.

: 1
.
. . . 1

1.

() ( 1),
. 1.

L1=34 p 6 mm L2=129 m5 mm L3=34 j6 mm

L=200 f 7 mm

L1=34++ 0.042
0.026 mm
L1 g=34.042 mm L1 d=34.026 mm

+0.033
L2=129+0.015 mm L2 g=129.033 mm L2 d=129.015 mm

+0.011
L3=340.005 mm L3 g=34.011 mm L3 d=33.995 mm

0.050
L=2000.096 mm Lg =199.950mm Ld =199.904 mm

(. 4.08 )

L=L1 + L2+ L3 + X
X =LL1L2L3
X =2003412934
X =3 mm

X g=Lg (L1 d + L2 d + L3 d )
X g=199.950(34.026+129.015+33.995)
X g=2.914 mm

X d =Ld (L1 g + L2 g+ L3 g)
X d =199.904(34.042+129.033+34.011)
X d =2.818 mm

a g=X g X
a g=2.9163=0.084 mm

ad =X d X
ad =2.8183=0.182 mm

1.
X 0.084 0.084
0.182=30.182 mm

. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 2

2.

: .0460 (min)
: D (1) =190 MPa ; D (0)=300 MPa ;
M =420 MPa
: D (1) =130 MPa ; D (0)=240 MPa ;
T =260 MPa
: D (1) =110 MPa ; D (0)=150 MPa
(. 2.12 . 60)

:
s =1.4 T =1.4 260=364 MPa
D (0) 300
SRs = = =150 MPa
2 2
D (1)
tan =2 1
( ) (
D (0 )
=2 1
190
)
300
=2 ( 10.633 )=2 0.367=0.734

arc tan 0.734=36.28

=36.28

:
z =1 T =1 260=260 MPa
D(0) 240
SRz = = =120 MPa
2 2
D (1)
tan =2 1
( ) (
D (0 )
=2 1
130
)
240
=2 ( 10.542 )=2 0.458=0.917

arc tan 0.917=42.51

=42.51

:
u =0.7 T =0.7 260=182 MPa
D (0) 150
SRu= = =75 MPa
2 2

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

.
: 1
.
. . . 3

D (1)
tan =2 1
( ) (
D (0 )
=2 1
110
150)=2 ( 10.733 )=2 0.267=0.533

arc tan 0.533=28.07

=28.07
3.

2 ( ):
)
) ()
) ( F)

B=64 mm d=18 mm h=21mm

F=21 KN
2.

2.

)

F F 21000 21000 N
max (a)= = = = =15.625
A h B 21 64 1344 mm2
M 420
S M (a)= = =26.88
max(a) 15.625
.

. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 4

F F 21000 21000 N
max (b)= = = = =21.739
A ( Bd) h (6418) 21 966 mm2
M 420
S M (b)= = =19.32
max(b) 21.739
.

) () TZ = T

F F 21000 21000 N
max (a)= = = = =15.625
A h B 21 64 1344 mm2
T 260
S M (a)= = =16.64
max(a) 15.625
.

F F 21000 21000 N
max (b)= = = = =21.739
A ( Bd) h (6418) 21 966 mm2
T 260
S M (b)= = =11.96
max(b) 21.739
.

) ( F)

N
D (1 )=130
mm 2
1 2 3
D (1 ) md= D (1)
k
k =( k 1 ) k +1 (. 52)
k =1 k =( 11 ) k +1=1 (. 2.35, .
50)

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: 1
.
. . . 5

1=1 (. 2.13, .
62)
2=1 (. 2.14, .
62)
3=1 (. 2.15, .
62)
1 2 3 N
D (1 ) md= D (1) e = D (1) e =130
k mm 2
D (1) md 130
S D (a) = = =8.32
max ( a) 15.625
.

1 2 3
D (1 ) md= D (1)
k
d 18
= =0.28 k =2.375 (. 2.35, .
B 64
50)
d 18
= = =9 mm
2 2
=9 mm k =0.845 (. 2.35, .
62)
k =( k 1 ) k +1= ( 2.3751 ) 0.845+1=2.162 (. 52)
k =2.162 3=2.6 (. 2.15, .
62)
A=h ( Bd )=21 ( 6418 ) =966 mm2

A=
d2
4
d=
4 A

=

4 966
3.14
=35.08 mm

d=35.08 mm 1=0.9125 (. 2.13, .

