
ch yu l to phc c s phi tr 2.

Cc cn bng ch yu trong dung dch :

AgCl Ag+ + Cl- Ksp

Ag+ + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2+ 2

nh gi tan ca AgCl ta da vo tch s tan iu kin Ksp

Ksp = Ksp a Ag + vi a Ag = 1+ 2 [NH3]2

+

V C( NH 3 ) >> C ( Ag nn coi: [NH3] = C( NH 3 ) = 1.0 M

+
)

a Ag = 1+ 1.5 107 12 = 1.5 107

+

Ksp = 1.7 10-10 1.5 107 = 2.55 10-3

AgCl + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2+ + Cl- Ksp

S S S

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Ksp = S2 S = '
K sp = 2.55 10 -3 = 0.05 M >> 1.3 10-5 M.

Nh vy do nh hng ca qu trnh to phc Ag(NH 3)2+ nn tan ca AgCl trong dung dch
NH3 ln hn rt nhiu so vi trong nc.

Ch : S to thnh hp cht t tan v s to phc vi phi t l u lm cho nng cc

phn t tham gia to phc gim. Do , kh nng to phc gim.

nh hng ca pH n phn ng to phc c 2 chiu ngc nhau. V vy khi tin hnh

phn ng to phc th phi nghin cu khong pH ti u

2.4. Kho st tnh hnh thc t:

V d: Tnh nng cn bng trong dung dch Fe(ClO4)3 0,01M v NaF 1,0M.

Cho lgi = 5,28 ; 9,30; 12,06; pKHF = 3,17.

Gii:

Fe(ClO4)3 Fe3+ + 3ClO4-

0,01

NaF F- + Na+

1,0

V CF- = 1,0M >> CFe3+ = 0,01M v 3 >> 2 >> 1 do trong h to phc c s phi tr
cc i l chnh:

Fe3+ + 3F- FeF3 3 = 10 12,06

C0 0,01 1,0

C _ 0,97 0,01

Cc qu trnh ph:

Qu trnh to phc hiroxo khng ng k.

Xt cn bng proton ha ca F-

F- + H2O HF + OH- Kb = 10-10,83

C 0,97
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 [] 0,97 - x x x

Ta c: x2 /(0,97 x) = 10-10,83

[OH-] = [HF] = x = 3,79.10-6M.

Do qu trnh ny cng khng ng k.

Nn trong h ch c mt cn bng chnh:

FeF3 FeF2+ + F- 2. 3-1 = 10-2,76

C 0,01 0,97

[] 0,01 y y 0,97 + y

Ta c: (0,97 + y).y/ (0,01 y) = 10-2,76

y = [FeF2+] = 1,79.10-5M

[FeF3] = 0,01 - y = 9,98.10-3M; [F-] = 0,97M

[HF] = 3,79.10-6M

[Fe3+] = 9,52.10-15M; [FeF2+] = 1,76.10-9 M

* Tnh hnh hc sinh lm cc dng ton ny trc khi cha nghin cu phng php gii gn
ng v cc bi ton phc cht trong dung dch:

Nhn thy: Hu ht hc sinh lp Chuyn ha gii bi ton ny nh sau:

+ Thi gian lm bi: nhiu hc sinh khng t yu cu

+ Nhiu hc sinh b tc khi lm cc dng bi tp trn v phi xy dng v

gii phng trnh bc cao phc tp:

Kt qu: trn 70% hc sinh khng lm bi c

S hc sinh lm bi ng ch 3/35 em.

* Tinh hnh hc sinh lm cc dng ton ny sau khi cha nghin cu phng php gii gn
ng:

Nhn thy: a s hc sinh lm bi c hiu qu v ng gian quy nh v kt qu ng, d lm

bi, khng gii phng trnh bc cao.

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Kt qu kho st: C 25/35 em t im t 5 tr ln (trong c 8 em t im t 8 tr ln)

Cn 10/35 em t im di 5

Nh vy, qua hai ln kho st thc trng hc sinh lm bi, bn thn nhn thy phng php
gii gn ng i vi bi ton phc cht trong dung dch, hc sinh rt d vn dng vo gii
quyt cc bi ton kh d dng hn.

3. Phn kt lun

3.1. ngha, phm vi p dng

Qua ti sng kin kinh nghim ny, ti xy dng c c s l thuyt v phng php
gii gn ng p dng vo vic gii cc bi ton kh v phc cht trong dung dch, trong khi
cc phng php thng thng khng th gii c. Tuy nhin, ti ny c th m rng
hn v i su vo mt s dng ton khc kh hn na.

Vi ti ny, gio vin c th dng lm ti liu cho vic bi dng hc sinh gii tnh v
Quc gia v phn ha phn tch.

i vi hc sinh, vic vn dng phng php ny gip cho cc em gii c cc bi ton v

phc cht c phng trnh ton hc bc cao v phc tp.

Phng php ny c th dng gii c bt k dng ton phc tp khc

3.2. Nhng kin ngh, xut

Nu c hi ng khoa hc chp nhn ti ny, ti mong mun ph bin cho cc em hc

sinh Chuyn Ha tham kho, xem y l ti liu ng tinh cy cc m vn dng gii ton
kh axit baz

Cc ng nghip c th tham kho ti ny ng thi m rng phng php ny cho cc

dng ton khc.

Page 16
Nhn xt, nh gi TTCM T Ha- Trng THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh

Nhn xt, nh gi HCM trng THPT Chuyn Qung Bnh

Nhn xt, nh gi HCM S GD&T Qung Bnh

Page 17
 TI LIU THAM KHO

1- Nguyn Tinh Dung, Ha Hc Phn tch, Phn III, Cc phng php phn tch nh lng
ha hc, NXBGD, H Ni, 1981

2- Phan B Ngn, Gio trnh Ha Hc Phc Cht, H Lt, 2002.

3- Lm Ngc Thim, Trn Hip Hi,Bi Tp Ha Hc i Cng, NXB HQG H Ni, 2004.

4- L Ch Kin, Cc phng php nghin cu v phc cht, hn hp phc cht,NXB i Hc

Quc gia H Ni,2006

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