T.

Sawa A Stress Analysis of

Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Pipe Flange Connections
N. Higurashi The use of pipe flange connections is standardized in the codes of JIS, ASME, DIN
Graduate Student. and so on. However, these codes are almost entirely dependent on experience, and
subsequently some problems concerning pipe flange connections have been en-
Yamanashi University, countered. In the present paper, the distribution of contact stresses which governs
Kofu, Japan the sealing performance is analyzed as a three-body contact problem, using an
axisymmetrical three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The effects of the stiffness
and the thickness of raised face metallic gaskets on the contact stresses and the
H. Akagawa effective gasket seating width are shown by numerical calculation. Moreover, stresses
Engineer, produced on the hub, the load factor (the relationship between an increment of
Taikisha Co., Ltd., bolt axial force and an internal pressure), and the maximum stress caused in bolts
Tokyo, Japan are analyzed. For verification, experiments are carried out. The analytical results
are satisfactorily consistent with the experimental results.

1 Introduction
A pipe flange connection is an important part of a pipe
system. The use of it is standardized in the codes of JIS (1976),
ASME (1981), DIN (1964) and so on. However, these codes
are almost entirely dependent on experience, and consequently
some problems concerning pipe flange connections have been
encountered. Up to now, many investigations (Nishioka et al.,
1979a, 1979b; Kohmura, 1985, 1986; Sawa et al., 1986; Sawa
and Kumano, 1985) have been carried out on the pipe flange
connections; but it seems that only a few investigations, in-
cluding the studies done by Nishioka (1979a, 1979b) and our-
selves (Sawa et al., 1986), have been done on pipe flange
connections, taking into account the entire structure which
consists of hubs, flanges, gaskets and bolts, because of the
difficulties encountered in attempting an analysis. For this
reason, several characteristics of pipe flange connections are
yet to be clarified. In order to make the design of pipe flange
connections optimal, it is necessary to treat the connections as
an entire structure consisting of hubs, flanges, gaskets and
bolts and to examine (/) the contact stresses which govern
the sealing performance, (ii) the load factor (the relationship
between an increment of bolt axial force and an internal pres-
sure), (Hi) the moment arm, and (iv) the effective gasket
seating width and so on.
The purpose of this paper is to establish an optimal design
of pipe flange connections by treating a pipe flange connection
as an entire structure. In the analysis, a hub of pipes, flanges
and a raised face metallic gasket are replaced with finite hollow
cylinders, and the contact stresses on the gasket, the stresses
produced on the hub and the load factor are analyzed, re-
spectively, as an elastic contact problem using an axisym-
Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division and presented at the
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii, July 23-27, 1989,
of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (JSME co-sponsorship).
Manuscript received by the PVP Division, May 1, 1989; revised manuscript
received May 1, 1991.
metrical three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The stress pro-
duced on the hub and the load factor are measured by strain
gages when an internal pressure is applied to the pipe flange
connections. The analytical results are compared with the ex-
perimental results. In addition, the effects of the stiffness and
the thickness of raised face metallic gaskets on the contact
stresses, the effective gasket seating width and the moment are
discussed.
2 Theoretical Analysis
2.1 Analysis of Contact Stresses on the Gaskets. Figure
1 shows a pipe flange connection subjected to an internal
pressure, in which a raised face metallic flat gasket is interposed
between a couple of pipe flanges and is fastened with an initial
clamping force Ff by A^ sets of nuts and bolts. In order to
analyze the distribution of contact stresses on the connection
in the initial clamping, a model for analysis shown in Fig. 2(a)
is adopted; namely, the hubs of pipes, the flanges and the
gasket are respectively replaced with the hollow cylinders [I],
[II], and [III]. The inner diameter, the outer diameter, the
thickness, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the hollow
cylinders [I], [II], and [III] are designated as 2au 2b\, 2hx, Eu
vu 2o2, 2b2, 2h2, E2, i>2, 2a3, 263, 2hit E^ and p3, respectively.
The width of the bearing surface is designated as 2c and the
pitch circle diameter as 2d. It is assumed that the initial clamp-
ing force Ff x N acts on the upper surface of the hollow
cylinders [II] (d - c < r < d + c) as a uniform pressure
Pi (Pi = F/ x N/A-wdc) annularly, and that the mean diameter
between the maximum and the minimum diameter of the hub
is used as the outer diameter of the hub of pipes. Expanding
the uniform pressure Pi due to the initial clamping force into
Bessel functions Co(ysllr), the boundary conditions are ex-
pressed as follows: (/) u is the deformation in the r direction,
(//) w is the deformation in the z direction, and (Hi) the
superscripts I, II, and III correspond to the hollow cylinders