62)

. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 6

2=1 ( ) (. 2.14, .
62)
1 2 3 0.9125 1 2.6 N
D (1 ) md= D (1) =130 =142.66 2
k 2.162 mm
D (1 ) md 142.66
S D ( )= = =6.562
max ( b) 21.739
.

:
1 (. 2.13,
. 62);
2 (. 2.14,
. 62);
3
;
k (. 2.37, . 52);
k (. 2.35, 52);
k (.52);
D (1 ) md

. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 7

4.

3 ( ),
.

D=110 mm d=94 mm r=12 mm

M s= 4000 Nm M ug=7000 Nm M ud=1100 Nm

3.

r 12 D 100
= =0.128 ; = =1.064 k =1.5
d 94 d 94
=r=12 mm k =0.85
d=94 mm 1=0.7
2=1( )
k =( k 1 ) k +1= ( 1,51 ) 0.85+1=1.425
k =1.425 3=1.60( )

:
1 2 3 A
S =
k a

. : . . : :

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: 1
.
. . . 8

N
A = D (1)=190
mm2
3 3
d 94 3.14
W x= = =81501.055 mm3
32 32
M s 4000 1000 Nmm N
a= = 3
=49.0791 2
W x 81501.055 mm mm
1 2 3 A 0.7 1 1.6 190 212.8
S = = = =3.043
k a 1.425 49.0791 69.94
.

r 12 D 100
= =0.128 ; = =1.064 k =1.175
d 94 d 94
=r=12 mm k =0.85
d=94 mm 1=0.7
2=1( )
k =( k 1 ) k +1= ( 1,1751 ) 0.85+1=1.149
k =1.149 3=1.5( )

:
1 2 3 A
S =
k a
N
A =75 ( )
mm2
3 3
d 94 3.14
W p= = =163002.11 mm3
16 16
M ug 7000 1000 Nmm N
ug= = =42.94 2
Wp 163002.11 mm
M ud 1100 1000 Nmm N
ud = = =6.75
Wp 163002.11 mm2
ug ud 42.946.75 N
a= = =18.095 2
2 2 mm
. : . . : :

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: 1
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. . . 9

1 2 3 A 0.7 1 1.5 75
S = = =3.788
k a 1.149 18.095
.
:
S S 3.043 3.788 3.043 3.788 11.527
SD= = = = =2.37
S +S
2

2
3.043 + 3.788
2 2
9.260+14.349 4.859

1.5 2.5

r 12 D 100
= =0.128 ; = =1.064 k =1.6
d 94 d 94
=r=12 mm k =0.85
d=94 mm 1=0.7
2=1( )
k =( k 1 ) k +1= ( 1,61 ) 0.85+ 1=1.51
k =1.51 3=1.66( )

:
1 2 3 A
S =
k a
N
A = D (1)=190 2
mm
d3 943 3.14
W x= = =81501.055 mm3
32 32
M s 4000 1000 Nmm N
a= = 3
=49.0791 2
W x 81501.055 mm mm
1 2 3 A 0.7 1 1.66 190 220.78
S = = = =2.98
k a 1.51 49.0791 74.109
.
. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 10

r 12 D 100
= =0.128 ; = =1.064 k =1.28
d 94 d 94
=r=12 mm k =0.85
d=94 mm 1=0.7
2=1( )
k =( k 1 ) k +1= ( 1,281 ) 0.85+1=1.238
k =1.238 3=1.55( )

:
1 2 3 A
S =
k a
N
A =75 ( )
mm2
d 3 94 3 3.14
W p= = =163002.11 mm3
16 16
M ug 7000 1000 Nmm N
ug= = =42.94 2
Wp 163002.11 mm
M ud 1100 1000 Nmm N
ud = = =6.75
Wp 163002.11 mm2
ug ud 42.946.75 N
a= = =18.095
2 2 mm2
1 2 3 A 0.7 1 1.55 75
S = = =3.63
k a 1.238 18.095
.

:
S S 2.98 3.63 2.98 3.63 10.82
SD= = = = =2.30
S +S
2

2
2.98 + 3.63 8.88+13.18 4.697
2 2

1.5 2.5

. : . . : :

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: 1
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. . . 11

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

.
: 1
.
. . . 12

:
1 (. 2.13,
. 62);
2 (. 2.14,
. 62);
3
(. 2.15, . 62);
k (. 2.37, . 52);
k (. 2.35, 52);
k (.52);
S D
S -
S
W x , W p /

. : . . : :

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: 1
.
. . . 13

5.

4
5, 6, 7.
: 6 (a, b, c i d). 6900 kg.

4.

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

.
: 1
.
. . . 14

:
: 6900 kg
: 0545
: Sl200
: PCuSn12

0545: M =R M =500 MPa

T =Re =300 MPa
: D (0)=160 MPa
: D (0 )=130 MPa
(. 2.12, . 60)
: F=m g=6900 9.81=67689 N
F
: F1= =22563 N
3
: S=2

D(0)
dc (0 )= =80 MPa
2
D (0)
dt (0)= =65 MPa
2

: T =1.1
1=0.9

dc =T 1 dc(0) =1.1 0.9 80=79.2 MPa

dt = T 1 dt (0 )=1.1 0.9 65=64.35 MPa

1. :
1.1. :
F
A= 1
dc

5.4 . 173 :
A 3=189 mm 2 -
d=20 mm -
d 2=18 mm -
d 3=15.5 mm -
P=4 mm -
Tr 20 x 4 -

. : . . : :

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: 1
.
. . . 15

1.2. :
F 1 22563
c= = =119.38 MPa
A3 189

1.3 :
d tan(+ n )
t =F 1
2 d3
16
P 4 4
tan = = = =arctan 0.0708=4.05
d 2 18 3.14 56.52
=0.15
=30
0.15 0.15
n= = = =0.1553
cos 15 0.966
cos ( )
2
n= arctan 0.1553=8.83
n=arctan

4.05
( +8.83 ) 0.229
tan 3
=225630 =32.91 MPa
( 20 ) 1570
3.14
16
d tan( + n ) 20
t =F1 =22563
2 d 3
2
16

1.4. () :

2
dc

2
i= + 2
c
dt ( ) 2
t = ( 119.38 ) +
79.2
64.35 ( )
32.91 =14251.5844 +1640.6239

i =126.1 MPa
1.5. M :
M 500
S= = =3.96
i 126.1

. : . . : :

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.
: 1
.
. . . 16

1.6. , II
, ,
.
.
:
M f Fr (H + c )
f= =
Wx d 33
32
Fr =125 N
c=30 mm
H=500 mm
500+30 66250
f =125 = =181.31 MPa
15.53
365.405
3.14
32
1.7. :
:
H d =1450 mm
H g =1900 mm
0545 T =300 MPa
5
E=2.15 10 MPa

L=H gH d =19001450=450 mm
L0=2 L=900 mm
L0
= -
i min
d 3 15.5
i min= = =3.875 mm
4 4
900
= =232.26
3.875

gr=
E
p

E
T
=3.14

2.15 105
300
=3.14 26.7706=84.06

gr :
. : . . : :

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: 1
.
. . . 17

2
E I min
Sk= 2
F 1 L0

d 43 3.14 181240
I min= =15.54 = =2831.89 mm4
64 64 64
3.14 2 2.15 105 2831.89 6003080068.46
Sk= = =0.33
22563 900 2 18276030000

, .
S k >4 , :
Tr 32 x 6 Tr 32 x 6 :

A 3=490 mm2 -
d=32 mm -
d 2=29 mm -
d 3=25 mm -
P=6 mm -
1.2. :
F 1 22563
c= = =46.05 MPa
A3 490

1.3. :
d tan(+ n )
t =F 1
2 d3
16
P 6 6
tan = = = =arctan 0.0659=3.77
d 2 29 3.14 91.06
=0.15
=30
0.15 0.15
n= = = =0.1553
cos 15 0.966
cos ( )
2
n= arctan 0.1553=8.83
n=arctan

. : . . : :

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: 1
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. . . 18

3.77
( +8.83 ) 0.223
tan 3
=180504 =25.70 MPa
( 16 ) 1570
3.14
16
d tan( +n ) 16
t =F 1 =22563
2 d3
2
16

1.4. () :

2
dc

2
i= + 2
c
dt ( ) 2
t = ( 46.05 ) +
79.2
64.35( )
25.7 = 2120.60+1000.50

i =55.87 MPa
1.5. M :
M 500
S= = =8.95
i 55.87

1.6. , II
, ,
.
.
:
M f Fr (H + c )
f= = 3
Wx d3
32
Fr =125 N
c=30 mm
H=500 mm
500+30 66250
f =125 = =43.21 MPa
25 1533.20
3
3.14
32