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1991, Vol. 113 / 497

Copyright 1991 by ASME

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 Z,,Z2,Z3

0; -^rm

xL-i
-nii]

w* ^ ^ --nra]

->-r[n]

icir TT3
->-riu
pe flange

;Gasket cfe2o1/<p 2a,

Pipe flange 4>2a3
*2b!
< 2d
qb2b 3
3>2b2
(a) The case of initial clamping
Fig. 1 A pipe flange connection with a raised face metallic gasket
subjected to internal pressure

[I], [II], and [III]. The shearing forces on the contact surfaces
between the hollow cylinders [II] and [III] are neglected.
ll,l2,ll
(/) On the hollow cylinders [I] (hubs)
P2t
r = ax: arl = rrzl
r=bx : a/ = T'
= 0 u.
= 0 (1)
Bearing
Zi = hi : az = rrz
= o] surface 0, _ .
p ,
U) On the hollow cylinders [II] (flanges)
r = a2 a f H = T n = 0 ~r[n]
02
r=b2 : trra = rna = 0
-r[m]
(2) * ^ czzz.
22 = ^2 : <r^ = a0+Y^a/:0(ysllr)
-r[n]
Z2~- -hi-.r" =o

(Hi) On the hollow cylinder [III] (gasket)

r = a3:arm = rrzm = 0>
m
r=bi:or = rrzm = 0\ (3)
z 3 = A 3 :Trzm = Q >2al^2a?'
*2a3
(iv) On the contact surface between [I] and [II] <P2bi
(<fz\=-hi = (Oz\ = h2 (i < / < * ! ) cP2d
(Trz)z\~-hx=(Trzl)z2 = h1 (l</-<fol) *2b3
("')* (4)
*2b2
dw
(ax<r<bx) (/j) The case where internal pressure is applied
a7 zi = -hl z1=n1 Fig. 2 Model for analysis and dimensions of pipe flange connection

498 / Vol. 113, NOVEMBER 1991 Transactions of the ASME

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 M60x3

r- Pressure :

cP130
cP165
Fig. 4 Setup 01 experimental apparatus
(a) Pipe flange

2.2 Analysis of Load Factor. As shown in Fig. 1, when

0-,
.c
an internal pressure P is applied to pipe flange connections
N fastened with an internal clamping force Fj , an increment F I
I of bolt axial force is produced in each bolt. The relationship
! between the increment F I of bolt axial force and the internal
pressure P, (the load factor per bolt) is given by Eq. (6) (Sawa
et:>50 et al., 1986; Sawa and Kumano, 1985), using the axial force
2 W( W = 7ra/ 2p) due to the internal pressure P.
et:> 105
(b) Gasket <I>_l_~.(Keg') (6)
WIN kl+keg Kpi
In the case where a separation of contact surface increases
Strain with an application of the internal pressure P, the load factor
gauge
=:r
N
is estimated by analyzing the values of Keg' and Kpl '
f} M16 cb3 2.3 Analysis of Bending Moment Produced in Bolts. With
an application of the internal pressure P, a bending moment
to M b is produced, as well as an increment F I of bolt axial force.
,-+
Here, the method to obtain the bending moment M b is given
f}
in the references (Sawa et al., 1986; Sawa and Kumano, 1985).
The maximum increment elmax is expressed as Eq. (7), taking
0.6 account of the bending moment M b
10 15 20 38 <I> W M b
el
max
=-.-+-
A N Z (7)
90 b

Boll (e) where A b is the cross-sectional area of bolt axis and Z is the
Fig. 3 Dimension 01 pipe flange, gasket and bolt used in experiments
section modulus.