1.7. :
:
H d =1450 mm

. : . . : :

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. . . 19

H g =1900 mm
0545 T =300 MPa
E=2.15 105 MPa

L=H gH d =19001450=450 mm
L0=2 L=900 mm
L0
= -
i min
d 3 25
i min= = =6.25 mm
4 4
900
= =144
6.25

gr=
E
p

E
T
=3.14

2.15 105
300
=3.14 26.7706=84.06

gr :
2
E I min
Sk= 2
F 1 L0

d 43 3.14 1226562.5
I min= =254 = =19165.04 m m4
64 64 64
2 5
3.14 2.15 10 19165.04 40626318115.23
Sk= 2
= =2.22
22563 900 18276030000

, .
S k >4 , :
Tr 40 x 7 Tr 40 x 7 :

2
A 3=803 mm -
d=40 mm -
d 2=36.2 mm -
d 3=32 mm -
P=7 mm -

. : . . : :

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. . . 20

1.2. :
F 1 22563
c= = =28.1 MPa
A3 803

1.3. :

d tan (+ n )
t =F 1 3
2 d
16
P 7 7
tan = = = =arctan 0.0616=3.52
d 2 36.2 3.14 113.668
=0.15
=30
0.15 0.15
n= = = =0.1553
cos 15 0.966
cos ( )
2
n= arctan 0.1553=8.83
n=arctan

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

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: 1
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. . . 21

3.52
( +8.83 ) 0.219
tan 3
=451260 =7.76 MPa
( 40 ) 12560
3.14
16
d tan( +n ) 40
t =F1 =22563
2 d 3
2
16

1.4. () :

2
dc

2
i= + 2
c
dt ( ) 2
t = ( 28.1 ) +
79.2
64.35 ( )
7.76 = 789.61+74.11

i =29.39 MPa

1.5. M :
M 500
S= = =17.01
i 29.39

1.6. , II
, ,
.
.
:
M f Fr (H + c )
f= =
Wx d 33
32
Fr =125 N
c=30 mm
H=500 mm
500+ 30 66250
f =125 = =20.60 MPa
32 3215.36
3
3.14
32

. : . . : :

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: 1
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. . . 22

2
1.7. :
:
H d =1450 mm
H g =1900 mm
0545 T =300 MPa
E=2.15 105 MPa

L=H gH d =19001450=450 mm
L0=2 L=900 mm
. : . . : :

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: 1
.
. . . 23

L0
= -
i min
d 3 32
i min= = =8 mm
4 4
900
= =112.5
8

gr=
E
p

E
T
=3.14
2.15 105
300
=3.14 26.7706=84.06

gr :
2
E I min
Sk= 2
F 1 L0

d 43 3.14 3292528.64
I min= =324 =
64 64 64
4
I min=51445.76 m m
2 E I min
Sk=
F 1 L20

3.14 2 2.15 105 51445.76

Sk=
22563 900 2

109055442288.64
Sk= =5.97
18276030000

, .
S k >4 .
o Tr 40 7 ( 5.4,
173):
2
A 3=803 mm -
d=40 mm -
d 2=36.5 mm -
d 3=32 mm -
P=7 mm -
H 1=3.5 mm -
. : . . : :

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. . . 24

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

.
: 1
.
. . . 25

2. ( ) :

2.1. :
-
:
F1 22563 22563
Zn= = = =3.75
d2 H 1 p doz 3.14 36.5 3.5 15 6017.025
N
pdoz =1117.5 ( p 15)
m m2
- :
F1 H4
Z n =3
D 4 a2 doz
ac =0.5 mm
H 4 =H 1+ ac =3.5+0.5=4 mm
a=0.7 P=0.7 7=4.9 mm
D4 =d +2 ac =40+2 0.5=41 mm
daN N
doz =560 2
=56 2
cm mm
F1 H4 22563 4 270756
Z n =3 2
=3 2
= =1.56
D4 a doz 3.14 41 4.9 56 173098.6544
- :

. : . . : :

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. . . 26

F1 22563 22563
Zn= = = =0.91
D 4 a doz 3.14 41 4.9 (0.7 56) 24728.38
doz =0.7 doz
- Zn Z n =3.75 ,
Z n =4 .
( H n=Ln ):
H n=P Z n=4 4=16 mm

2.2. 1-1:
F1
z= zdoz
'2 2
(d d )
4 n
M 240 N
zdoz = = =60
S 4 mm2
S=4
M =240 MPa .2.12 .60 PCuSn 12
- :
Mc =0.9 M =216 MPa

d 'n= 4
F1
zdoz
+d 2= 4
22563
3.14 60
+ 1600=

90252
188.4
+1600=45.6 mm

- d 'n=46 mm .
F1 22563 22563 N
z= = = =55.7
'2 2
(d d )
3.14
( 462402)
405.06 m m2
4 n 4

2.3. 2-2:
F1
p= p doz
' '2 ' 2
(d d n )
4 n
Mc 216 N
pdoz = = =54
S 4 m m2

d 'n' = 4
F1
+d ' 2= 4
pdoz n 22563
3.14 54
+ 2079.36=

90252
169.56
+2079.36=51.1 mm

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. . . 27

- d 'n' =52mm .
F1 22563 22563 N
p= = = =25.45
' '2 ' 2
(d d n )
3.14
(522402 )
886.64 m m2
4 n 4
2.4. 3-3 :
d 'n 46 N
M f =F 1 =22563 =518949
2 2 m m2
d 'n
Mf 2 F1 22563 67689 N
s= =F 1 2
=3 2
=3 2
= =897.83
W a a 3.14 4.9 75.3914 m m2
dn '
6
F1 F 22563 22563 N
s= = '1 = = =31.88
A d n a 3.14 46 4.9 707.756 m m2

i= +
sm 2
sm s
2
s ( )2
doz s +
sm 2 2
= sdoz
sm s ( )
sm
= M =1.25
sm 0.8 M
s 240
sdoz= = =60 MPa
S 4
sm 2 2
( )
2
+
s = sdoz
sm s
2 2
F1 F1
( )
3
a
2
+1.5625 2
d a
' '2
n
2
= sdoz / a
2 4

9 F 21 F21 a2
2
+1.5625 2 ' '2 = 2sdoz a4
dn
2 2 2
2 4 F1 a 9 F1
sdoz a 1.5625 2 ' '2
2
=0
dn

225632 a2 9 225632
3600 a4 1.5625 =0
3.142 522 3.142
29836.49 890216129.4+6691745140005.68
a21,2 =
7200

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. . . 28

2 29836.49 2587102.82
a1,2 =
7200
2
a1=363.45( a2 )
a=19.06 mm

. : . . : :

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. . . 29

3. ( ) :

C0 F1 C0
.

,
.

:
d u=( 0.80.9 ) d d u=0.85 40=35 mm
d
( u) 5

( F1 ) .4.3, .
133, 51107.
.4.1, .125, :
d u=d=35 mm
D=68 mm
r=1.5 mm
H=44 mm
d 1=30 mm
a=10 mm

4. :

Fr=150 N
M =F r l
M =M 1+ M 2
F 1 d 2 tan(+ n)
M 1=
2
P P 7
tan = =arctan =arctan =arctan 0.0614=3.51
d2 d2 36.5 3.14
=0.140.16
. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .

.
: 1
.
. . . 30

n=1.15 =1.15 0.15=0.1725 n =arctan n =arctan 0.1725=9.79

M 2 0 ( )
F 1 d 2 tan (+ n) 22563 36.5 tan(3.51+ 9.79)
M =M 1= = =97339.4 Nmm=97.339 Nm
2 2
- :
M
f= df
d 3r
32
df =80 MPa

dr=3
df
=

32 M 3 32 97339
3.14 80
=23.15 mm

d r =24 mm .
- :
M 97339.4
M =F r l l= = =648.93 mm
Fr 150
l=650 mm .

5. :
tan tan 3.51 0.06134
' = = = =0.259
tan (+ n ) tan (3.51+9.79) 0.23639

6. :

F 1 cos
c= cdoz
3A
cdoz =63 MPa SL200
=25
F 1 cos 22563 cos 25 20449.022
A= = = =108.2 m m2
3 cdoz 3 63 189
F 1 cos 22563 cos 25 20449.022 N
c= = = =62.997
3A 3 108.2 324.6 m m2

. : . . : :

174/2010 2012./2013. a, . .