3 Experimental Method
Figure 3 shows dimensions of pipe flanges, gaskets and bolts
used in the experiments in order to obtain the load factor and
the stress produced on the hubs. The pipe flanges shown in
Fig. 3(a) are manufactured in conformity to the basic dimen-
sions of JIS B 2216-40 kg/cm2 steel pipe flanges and they are
made of steel for structural use (S45C, JIS) and the nominal
diameter is 50 mm. Figure 3(b) shows dimensions of gaskets
where and their thickness 2h 3 is taken as 3 mm and 5 mm. The
d/-d l
2 materials used for gaskets are mild steel (SS41, JIS) and alu-
ao= b 2 b 2 PI minum (AI-H, JIS). Figure 3(c) shows dimensions of bolts
2 - 1 used in the experiment. The size of bolts used is M16 and they
2(d2 2 C l ('YslldZ) -dI 2 C I bslId l )] are made of chromium molybdenum steel (SCM435, JIS). Two
as = - l1(b 2e 2( lib) 2 2 11 Ph strain gages (Kyowa Electronic Instrument Co. Ltd., KFC-2-
'Ys 2 0 'Ys 2 -a2 CO ('Ys a2)]
C l -ll) are attached to the shank of bolts in 180-deg phase.
d l =d-c, d 2 =d+c After a couple of the pipe flanges with the gasket are fastened
The distributions of contact stresses in the case where the with eight sets of nuts and bolts with the initial clamping force
internal pressure is applied to the connection are estimated by Fj = 15 kN, an internal pressure is applied to the connection
superposing the case of Fig. 2(a) on the case of Fig. 2(b). It using an oil pressure pump (Riken Pressure Machine Co. Ltd.,
is assumed that the axial force W' (W' = 7ra12p) acts on the MP5C) as shown in Fig. 4. Then, the magnitude of the internal
upper surface of the hubs as a uniform pressure P 2 , as shown pressure is measured with a pressure transducer (Kyowa Elec-
in Fig. 2(b). tronic Co. Ltd., PO-500KU), and the axial force and the max-

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 Strain gouge

Fig. 5 Attaching point of strain gages for measuring stress produced

on the hub

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2,02,1

imum stress of bolts are picked up by the strain gages attached r/03
to the shank of bolts. The outputs are recorded by an X-Y (a) The case of a, = a3
recorder (Yokogawa Electric Works Co. Ltd., 3036) through
dynamic amplifiers. The stress produced on hubs is measured
with strain gages (Kyowa Electronic Instrument Co. Ltd., = 5,0
KFC-03-Crll) glued to the hub of pipes as shown in Fig. 5. N
\=>
They are attached on the line A-A and the middle of bolt pitch
B-B.
^ 4,0

4 Analytical Results and Comparisons with Experi-

mental Results 3,0
4.1 Analytical Results on Distribution of Contact Stresses
in Initial Clamping. Numerical calculations are done using
the dimensions of the hub of pipes, the pipe flanges and the 2,0
gaskets used in the experiments. Poisson's ratios pu v2, and v3
are all put as 0.3. Young's modulus EY and E2 are put as 206GPa
and E3 is put as 206GPa for mild steel, 68.7GPa for aluminum.
The diameter of the bearing surface is put as 2c = 24 mm, 1.0
the pitch circle diameter as 2d = 130 mm, and others as 2a\
= 2a2 = 50 mm, 2bi = 79 mm, 2b2 = 165 mm, 2b3 = 105
mm, lhx = 20 mm, 2h2 = 26 mm, 2/i3 = 3, 5, 10 mm.
Figures 6(a) and 7(a) show the effects of the ratio Ex/E3 of 0,0 (Without hubs)'
Young's modulus and the thickness of gaskets on the distri- -1,0 _l I I

bution of contact stresses in the initial clamping. The ordinate
is the ratio of the contact stress uz to mean contact stress azm,
and the abscissa is the ratio of the distance r from the center
to the inner radius a3 of gaskets. Figures 6(a) and 7(a) show
that the distributions of contact stresses tend to be uniform
with an increase of Ex/E3 and of the thickness of gaskets. But
it is seen that the separation of contact surface already begins
at the inner circumference in the initial clamping under the
boundary conditions (1)~(5).
Then, in order to estimate the effective gasket seating width
and the moment arm which are standardized in the codes of
JIS (1976) and so on, the distributions of contact stresses are
obtained through trial and error, and are shown in Fig. 6(b)
and Fig. 1(b). The stresses in the initial clamping produced on
the width (b3 a 3 ') of oblique lines are shown in Fig. 8, and
the value (b3 - a 3 ') is defined as the effective gasket seating
width b. Then, after determining a point on which the gasket
force P3 acts, the distance between the bolt axes and the point
on which gasket force acts is defined as the moment arm A3.
The values of b and A3 are shown in Table 1. It is shown that
the effective gasket seating width b and the moment arm A3
1.0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1.8 2,02,1
r/03
(b) The case where a3 is changed
Fig. 6 Effects of ratio of Young's modulus on distribution of contact
stresses
tend to become larger with an increase of the ratio Ex/E3 and
the thickness of gaskets. From the codes of JIS (1976), ASME
(1981) and so on, the effective gasket seating width b and the
moment arm A3 are shown to remain constant, regardless of
the material and the thickness of gaskets. It is seen that the
difference between the results obtained from JIS (1976), ASME
(1981), etc., and the results obtained by this study concerning
M3(M3 = P3 x A}) being produced on the pipe flange con-
nections, is considerably sizable.
4.2 Comparison on the Load Factor. Figure 9 shows
comparisons of the numerical results with the experimental
results on the load factor. The abscissa is the internal pressure
P and the ordinate is the bolt axial force Ff + F,. The gaskets

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 Pipe flange

5.0 I L.
1.0 1,2 1,4 1.6 1.8 2,02,
r/03 Fig. 8 Forces act on a pipe flange connection
(a) The case of a, = a3

r- "['"--r r__!_
-' ^ r

rrrrr j r-
'v~-: " E X P - - - ' ^ -~-
18 L , 1-
IX. >---.-:-:Nlin -.. r- ~:s^~
t 17 _ . . _ _ ; . - . _^
_.._!_... -... i - ! \ - ! - -- r ..- :
<u 1 6 _z=r_^y=i- ;
\-c- 1 SkN ; -:;
rf I3N1 j ;
, i j- r ^ -
15 ; .
_-*^=.^~_. ^^L~;-r-r.r--i-j--;r--- - _^;~;"jTzr

X
14 ==r -^rzJ7:^ 1 1
^^-i^ ?^-^^ ^ ^=
a
._..._
- j . ,
j ._ ..
:
o _"!_: T ~ : T Z _ : ~ r- - - - " " i i - " " i~
....,
cq
0 10 20
Pressure P MPa
0,0 (Without hubs/ Fig. 9 Comparison of numerical results with experimental results with
-1.0 I I I l _ respect to load factor (case of 2b, = 20, 2h2 = 26, 2h 3 = 5, 2a, = 50,
2a2 = 50, 2a3 = 50, 2b, = 79, 2b2 = 165, 2b3 = 105 mm, 3 = 68.7 GPa)
1,0 1.2 1,4 1,6 1.8 2,02,1
r/03
(b) The case where a3 is changed
Table 1 Effective gasket seating width b and moment arm A3 in the
Fig. 7 Effects of thickness of gaskets on distribution of contact stresses case of initial clamping

are made of aluminum and the thickness of 2h3 = 5 mm. In

(mm)
this connection, a separation of contact surface has already ri3/ai 0,06 0.10 0,20
occurred in the initial clamping (7y = 15 kN). When the internal
pressure P is applied to the connection, the separation of con- E1/E3 3 1 3 10 3
tact surface grows and the increment of bolt axial force yields
a curve. With a further increase of the internal pressure P, a N 27.5
leakage of the internal fluid, from the inner circumference of
gaskets occurs, and the internal pressure does not increase. It b (Num) 8,8 7.2 10,2 16,5 13,5
is seen that the numerical results are consistent with the ex-
perimental results. Here, it is assumed that the leakage is caused b (JIS) 9,3
in the analysis when the point of 98 percent of the basic gasket
seating width begins to separate. A3 (Num) 16,0 15,0 16,6 17.9 18,0
Figure 10 shows the comparison between the analytical result
and the experimental result concerning the maximum stress in
A3 Uis) .21.8

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 Table 2 Effective gasket seating width b and moment arm A3 in the
case where internal pressure is applied (dimensions are same as Fig. 9)
(mm)
P (MPa) 0 1,9 5,9 8,7 12.3
b (Num) 10,2 8,2 6.2 4,2 2,2
b (JIS) 9,3
A3 (Num) ' 16,6 15,0 14.6 13,8 13,3
A3 (JIS) 21,8

Table 3 Stress produced on the hub of pipes in axial direction in the

case of initial clamping (case of 2a, = SO, 2>, = 90, 2/), = 36, others
Pressure P MPa are same as Fig. 9)
Fig, 10 Comparison in the case where bending moment is taken into
consideration (dimensions are same as Fig. 9) 2ri3 (mm) 3 5
Material Al SS41

Num 32.3 40,2 33,3

rj/2
JIS 65,5
(MPa)
Exp 29,5 37',4 31,9

composition of gaskets has considerable effect on the stress

Pressure
Fig. 11 Stress produced on the hub of pipes in axial direction in the
case where internal pressure is applied (dimensions are same as Table
3)
bolts, taking into account a bending moment produced in bolts.
The analytical result and experimental result are satisfactorily
consistent. Also, the increment F, of bolt axial force obtained
from the load factor is shown by an alternate long and short
dash line. The maximum stress is larger than the stress obtained
from the load factor. Therefore, when designing bolts, the
maximum stress must be taken into consideration. The effec-
tive gasket seating width and the moment arm in the case of
initial clamping are presented in Section 4.1. However, it is
supposed that the effective gasket seating width b and the
moment arm A3 will be changed when the internal pressure is
applied to the connections. When the internal pressure P is
applied to connections, the effective gasket seating width b
and the moment arm ^43 is obtained by the same way as Section
4.1, by superposing the stress distribution in initial clamping
and the stress distribution when the internal pressure is applied.
Table 2 shows the analytical results concerning b and A3. It
is seen that the difference between the numerical results and
the results obtained from JIS (1976), is substantial.
4.3 Comparison About a Stress Produced on the Hub of
Pipes. Table 3 shows a relationship among the stress pro-
duced on the hub of pipes, the thickness and the material of
gaskets in initial clamping (Ff = 15 kN). From the table, the
produced on the hub. The stress produced on aluminum is
larger than on mild steel. Also, it is seen that the stress produced
on the hub becomes larger with an increase of the thickness.
In contrast with this, the value from JIS (1976) code is held
constant independent of the material and thickness of the gas-
ket, and the value from JIS (1976) code deviates from the
experimental and the numerical results. Here, the value of the
stress obtained by the experiment is measured at A-A line (Fig.
5). Referring to JIS (1976) and so on, numerical calculations
are done using the dimension of the hub of pipes as 2a} = 50
mm, 2bi = 90 mm, 2h, = 36 mm. Figure 11 shows the stress
produced on the hub when the internal pressure P is applied
to the connection. The ordinate is the stress produced on the
hub az and the abscissa is the internal pressure P. It is seen
that the numerical results, taking into account the hub of the
pipes, is satisfactorily consistent with the experimental results.
On the other hand, it is shown that the result obtained from
the formula in JIS (1976) code increases linearly and deviates
substantially from the experimental result.
5 Conclusions
This paper dealt with the characteristics of pipe flange con-
nections with raised face metallic flat gaskets. The distribution
of contact stresses, the load factor, the stress produced on the
hub of pipes, the effective gasket seating width and the moment
arm were all examined. The following results were obtained:
1 In order to analyze the distribution of contact stresses,
a method of analysis was demonstrated using the three-di-
mensional theory of elasticity by replacing hubs of pipes, flanges
and a gasket with finite hollow cylinders.
2 The load factor was analyzed and the analytical results
were compared with the experimental results. They were sat-
isfactorily consistent.
3 Concerning the stress produced on the hub, the analytical
results were satisfactorily consistent with the experimental re-
sults. The results obtained from JIS (1976) code deviated sub-
stantially from the experimental results.
4 The effective gasket seating width and the moment arm
were analyzed by using the distributions of contact stresses

502 / Vol. 113, NOVEMBER 1991 Transactions of the ASME

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 mentioned in 1 and the analytical results deviated from the = Aj^ + BjZi In r + C 0 ' ^ + f ] ^ 7 5 [Aj{A3'%r
results obtained from JIS (1976) code.
+ A 3 7 V/-/ lr + A^Kor + AjX'rK^)
References
ASME, 1981, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. VIII, Appendix II. + Bj{AjlI0r + A42ft/r/lf + A4nK0r
DIN, 1964, 2505 Berechung von Flanschverbindungen.
JIS, 1976, B2210-2217.
+ Aj4j3jrKir}]sm^JZi)
Kohmura, S., 1985, "The Design of Aluminium Bolted Flange Connections
+
(Part 1: Relationship between Leak Properties and Gasket Load in Integral 2 o ^ f~ {2vsh(yshi)+ysh1ch(ysh1)}sh(yszi)
Hub Flanges)," Bulletin of JSME, Vol. 28, No. 243, pp. 2181-2187. 1=1 " * T s
Kohmura, S., 1986, "The Design of Aluminium Bolted Flange Connections
(Part 2: Relationship between Stresses and Bending Flexibility in Integral Hub + 7iz1sh(7i/i1 )ch(7iZi )]C0 (ysr) (10)
Flanges)," Bulletin of JSME, Vol. 29, No. 249, pp. 1026-1032. n 73
Nishioka, K., etal., 1979a, "Strength of Integral Pipe Flanges (No. 1: Stress ^J^^JJBj^sufj' ,ys, A', A3'\ A3 , A3 ,
Distribution in Flange and the Criticism of the Conventional Standards)," Bul-
letin of the JSME, Vol. 22, No. 174, pp. 1705-1711.
A3/4, A/ 1 , A/ 2 , A/ 3 , A/ 4 , 0/, hlt r, Zl)
Nishioka, K., et al., 1979b, "Strength of Integral Pipe Flanges (No. 2: Gasket
Seating Stress and the Influence of Number of Bolts)," Bulletin of the JSME, = " S - , l / , &J{Aj%/ +A/2/3/V/1/
Vol. 22, No. 174, pp. 1712-1718.
Sawa, T., et al., 1986, "On the Characteristics of Bolted Joints with Gaskets
_.-iiW)3 ,
(Stress Analysis of Metallic Gaskets with Raised Face Interposed between Pipe + A3nKo/+A3'%!'rKi/}
Flanges)," Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 29, No. 248, pp. 385-392.
Sawa, T., and Kumano, H., 1985, "On the Characteristics of Bolted Joints + BJ{Aj[I0r' +A/%''rIlr' + AJ'K0/
with Gaskets (Stress Analysis of Full Face Metallic Flat Gaskets Interposed
Between Pipe Flange)," Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 28, No. 237, pp. 400-407. + A 4 7 V^ 1 /)]cos(ft/'z 1 )
Sawa, T., and Maruyama, K., 1976, "On the Deformation of the Bolt Head
and Nut in a Bolted Joint," Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 19, No. 128, pp. 203- + YJ =T~I [ ~ f 2 "i ch (7^i) +y^Hyshi))ch(y1zi)
211. J=I sys
Sawa, T., and Shiraishi, H., 1983, "Simple Method of Calculate the Force
Ratio of Bolted Joints (The Case Where Clamped Parts are Circular Flanges + ysZich(yshl)sh(ysz,)]Co(ysr) (11)
and Pipe Flanges)," Bulletin of the JSME, Vol. 26, No. 216, pp. 1088-1095. * 3 7 =* 3 (^ 0 7 , ^ C07, A/, BJ, CJ, ft,7 , y Aj, Aj\
A/ 2 , A373, A374, A471, A472, A/ 3 , A474, Qj, vlt hu r, Zl)
APPENDIX
In order to analyze the hollow cylinderes [I], [II], and [III], = A0l^~ + B0Izllnr+Co
MichelFs stress function <f> is used. The stresses and displace- 2
ments are expressed as Eqs. (8) and (9). The stress functions +
*', *", * IU for hollow cylinders [I], [II], and [HI] are put as Srvn^V(A3/1/0/
$' = $ / + * 2 [ + $ 3 l + *', *" = *," + * 2 " + $ 3 " + *4U =i A ft,
and $'" = $i i n + $ 2 ln , respectively. $' is taken from solutions + A312ft/ //,/ +Aj3K0/+AJXr rKlr'}
in which variables are separated of biharmonic function as 72
+ BJ [ A / 7 0 / + A4 ft/'//,/ + A/'Ko/
follows. $ u and *"' are stress functions which replace the
superscripts I with II or III. + Aj%,''rKlr')]sm((3j'zl)
9
/ i*. 92* \ +
S KT-i IKl -2^1)ch(7,A1)-7./fish(7,Ai))sh(7,i)
frf fi* ys
d + 7iZich(7^1)ch(7sz,)]C0(7i/-) (12)
2s. 1 3*

dz
r or > (8) * / = *4(Aj, Bj, Cj, ft,7, y A/, A371, 2372, A373, A374,
d A/ 1 , A/ 2 , A473, A/ 4 , 3 / , K hu r, Zl)
(2-e)V2*- 0e
= - S J~T3 [Aj{Aj%r AjWrIlr + Aj3K0r
d a2* n=l A(P)
+
( i - ) v ^
+ A3'WrKlr} + Aj{A/%r + Aj2l3jrllr + Aj3K0r
l + y d2 + A/%IrKlr)]cos(JiJz1)+ J] -p^-j [{(1 - 2 ^ ) 8 ^ 7 ^ , )
u
E drdz s=i *7i

i +v ( , a2* i a* (9) -ysh^h(yshi))ch(yszi)+ysZish(yshl)sh{ysZi)]C0{ysr) (13)

where
where the following equation must be satisfied: shfc): sinh(z), ch(z): cosh(z), 1^ J^nr), 1^': I^'r), K^.
7
K,(Pr), * ' : Ktfjr), ft,' = ft,(A,) = ^ , ft, ' = ft,'(Al) =
V 2 V 2 * = 0, V
'd^rdr+d?
-^j- T, Jo 7 , 5 0 7 , Co7, Aj, Bj, Cj, 1J, %', C/, AJ,
7 7 1
*, =*i(V> B0', Cj, A J, Bj, Cj, ft, , y A,, , A / ,
,2 ,3 _ A _ ,1 _ ,2 J _ A ,1 BJ, CJ, AJ, BJ, CJ, AJ, Bj, Cj, (, 5 = 1, 2, 3, ...) are
A37 , A/ , A 3 \ A/ , A/ , A / , Af, 0 / , vu hu r, z,) unknown coefficients.

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1991, Vol. 113 / 503

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